gre作文issue行为提纲完整版.doc

行为类1(12). Peoples attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings thanby any internal characteristic.人们的态度更多的是由临时的情况或者环境所决定，而非人们自身的特点。 .心理问题之冲动和可预测-2(18). Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of othersdoes one really discover the value of that idea.只有通过排除异议和对照其他的观点来捍卫一个理念，人们才能真正的发现该理念的价值所在。-3(21). Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputationand social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educationalsystem, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of theworld.改革几乎从来都不是由那些关心自己声誉和社会地位的人发起的。那些真正热衷于政府改革、教育改革和其他机构改革的人们一定都是甘于被他人轻视的。沽名钓誉distain:-4(25). Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courageis to move in the opposite direction in other words, to make things as simple as possible.任何人都可以把事情简单复杂化，但是需要真正努力和勇气的恰恰相反，也就是说应该把事情变得尽可能的简单。复杂和简单-5(27). No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practicesand conventional ways of thinking.这个世界上没有人能够靠墨守陈规（行动或者思维上的）而获得成功。新手和老手之墨守成规和成功-6(31). Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of thatresearch are controversial.花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。现实和理想- 37 7(35). No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise ones beliefs than to adhereto them.无论在什么样的情况下，折衷自己的信仰要比坚持有害。信仰-8(37). In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.在大多数社会中，竞争一般是弊多利少。利多弊少之竞争-9(62). The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in theirlives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.认为人们应该把自我进步当做是人生头等大事的流行观点是有问题的，因为这样的观点在假设人们是天生就有缺陷的。独立题目-10(64). Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it.很多人懂得如何去获得成功，但是很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成功。Attain and sustain 打江山容易，保江山难-11(68). People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter howvaluable their contributions might be.人们经常错误的猜疑和不信任专家，无论专家们的贡献是多么的有价值。怀疑权威-12(71). Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others.学会独自消磨时光会使你更好地成为别人的伙伴。人际关系之个人时间和公众时间-13(74). The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is 38 through the use of images, not language.和一大群人交流想法或者价值观的最有效方式是图像而非语言。独立题目-14(75). The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those whodevelop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating thetalents and skills of others.对社会做出重要贡献的人往往不是那些发展自己新想法的人，而是那些最善于察觉和整理他人天赋和技术的人。承前继后-15(81). Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than toencourage progress.出于爱国对于一个国家的尊崇往往不是促进进步而是阻碍进步。沙文主义-16(84). In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without firstbeing strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.在任何物质领域中，如果不首先接受该领域中过去成就的影响就不可能会有意义重大的成功。现在和过去-17(86). Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seekimmediate fame and recognition.年轻人应该被鼓励去寻求长期的现实目标而不是追求眼前的名声。现实和将来-18(87). In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make importantdiscoveries.在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。新手和老手 39 -19(91). Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, butreason often has little to do with the way people form values.大多数人认为他们深信不疑的价值观是理性选择的结果，但是理智往往对于人们形成价值观几乎根本不起作用。理性和感性之价值观-20(95). People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requirescooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.人们在团队中工作比独立工作要更加有效率。团队协作需要的合作能够比个人间的竞争更加激励人们。竞争和合作之效率-21(99). In any realm of life-whether academic, social, business, or political-the only way tosucceed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behaviorguarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediateoptions.在任何生活领域中-无论是学术、社会、商业还是政治-获得成功的唯一道路就是采取现实的而不是理想化的观点。实用的行为确保了生存，反之理想化的观点正在趋于被更简化的和更直接的选择所取代。理想和现实-22(118). In any field of endeavorthe sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that areencountered on the way to the goal.在所有的物质领域中科学、人文科学、社会科学、工业等等能否达到目的并不重要，而在争取达到目的的过程中获得的想法和发现才更重要。过程和结果-23(121). At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result ofnatural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to makeextraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无 40 道理的。人类和自然-当务之急（资金、工作）和长远考虑（物种）不是人类造成的并不代表人类不必保护物种过去不是人类的作用，现在不然-24(127). Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or thedictates of our passions.事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。客观和主观-25(136). The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.没有选择的情况少之又少。独立题目-26(137). What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another.我们所称之为进步的过程就是从一个问题变化到另一个问题。独立-27(139). Every new generation needs to redefine right and wrong in its own terms andaccording to the conditions of its own time.每一代人都要根据自己时代的情况和自己的说法来重新定义对与错。时间-28(141). Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personaleconomic success requires conformity.虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是合作。个人和整体-29(145). A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions 41 without sacrificing ones principles.对与个性的最大考验在于一个人是否能够适应不断变化的社会规范而不牺牲自己的原则。个体和整体convention: 约定，规范。Standard and accepted procedures in programs and systems analysis.-30(146). People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical ofit.