argument 提纲.docx

51.The following appeared in a medical newsletter. Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment.作者需要澄清一个概念什么是muscle injury 作者结论基于一个隐含的假设级抗生素可以防止二次感染，二次感染导致了快速康复很可能是医生的原因使用不同的治疗措施如果能提供两组受伤情况是否一样会更有说服力，或者其他一些情况，年龄，身体素质应该提供有效证据说明sugar pills 对康复没有副作用（二次感染的讨论）45.The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal. Arctic deer live on islands in Canadas arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea. 首先太轻率的相信了当地猎人的报告当地猎人打不到猎，这些猎人很菜，新手，不知道deer什么时候活动，鹿晚上，而他们白天打猎又或者这段时间里还没结冰，鹿的活动范围很受限制，以及常出没的地方作者没有考虑其他可能导致deer数量减少的原因是否发生瘟疫了，天敌太多，小鹿都被吃了。或者是水被污染，有害物质致死全球变暖导致冰融化并不意味着deer那个地方的冰融化了如果作者能进一步指出，那个地方的冰也确实融化了，还因提供目前鹿数目的变化情况，以及当地气温是否有上升。另外鹿的生存环境是否还存在其他的威胁也需要调查。 53.Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers production of melatonin-a hormone known to affect some brain functions-would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children-now teenagers-who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.1 什么是mild distress 作者有可能混淆了。如果mild distress 是恐惧，或者害怕。那么作者的结论就根本没有根据了，如果能说明这种mild distress 就是害羞的话，那么2 小孩子的反应可以有很多解释的。只可能是一种，但并不一定是必然的，况且作者也没提供没有在这个时期初生的小孩子是什么反应，如果也是这样，那就。比如这个时候体内一些其他减少了，或者增加了。而更有可能的是当小孩子面对陌生的事物时一种条件反应害怕。如果在来一组3 害羞的标准是什么?仅仅自己认为害羞就是害羞吗？很有可能在外人看来很外向呢。作者应该进行专业的性格测试4 同样没有考虑别的原因可能导致他们害羞。首先，可能在七八岁的时候并不害羞，可能是进入青春期了，身体开始发育，这个时候很多小孩变得害羞了，尤其是女孩子。上学期间由于自卑或者家庭发生变故与人交往太少，时间长了自然会变得害羞169.The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University. Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers.1喜欢living在small towns 并不意味着喜欢在small town 工作2论据中并没有说那些professor 是 most gifted 可能只是一般的教授，他们的选择标准不能代表那些最优秀的教师们，可能更看重其他一些因素。配偶工作再一个地区只是选择工作时的一个因素，比如工资，居住条件，是否符合自己的兴趣爱好等3能提供士气低落的真正原因，比如是因为工资低，居住条件差，。如果是因为没有优秀教师。7.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper. In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory呼吸道 illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved. 工厂增加并不能不代表他们不保护环境。比如如果这些工厂是一些致力于环保的工厂，比如生产可降解的食品袋。或者是生产些处理工厂废气的装置没有考虑其他导致空气污染的因素。比如邻近的town可能产生很多废气，由于风的作用污染到了本town。然后本市可能已经做了大量工作reduce，但是。或者其他一些突发情况，比如化工厂发生爆炸，那些病人就是。仅仅因为Ann是 那个组织的会员并不能证明那就有能力解决。他在里面的工作是什么如果只是个秘书复制日常的一些打印工作。如果作者能提供他成功解决了很多环境问题，则将更有说服力评价一个市场并不能只看他能不能解决环境问题，作者应该考虑更多的其他方面，如果这个人一点都不动政治，9.The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University. Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors. 作者没有考虑其他可能导致分数上涨的原因作者不能草率的认为教授为了please 学生故意给他们高分，很有肯能是通过评价教师提高了自己的教学质量，学生能力真正提高了。措施得当的话，十五年的时间足够可以使一个学校还可能采取了其他的措施来提高教学质量，比如引进更加优秀的教师，增添了好多辅助教学的设备。同样没有证据证明雇主相信O大学的分数inflated，才导致工作不如A，首先作者没有给出是否O一直不如A，是否A也有实施评价，A的分数是否比O还高。如果一十五年前就是这样，那么很可能是其他原因，O是个一般的大学，而A是全国名牌大学。比如雇主们经过统计O的毕业生普遍工作能力不如A高。或者是因为O开设的专业大部分都是一些比较冷门的专业，而A开设的专业是热门，社会需要大量这些专业的人才O虽然不如A好，但是很可能比起全国的平均就业水平已经很好了。如果作者能提供具体的数据，以及全国的平均水平，证明O确实就业很差。作者的结论会更有说服力。如果已经很好了，而且可能还是受益于评价，那么作者结论很可能导致相反的结果。161.In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.借书最多的是mystery novel 并不能足以证明人们平时看mystery novel 最多，借书了does not necessarily mean 他们一定看书。而且需要花费更长的时间去研读，所以借出率自然会低。另外如果进一步的调查发现书店里买的最多是literary book ，很有可能是在看literary book。