,issue高频提纲,.doc

在备考作文的40天里，不管是彷徨、失落，还是希望，至少我坚持到底了，终于该上场了。首先感谢父母的支持，感谢朋友们的鼓励和一路的关心（特别是我的师兄），感谢南航一起备考的G友们，当然还有寄托上那些分享的好经验。以下的提纲是我40天的心血，包含前100提纲，希望能给那些和我一样的非牛人们一点帮助。文中好词好句，是我参考北美、作文大讲堂、查阅维基百科，消化后自己写的，有些粗的提纲照搬原句了。大家用的时候还是消化为己用，以免雷同。转载请注明作者，出处，大家都出来混的，不容易。 -Narcissuss水仙2008-8-20题号：51、Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.单纯的是非题：Ts: A debate over individualism and uniformity of education has existed long. In my opinion, 同样重要individualism of education is as important as uniformity. though education needs to take account of the students taste, a great number of required courses are needed in order to provide students with a broad education. 课程总称curriculum正：让步承认符合学生兴趣student-centered education带来的好处。when education takes into account the specific needs and interests of each student, students will feel centered and appreciated, therefore be more motivated to study. 定义真正的教育genuine education is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is the drawing out of what is in the mind. The sausage-casing view of education. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. There are pearls in each of us , if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence.一，兴趣激发学习的激情； In such an educational system, students, feeling centered and appreciated, will be more motivated to study. Fully develop their distinct potential and talent.二，高等教育阶段，术业有专攻，为以后专业工作准备，否则都是浅尝辄止，没有核心。Higher education is a time for specialized study to qualify the individual for professional activity or for employment in higher positions in bussinees, industry, and government. A student who merely dabbles in a hodge-podge of academic offerings, without special emphasis on any one , becomes a dilettante-lacking enough knowledge or experience in any single area to come away with anything valuable to offer.反：需要广泛的教育。many basic required courses need to be offered, though they cant meet everyones interests and needs. A comprehensive/general curriculum提供扎实的基础，基础教育阶段，为以后专业学习准备。The purpose of the elementary school is to introduce children to the skills, information, and attitudes necessary for proper adjustment to their community and to society. The purpose of the secondary education is to expand knowledge of subjects already studied. Mastery of any specific area requires some knowledge about a variety of others.举例，科幻小说家science fiction，a writer of science fiction can not accomplish a great work without some knowledge of science and technology that shape the story line, and without understanding the various psychology to shape character.除了需要文学基础，还需要科学知识。 So in order to succeed in a specific field, students should be compelled to learn many basic required courses to get a broad education.反：符合每个人的胃口不现实。Furthermore, it is unreasonable for education to meet everyones interests and needs. 一，不是所有人已开始都知道自己的爱好。有些兴趣在学习中发现，改变的；many students even dont know what they are interest in or definitely in at first. so they need to learn a comprehensive curriculum, and then change or form their interests. The more they learn, the clearer their interests are. Nicolaus Copernicus found that astronomy fascinated himselves through the study of medicine.二，限于学校能力，不现实；compared limited educational resources with the numerous demands, its impossible for the school to satisfy everyone. For instance, someone enjoys playing golf, but few schools have golf course.三，我们随意的选择课程，不一定合理。granted that educational resources abound, specifically designed education may bring about a negative impact on students. They are left, like shoppers in a giant supermarket, to wander the aisles, picking products at random, never sure that their selections will add up to a nutritious. 放任主义Laissez-faire may work in the economy, but its no way to education.反例 For example, those who are addicted to the computer games consider playing computer games as their interest, and refuse to learn other useful knowledge. After graduation, they will find hard to adjust to the society. Education with too much emphasis on satisfying everyones taste is harmful to students.结尾：In sum, schools need to try their best to offer comprehensive education so as to meet the demands of the majority of the students. But it is unwise to design education to meet everyones taste. Truly effective education requires a balance between required courses and students demand.144、Its the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.事实类Ts:两者都给与了社会持久的价值，一个是实物，一个是理论。 Personally, both of the artist and the critic provide great value to the society.正：让步，艺术家们给社会留下了很多有价值的实物。并且随着时间的流逝，价值持续。列举艺术带来的价值。Admittedly, the artist provides us lots of visible and audible works, which provide inspiration, lift our spirits and incite our creativity and imagination. Any form of art, when we encounter it, can conjure up our feeling such as pleasure, a sense of beauty and evoke inner reactions. 举例音乐or instance, when we hear Mozarts music, we feel comfortable, soothing, and peaceful. 美术FOr consider Van Goghs “sunflowers”, through the bright colors, it brings an impact on our senses, spirits and souls. 这些都不会随时间流逝。Moreover, art will produce a far-reaching impact on society, inspiring people in the future as well as at present. 结论Hence, the artist can give us works of lasting value-that is aesthetic appreciation. communicate ideas; to explore the nature of perception; 反：评论家的价值，对于百姓，让我们深入理解作品，理论上的升华。， However, we can not ignore the importance of critic. 帮助我们理解It is the critic who has profound knowledge and experiences of aesthetics and a taste in art that enhances a laymans appreciation and understanding of art.展开 Commonly, the critic is familiar with a particular artist and his or her work, and can give a certain insight into the work. With the help of the critic, we can not only feel ostensible emotional impulse incited by the work, but also have an insight into the work, understanding the artists passion and spirit. 