对于一种想法或者政策最忠实的人往往是那些对其最严厉的人。Critical: Inclined to judge severely and find fault.爱挑剔的倾向于进行严厉批判和找岔的-31(148). Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or trouble.很多人向往理想主义，但是它实际上总是带来失望或者麻烦。理想和现实idealism: The act or practice of envisioning things in an ideal form.理想主义用理想的观点看待事物的行为或实践行为-32(156). Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live.选择只是一种假象。实际上，我们的生活是被我们生活其中的社会所控制的。类似于先有环境后有意识position: disagree1. 选择是我们在现实生活中必须随时面对的choice is the highly practical thing which everyone is confronted with. We choose when to eat, what to do, or what to say. Choice is the indispensable element in preserving and elongating our life. Some may argue they could live by doing nothing and think about nothing. However, such a way of living is also the result of their choice.2. 与作者的落点相反的是，我们的生活是被选择所控制的。不同的选择带来了不同的生活（扩展来说）converse to the assertion in the topic, our lives are actually determined by our own choice. Some choose sluggish way of living and consequently they acquire the sluggish lives. While some choose to struggle for their own future and correspondently they savor their trophy, leading comfortable lives.3. 又是我们的生活的确被法律或者到的因素所控制，但这也是选择的结果sometimes, our actions and deeds are limited by legislations and ethics. In the face of these regulations, we seem to be controlled by them. However, trace to their roots, we can choose to dispose them at their promulgation and establishment. In this aspect, we the result that we are controlled by these legislations and ethics is also a consequence of choice33(157). There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it isalways guided by the observers expectations or desires.纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的；观察总是被观察者的预期或者喜好所左右的。主观和客观之观察1）在社会科学以及文学，艺术领域，观察的主观性是不可避免的，甚至是必需的（社会不可避免的主管，各种政治，个人利益的involves，评价一个政策好坏的时候总是从自己的利益的角度出发里进行评判，汽油价格，；艺术文学本来是就是描述客观事物的主观体验，illiad, odyssey , Mona Lisa如果取出了作者潜藏在里面的主观想象和感情，那么它们充其量也就只是record或者是photograph 了 ）2）有人会说，在科学的领域，观察必然是可观的，这是这个学科正确发展的前提( 观察手段的限制，对大部分的事物，观察手段只能做到尽量贴近事实，而不是完全的客观反映-这就要求我们有自己的知识，作出推理和假想，然而对待一个事物，人类的本身知识也不是全面的，甚至我们观察的目标正是这个知识，那么我们又怎么能完全客观呢，物质结构：古希腊园诉说-近代的化学，分子说假说-近代物理学，原子-高级观察手段，原子核，电子-量子理论，对撞机夸克quark假说-我们还在进一步探索 )3）我们应该认识到，我们的观察虽然会被主管所影响，但是一事实为基础的，并不是幻想，而且人类对于客观真理的探索从未停止34(162). One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives.However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much morecomplicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.人们经常听说个人需要为他们自己的生活负责任。然而，人们发现自己所处环境的存在要远远早于人们对其的认识。因此，个人责任的概念要比通常人们想象的要复杂和不切实际。unrealisticWe are always told to be responsible for what weve done and for we are going to do, responsibility is considered all along by us as a virtue and necessity. however, in fact, the conditions in which we find ourselves have been largely established long before we become aware of them. the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed. sometimes, we can not fulfil our responsiblities due to the condition we lives in.To simply put,responsibility means something for which one is responsible: a duty, an obligation or a burden .These elements deal with not only individual herself/himself but also the circumstances he/she lives. One can sure to change his/her circumstance, however circumstance can change him/her as well, sometimes there is little choice left for us to pay our responsibilities.For example, Rousseau, a great France thinker and litterateur praised by Napoleon as without Rousseau, without Great Revolution of France, had all his five children sent to orphanage for which some people condemned him for a long time regardless his great personal achievement.However, it turns out Rousseau was persecuted by the nobles and the government in power to a miserable conditions: he was expatriated out of his motherland and made as poor as a church. He had no choice but give up his children. Today things are much better than Rousseaus time, but sometimes we still will be caught in dilemmas and hardly to fulfil our duties. Moreover, todays complex social and personal relationship sometimes made responsibilities we payed for diffrent entities mutually exclusive, in other word, we are responsible for some while irresponsible for others. For example, a successfull leader devotes himself/herself in the company will have little leisure left for his/her children, in this case, the leader fulfils his/her responsibility for the whole company staff while owe his/her children a debt.in fact ,under most situations, people can not perfect their responsibilites.the responsibility is not an absolute concept but a reletive one as long as we are living in the society. However, one should not always excuse for his/her irresponsibility regard the limitation of condition. a sense of responsible is crucial in ethical lives since laws can not prevent everything immoral and disciplines can not make all people obey them, well-established belief in responsibility can not only reduce crimes and conflicts but also provide a gentle atmosphere in working,studying and living, increasing our efficiecy and