如果更多的人喜欢在网上看literary book两次调查所代表的人群的不同，比如第一次调查者可能是来自大学，他们确实喜欢literary book 但是很少在公共图书馆借书，因为大学里的图书馆此类藏书丰富，而且借阅方便。第二次调查的图书借出率根本不能反应第一次调查者的阅读习惯，因此结论也就无从谈起了两次调查的时间间隔没有给出，如果想个时间很长比如一年或者更长，由于人口的流动或者其他原因，城市的居民组成已经不同，阅读习惯也自然不同。或者在这段时间里人们阅读 237.The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper. According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to *relocate here.1没有考虑B和D的不同如果当前的税已经已经比D低了，而且财政资助政策也不必D差，那么很有可能B地处山区，交通很不方便，公司的物流会受到很大的阻碍，公司成长很受限制，2作者没有考虑其他可能导致公司搬到本市的原因。如果有证据表明这两个原来所在地税比这里还低，政策更加优惠，显然不是因为这个原因了比如本地这个地方的劳动力比廉价，而且生产的原材料丰富，节省运输费，价格有低廉，而且有很大的市场，这样可以节约他们的成本，增加收入。有利润当然来这里。3并没有证据表明促进了本地经济，如果这300个人不是D而是别的，那么显然没有改善本地就业，另外外地人由于这个原因很多外地人可能涌入D，这可能导致当地的就业形势更加紧迫，300的占总失业人数的比例很小，那么他的作用将是很小的。而且如果有证据表明，这两个厂子的到来，导致本地很多公司都倒闭了，大量的人失业了，作者没有考虑其他可以更快促进本地经济改善就业率的方法，如果作者提供一些其他措施的数据，通过比较说明这是最快的方法，结论将更有说服力。209.The following recommendation was made by the Human Resources Manager to the board of directors of the Fancy Toy Company. In the last three quarters of this year, under the leadership of our president, Pat Salvo, our profits have fallen considerably. Thus, we should ask for her resignation in return for a generous severance package. In Pats place, we should appoint Rosa Winnings. Rosa is currently president of Starlight Jewelry, a company whose profits have increased dramatically over the past several years. Although we will have to pay Rosa twice the salary that Pat has been receiving, it will be well worth it because we can soon expect our profits to increase considerably.利润下降可能有其他原因整个市场不景气，比如现在经济危机了，公司同样受到重创。还有可能是人力资源部的问题，招聘的人素质低下，在商业活动中严重影响了本公司声誉，导致失去很多伙伴。很有肯能出于私心在推卸责任同样S增加也不定是R的原因R什么时候上任的并没有说，如果是刚刚上任，那么显然并不是她的业绩。并没说明R实施过什么有效政策让S增加利润了，政策很有可能还是以前的，说明R并没起到什么作用。工程师一个创意。R一定可以增加本公司利润并没有说服力。并没有说S是什么公司，toy公司而， S是一个出版社，S对toy的制作销售根本不了解241.The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company. When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resums and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delanys services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year. Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff and larger number of branch offices. After all, last year Delanys clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walshs clients took nine. 八年前的情况和现在的情况不一样。一个是公司本身的能力，二那个时候标准，和别的公司比较并不能代表公司的能力找工作时间并不能代表。工作好坏，客户自身素质203.The following appeared in a newspaper feature story. At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patients stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals. 在医院待的时间长短不能反映医院的好坏治愈率同样不能代表。当个病人平均医护人员。抱怨少。经济并没有说啊37.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a Palean basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river-the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.Brim 河 宽和深是在古代还是现在食物丰富同样没交代篮子很可能是后来人带过去的船没有证据不代表没有船只，运送很多人和货物的船没出现，不代表小船没有没船还有别的方式过去，游泳啊，绕道而且作者没说L没有船，很有可能是L带过来即使丰富，不代表没必要船过河，人口多，自然不够啦，需要别的资源，比如矿产188.A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids-a painkiller-to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. 测量标准，不能用feeling。本来不准确，实际数据。