举例For example, Picassos later pictures are so abstract that few of us can understand it without the guidance of the critic. And we are lucky that so many critics form various, ample, and all-sided interpretations that nearly each of us can understand the Picassos art objective. 要让步，一句带过，会有受到社会局限，（观点饱满） Though sometimes the critic is limited by the narrow confines of old and established parameters, and not able to make correct evaluation, 拉回，点睛theres no denying that most of the critic appropriately evaluates the art and shows us a way to look insight into art. Hence, the critic gives us valuable things too.反：评论家另一大价值，对于艺术家，刺激好的作品的出现，发现艺术家的缺陷，这种作用将使长久的。Furthermore, the critic can benefit the artist in some respects. 分类说好处First, many nameless artists are discovered by the critic, ultimately are made known to the public. Secondly, the critic gives feedback such as constructive criticism to the artist, and helps them to recognize their works flaws/deficiency and guide them to accomplish better works. Lack of essential criticism made by the critic, most of the artists can not make such great achievements. For example, due to the critic, Dante accomplished Divine. 让步（观点饱满），过分约束会妨碍创作Though, to some extent, excessive criticism will constrain the artists creativity, spoil his or her creative impulse, 拉回，点睛most of criticisms are appropriate and practical. Hence, the critic plays a vital role in the development of art, and brings about a lasting positive effect. 结尾: 两者皆有价值In sum, the artist and the critic supplement each other. While the artist gives the society a large amount of works, whose value is not changed as time goes by, the critic forms a all-sided aesthetic theory, and commits many useful criticisms influencing not only works of today but also of tomorrow. Both of them give society long-term valuable things.48、The study of history places too much emphasis on individual. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.因果类，结论是价值判断Ts:伟人推动历史，群众造就历史，但研究历史重在研究个人由于历史记录的局限性。The author asserts that groups of faceless people made the most significant events and trends in history instead of the famous few, and the study of history shouldnt place so much emphasis on individuals. In my opinion, I agree with the claim insofar as long-term sociological trends and significant historic events were made by the masses. However, the famous few always provided the initial spark for those trends and events. Then they managed to consistently remain in limelight, therefore the memories of them is immortalized by history. When we study history, so many details were recorded about the great figures instead of groups of people that we are compelled to concern individuals.正：让步承认：群众造就历史，群众的力量很大 Admittedly, the masses played a vital role in history, making the most significant events and trends in history.考虑历史变革Consider the revolution in history, its the cumulative efforts of all members of groups that have sparked it. The efforts of one man are not sufficient to cause a paradigm shift in the well-being of humanity. 美国独立战争For instance, in the American Revolution, groups of people rallied and attempted to gain independence from the British Empire. Through efforts of groups instead of few individuals, American Declaration of Independence has been achieved. 考虑人工奇迹Or consider historys greatest architectural and engineering wonders, they are all attributed to the efforts of large groups of workers. 长城金字塔Either the Great Wall in China or the pyramids in Egypt was made by the nameless groups, rather by the famous few who only had whims. 总结Hence, the most famous events and trends in history were possible because of group efforts.反：个体起到模范带头的作用，起到刺激的作用。However, feats of the famous few can not be ignored. It was always the egos or ideals of the famous few that provide the driving force behind the accomplishments. They provide the vision of future and the groups then bring the vision to fruition. The initial spark provided by individuals was extremely crucial. 蝴蝶效应说Just as butterfly effect, in the initial condition of the system, small variations caused by the famous few might bring out large variations in the long term behavior of the history system. 成吉思汗For example, assuming that Genghis Khan, a yuan emperor, died a few years later, he would continue to expand his land, and the history of Eastern Euorpe might be totally changed. 结Hence, the key individual who provided the necessary impetus for the development of history deserved to be memorized by history.散：个体的引人注目，使得历史记录更多的个人。历史研究也被迫的重在了个人。Furthermore, because the famous few individuals had superior leadership skills, and got a huge share of the limelight, they were easy to be immortalized by history, while these people who are behind the scenes never find any mention in history. It is understandable that when it comes to the study of history, we are compromised to put emphasis on individuals. After all, history is written by man, and we can not record everything or everyone, but the few individuals in history. Even if we want to study the masses whose identities have long been forgotten, so few information was mentioned in history that it seems impossible. Thus, we always reconstruct the past and the fruition of groups of people through the study of the great figures, and it is reasonable for us to place emphasis on individuals.结尾：In sum, by drawing inspiration from the famous few, the groups of people made the significant events and trends in history. Nowadays, we need to record the voices of the forgotten majority, as well as the famous few, strike a balance between the study of the famous few and groups of people.36、The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.Ts:太绝对Can the greatness of individuals be recognized only in retrospect, by those who live after them? In my opinion, whether the feats of individuals can be decided by their contemporaries or not should base on a case-by-case analysis.