social productivity. As a matter of fact, an orderly and flourish society is based on sensitive responsibilities.we can easily image the nightmare of a society where CEOs care not about their bussiness, parents discard their children and drivers overspeeding at will.In conclusion, the concept of responsibility is sure to be complicated than we thought and sometimes the conditions can even deprive us the responsibilies we should pay. but the sense of responsibility must always been encouraged. For the sake of ourselves and society, well responsible individuals should always been respected. position: To simply put,responsibility means something for which one is responsible: a duty, an obligation or a burden .These elements deal with not only individual herself/himself but also the circumstances he/she lives. agree1）社会是复杂的，环境条件是多变的，一个人往往身负多种责任，但这些责任有时候是相互排斥的mutually exclusive, 举例子，毛泽东，对国家人民负责，但对于自己的子女就wu发负责了：大儿子战死，女儿为了不受影响不能跟他的性2）有时候人们因为环境易俗的限制而无法对自己负责人，举例子（罗素，想一下怎么描述 在外地读书，无法陪伴父母）3）但是人们不能把一切不负责任的做法都归咎于环境，因为人类自身的努力是很重要的，特别是在现在这个社会个人权利得到充分尊重的社会，个人的主观努力的作用要往往大与环境因素的影响（bill gates 转行白手起家/ 一些人任意工作忙为借口，忽视家庭，自私）35(163). Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They makeuse of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem orcrisis.大多数人在物质上和精神上都生活在一个非常有限的圈子里面。除非要面对严重的问题或者危机，否则他们仅仅会利用有效资源的极有限的一小部分。致死地er后生Agree1.人们总是被各种身体上的不足或者道德上规范suo左右，为了得到某种名胜，成功他们也必须服从这些不足（比如，一个运动员的弹跳能力不好，而具有很好的耐力，所以为了取得更大的成功，他在可能还是会把自己投身到马拉松中区，尽管他的理想是成为篮球运动员； 同样的，一个新的律师，为了能取得更好的reputation and development, 他就必须尊重那些前辈的意见, 否则就会失去很多机会，即便他知道对一些案件，他的注意可能更好）many people are confined by the physical deficiencies or moral regulations in their way of living. They have to obey them to procure their reputation, fame, success and so on.2. 人们做事情的时候总是会尽量的估计时间的后果，一般是在可靠性dependability和成效effect两者中找到一个平衡，而不是冒险。（P&G？牺牲效能环的可靠）further, when they conducting deeds, they will first consider twice its consequences and to weigh its benefits and detriments.3. 但是，在人们面对困境的时候，特别是当他们的生命危险遭到威胁的时候，他们往往不会在权衡利弊了（破釜沉舟，推卡车的新闻纪录）however, when in face of crisis, especially their lives are endangered, they would perform in a more free way, setting aside the deficiencies and taboos.36(165). In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not byconviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by themajority.在任何领域当中，对于起领导作用的人，他们的动力不是去肯定他人的想法，而是喜欢提出不同于大多数人的意见和想法。少数和多数之标新立异的领导领导者问题the leading voicesconvictionposition: 1.肯定不同意见的重要作用，举例子（爱伊斯坦）it is true that many breakthroughs in any given field is largely made by those who hold different opinions and ideas. such discrepancies actually lead to the development of each field: science, philosophy, mathematics etc2.分析为什么会这样做a名誉地位（成功的两种途径：在既定原则下做大家都作的事情，做得比大家都好；标新立异，做大家都没做过的事情，更容易成功 bill gates ）The development of society accompanied with more and more formly held conventions being breakthrough, people nowadays are encouraged to present the new ideas and opinions, Presenting new opinons and ideas can gain the presenter more praise, fame and honor if he succeeds3. Presenting new opinons means more challenging which attracts those who are glad to accpet the challenge( 名言？事例？纯粹挑战)however, important as originality and individuality are, to be different from the majority should not be our goal. We should search after the truth rather than the individuality itself.37(168). Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes fromsomeone who is an expert in that field.批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非它是来自于该领域中的专家。统一和分歧之专家criticalis ultimately dedicated to catering the savor of the masses Inveterately involved with conventionsposition: disagree, 1) 专家的局限性admittedly an expert has a more percipient and all-encompassing perspective in judging a work, but his horizons may as well be restricted. Inveterately involved with conventions, experts would be more likely to deny any creative breakthroughs in any given field2)领域之外的人有时更有发言权：科学领域，领域之外的人往往能不被既定的概念所限制，而从自己所处的领域得到灵感（波粒二象性，历史学-induction）；政治领域，the masses往往更加可靠相对于政治家本身Thomas Jefferson once said:The people may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment, Were it fall to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers of newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”； 文学艺术领域，或是其他应用学科，work in any given field is ultimately dedicated to catering the savor of the masses, not experts in that field. So non-experts perspective is a more reliable source of judgment about the value of a work.3) nevertheless, 过分强调外行的观点有时会带来误导，so we should be aware of experts clout in righteously judging a work.（某些行政命令，政府出资金指导科研，不可取）？38(175)199. It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be workedout by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of anindividual.革新的动力往往来自于个人；革新的细节可能来自于团队，但是实质的革新都是个人努力和独特思维的结果。EnterpriseUnique perceptionPosition: disagree0）team,（ a number of persons associated together in work or activity）, 我们不能把它简单等同于与一群坐在一起面对面地讨论的人，而是因为某项工作而联系在一起的人1)真正的创新是一个连续的过程，如果把它看成是一个生命，他会经过种子，发芽，生长，结果等过程。我们无法断定这些过程中那个过程才是最重要的，不能因为简单把最后的结果=true innovation, 很多的details往往需要同样巨大的创造力。这个过程的每个阶段都需