或者女的根本不愿意抱怨而且也不能和男的比较，应该和药前痛苦程度比较， 没有提供证据表明其他因素相同，两组身体状况，年龄，意志 没有表明对男士女士来说来说O比其他药效果更好，女的对这个药物过敏怎么办啊， 一些药根本没必要，女士专用哦167.A folk remedy* for insomnia, the scent in lavender flowers, has now 2 a! y+ E* w% T& X( J! m$ fbeen proved effective. In a recent study, 30 volunteers with chronic 7 V5 a$ M9 A/ H9 insomnia slept each night for three weeks on lavender-scented pillows in a 8 y5 Q: y2 3 p. v( econtrolled room where their sleep was monitored. During the first week, 3 W2 o a* l; P F& ?& B# Evolunteers continued to take their usual sleeping medication. They slept - j1 f J0 E8 C) o# lsoundly but wakened feeling tired. During the second week, the volunteers ) S6 e4 n; # Wm; hdiscontinued their medication. As a result, they slept less soundly than , I$ d! B/ n! B f- / mthe previous week and felt even more tired. During the third week, the % : c5 R) Q9 I% H2 w4 k4 ?! volunteers slept longer and more soundly than in the previous two weeks. 6 I+ S F8 N7 * k9 t3 _, IThis shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia. A folk remedy is usually a plant-based form of treatment common to 7 c& _. p- N) L7 . D4 Ntraditional forms of medicine, ones that developed before the advent of - f7 H4 w. h/ F6 C9 d& Nmodern medical services and technology. 1失眠和治愈的定义是什么，标准不能把feel当标准 4实验sample数目，和实验进行的时间 2实验控制存在问题。 3实验应该有对照组无法排除其他因素14.The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town. There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring. 不满意并不代表自己要种，可能去小商店买去（这里好），不满意还是在这里买（虽坏比其他好多了）National survey cannot be applied to local area 这里根本不用种菜（很多菜不能种，寒冷，土地。）对当地超市很满意啊，很新鲜，价格便宜销量高有别的原因，不是对园艺感兴趣，而里面有个连载小说，很吸引人，为了看小说就一直买下来了Long series of novel Variety 有问题啊，本地就能种那么一两种。只对某些需求量大，爱吃。35.The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia. Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches./ Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives./ This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study./ Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. /With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia. S和是同一种化合物，不代表可以治头痛 另有他因。Fail to establish a causal relationship between添加Salicylates with头疼率下降。也许是医学技术medical technology好了，人们生活规律了，环境好了。 另外如果S对头疼有作用，是否是越多越好，论断也没有给出依据2. salicylates添加在flavor additives里面，就不一定会对头疼有治疗作用了，因为有可能会发生物理或化学反应（尽管它被证实是可以添加在flavor additives里面的）； 3. 不是说salicylates越多就对头疼的治疗效果越好，任何东西都讲究适量，物极必反嘛； 4. 把治疗头疼的salicylates添加在食品及flavor additives中，对不头疼的人是否有不良影响。 他认为头疼还会有持续稳步下降，但就算S真能影响头疼也还可能会有其他因素导致头疼上升，比如生活节奏加快、工作压力突然加大等等。160.As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating-and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.1推广到学生可能是无效，甚至是有害的首先，Compounds 是用来 prevent PEP from breaking。随年龄增加，而students 都很年轻啊memory mechanisms of rat and human may distinct 而且没有做实验这种药物可能对人造成很大伤害Restore memory 和 记忆是不同的，也没证据说明可以集中精力2学生记忆力以及精神不集中可能有别的原因3没有证据说明家长和老师不能解决200.Statistics collected from dentists indicate that three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist. This evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are. Thus, dentists who advertise