正：历史能沉淀一个人的功与过。Admittedly, right and wrong, or merit and demerit are both recorded in history, and the history provides a mirror for us today to gaze into for insight and appreciation of the greatness of people in the past. 当局者迷，旁观者清。Since some people in the past wanted to mask the truth, or to cheat their contemporaries, their lies will be exposed only by those who live after them. Besides, some brilliant minds exceeded the contemporaries understanding and tolerance, they must endure the test of time and can only be appreciated by people living after them.梵高死后，才成名For instance, Van Gogh received reputation only after his death. The judgment of people, his contemporaries, is limited by the narrow confines of old and established parameters. And his greatness was ignored in the past. 布鲁诺提倡日心说，必是众矢志的，招徕杀身之祸Or consider Btuno, he challenged the authority by forming a new theory that claimed the earth was not the center of the universe. New theory changed peoples cognition of the world and undermine the sense of security, therefore they reacted in terms of resistance and outrage. At last, Btuno was burned at stake as a heretic. 基于现在人们对太空的认识，人人都承认日心说Nowadays, we all can recognize the greatness of Btuno. 例后再论Greatness always should be tested over time before it can be confirmed-any scientific theory might be disproved tomorrow, or the theory might withstand centuries of rigorous scientific scrutiny. 拉回主题中心Hence, in some respects, people who live after the famous individuals instead of their contemporaries can decide the greatness of individuals.反：在某些领域，同时代的能很快被认可。However, in other respects, people who were the contemporaries of the famous individuals can realize great achievements of individuals immediately. 如商业比尔盖茨In the realm of business, Bill Gates is the role model for us. We all admit his victory, and have a dream to be a man like Bill Gates. /He fulfilled the dream of most people who want to earn a big money.钢琴王子Or in the realm of art, Li Yundi, the victor in 2000 at renowned Warsaw Chopin Competition, 华沙肖邦钢琴大赛is confirmed to be the youngest and greatest pianist. 宫崎骏Moreover, Hayao Miyazaki, a director of many famous animated feature films, is known by contemporary people all over the world. 拉回观点，点我的主题句Hence, we should not be blind to the point that sometimes the greatness of individuals can be decided by their contemporaries.反：此外，有时候，也只有同代的人能够客观、公正的评判一个人。Furthermore, in some cases, only contemporaries of the individuals can judge them justly, objectively and correctly, 因为，他们有着相同的历史环境。because contemporary people live in the same social and cultural conditions, 此外后代回顾历史，总是带上个人主观色彩了and when people today review history, it cant avoid some subjective opinions.第一，由于国家政治的需要，有些时候历史资料的记载未必是真实全面的。On one hand, in many countries, the subject taught in school or showed in TV under the name history is censored for political reasons.日本教科书删掉了南京大屠杀For example, in Japan, mention of the Nanking Massacre has been removed from textbooks in primary and secondary schools. 学生们培养了扭曲的世界观Students who are taught such history believe what they learn as the real history, actually develop a distorted worldview.（补充一些可以用的例子 in Russia under Stalin, history was rewritten to conform with communist party doctrine; and in the United States the history of the American Civil War is censored to avoid giving offense 冒犯 to White Southerners）另一方面，由于历史背景，价值判断标准不一样，后人做出的评判并不客观，非常草率。On the other hand, a value judgment evolves to keep pace with the development of the changing moral standards and collective sense. In the past, base on the old standards, individuals would be regarded as great men, while today when people reconstruct quite remote遥远 pasts with new social values, they will not.成吉思汗Considering Genghis Khan, people in the past regarded him as a hero. Today, one of our collective senses is anti-war, so we regard him as a warmonger. His greatness only can be objectively decided by his contemporaries.拉回观点So sometimes the judgment of individuals done by those who live after them is not correct and objective.总结：In sum, we should base on a case-by-case analysis to decide the greatness of individuals. Its unreasonable to assert the feats of individuals can be recognized only by those who live after them, or only by their contemporaries.130、How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.(前后两句，两个层次的意识，一关于社会化，另一个关于教育，用社会命运联系在一起)Ts:我们有责任教育好下一代，但是下一代也有能力靠自己的力量来建设社会。父母不需要太担心。Societys destiny hinges on how children are socialized, but not exclusively determined by it. In my opinion, both adults and children should take the responsibility to bring about a better society. And with the help of public education, children should create a new and better society marked with their own characteristics.正：让步，社会化包含的内容，技能和思想，和社会命运的关系，我们教育的必要性。社会化的定义Admittedly, children as new generations of citizens should be socialized and prepared to function in society, by mastering basic survival skills: communication, logical thinking, analysis, and creative problem-solving. Besides, they should possess democratic values, such as justice, liberty, and equality.社会化和社会命运 And how children are socialized is crucial for the destiny of society. 我们有义务 As adults, we have the obligation to guide children to gain life skills, have correct collective values, and ultimately bring about a better society. 让步It is true that in the modern society, more and more new knowledge and skills should be taught to children, while we are busy with our work, having little time to concern children.孩子的不足. Since many children has less time to play and communicate with peers, more and more childr