gre作文issue社会提纲完整版.doc

社会类1(2). Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society.归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。竞争对于社会的优点和缺点Topic：同意，Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society.1）“物竞天择，适者生存”是自然界的普遍规律。 达尔文在研究了自然界发展的规律后，得出了一个基本规律，万物都是在竞争中，在适应环境变化的过程中才能生存，弱肉强食，自然界的变化是如此，人类社会的变化也是如此。因此，竞争是不可避免的客观规律。2）竞争是促进社会发展的根本动力。1，社会要前进，必须有创新，必须不断发展先进淘汰落后，优胜劣汰的过程是竞争中才得以实现的，2，人类的发展历史已经证明了这一点。从奴隶社会发展到封建社会，再发展到资本主义社会，表面上看是人的改朝换代，实际上一是反映的是科学技术的不断进步，是科学技术竞争的结果。青铜器淘汰了石器，铁器淘汰了青铜器；蒸汽机淘汰了原始的刀耕火种等等，落后的生产力不断被淘汰；二是反映人的民主意识的不断进步，是人为获得自身民主权利不断斗争的过程，从任受宰割的奴隶到自由独立的公民，反映了人生依附关系的不断松懈，人权的不断落实，落后的生产关系不断被淘汰。3，如果没有竞争，人们就会甘于落后，甘于停滞不前，社会的发展就会缺少前进的动力，就如中国50-60年代的计划经济时代。3）社会竞争的“弊”不能掩盖社会竞争带来的“利”。 任何事物都有两面性，竞争也会产生一些副作用，比如：会在社会上产生一些不正当的手段，竞争会使一部分缺乏竞争能力的人受到伤害，导致两极分化的出现，导致失业人口的增加等等，但是这些与竞争所带来的社会进步相比，是次要的，而且是可以通过不断完善法制，不断完善社会保障加以解决的。归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。-2(3). It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。当务之急和百年大计的关系Topic：政府应该把更多的注意力放在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上是明智的，但解决当务之急不能以后代的长期性研究为代价，两者需要协调发展1）解决迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题是必须的，也是基础。Generally, immediate problems are urgent and sometimes will cause unpredictable consequence, even disasters, without appropriate handling当务之急的社会问题直接影响社会的秩序的稳定，直接影响人们的生活和工作，比如反恐问题、局部战争问题、失业人口问题，通货膨胀问题，腐败问题，犯罪等等，如果不把这些迫在眉睫的问题花钱研究解决，就会影响社会、经济的继续发展和社会的安定。2）社会研究要处理好迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题 和后代的长期性研究之间的辨证关系，不能只顾眼前忽视将来。1，一些当前问题也是长期问题。 社会问题是一个系统，有些当前看起来是迫在眉睫的事情，比如贫富差距问题，它的根本解决需要社会生产力的发展，需要公平、公正竞争环境的形成，所以又是一个需要长期研究的社会问题，这样的研究不仅对我们现今的社会有益而且对我们的后代也同样有益。再如，当前生产力要发展是迫在眉睫的事情，但是不能以牺牲环境，不能以浪费不可再生的资源为代价，这又是一个有助于后代的长期性研究。所以需要把当务之急的社会问题放到一个大系统中研究，才能防止和减少迫在眉睫的社会问题的出现。比如：中国在gdp高速发展的同时，占用了大量的农田，在进行工程项目的建设是忽视了对环境的保护，这也是许多第三世界国家发展中遇到的共同问题，其结果必定是一时的繁荣而带来长期的危机，比如水土流失，环境污染，可开发资源的枯竭，人民生活质量被破坏。这是得不偿失的，需要人们进行反思。所以，花钱解决这些问题是有意义的。2，另外，一些将来的看似无意义的预期问题对我们人类的进一步发展有很重大的意义。Eg宇宙探测计划，对于我们了解自己所处的环境，潜在危机，发展空间等等有更清醒的认识。甚至可以为我们的后代提供新的居住地，因此一些发达国家比如美国每年都会把大量的资金投入到航天研究是有意义的。不能因为以现金发展为借口而忽略它。3）协调好两者的关系，可持续的发展。所以，既要花钱研究迫在眉睫的社会问题，又要重视花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，不能只注重当前还忽视了将来，更不能注重了当前而破坏了将来。 .-3(9). Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use. 近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。除非学者们能拥有影响等大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。过分专业化问题 overspecializationTopic：认为学科的细化会导致他们的理念几乎毫无用处是不公平的，事实上，这是科学发展的必然趋势，而且深化有助于提高研究质量，即便范围小，只要有影响的人群存在就有其存在的价值。诚然，为了减轻细化带来的影响范围减小的问题，学者们要注意吸取不同意见。1） 承认学科细化现象，但说他们的理念将几乎毫无用处事不公平的。随着科学研究水平的不断提高，人们对问题的认识不断深入，容易导致人们对一个问题的研究越来越集中在某一个非常狭小的领域，导致学科的分类越来越细化。就如有些服装生产企业一样，有的企业从注重生产女装，到注重生产青年人的女装，到注重生产夏季青年人的女装，到注重生产夏季青年人的女装的上衣等等。细化有利提高针对性，有利提高在某一个领域中研究的质量，是学科研究深化的一个过程。虽然细化学科后，学者们的理念影响的范围会缩小，但是毕竟还是有一定的特定人群，而且对这些特定人群影响的深度会加深。理念的作用不能完全以影响范围大小的宽度来决定的，还要考虑影响范围的深度，只要有影响的人群存在，就说明有存在的必要性，不能简单地说他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。2）在学科细化的同时要注意吸取其他学科的知识和研究成果，在可能的基础上，扩大学者们理念的影响范围。中国有一句古话，叫过犹不及。亚里士多德也早就指出，任何事物是辩证的。在信息化时代，学科的发展越来越处于交叉影响阶段。美国在阿波罗登月计划成功后也总结过一条经验，“不要让相同专业的人在一个桌子上吃饭”，意思就是要注意多学科的配合。如果在学科细化的同时，能够不断扩大与其他学科之间的交流和合作，形成合力，就能够既保持学科研究的深度，又扩大了学科研究的广度，也就能扩大扩大学者们理念的影响范围。-4(15). The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior.一个社会的稳定取决于该社会对人们极端行为所作出的反应。抽象型题目Topic：一个社会的稳定不仅仅取决于该社会对人们极端行为所做出的反应而更多的是对该类行为的预防。 It is a universal wish that we can live in a peaceful and stable society. However, in reality, some extreme human behavior is always menacing the stability of the society. At such moments when extreme behaviors occur, a society with a highly efficient way to confront them will be better at maintaining stability than those who hasnt. But in order to obtain a long stability, a society will also need means to anticipate such behaviors, which means it should not depend on the ways to respond to them.（可以借鉴的开头）社会的极端行为是什么，一个社会需要对这些行为做出反应以起到稳定的作用To begin with, the so called “extreme behaviour” usually include the following ones: violent crimes, extreme words uttered openly, or even uproars. When such things happens, they will usually influence the stability of the society, both physically and psychologically.然而仅仅对极端行为做出反应是被动的，更要积极地防止极端行为得出现。However, merely having such an organism to respond quickly and efficiently to the extreme behaviours is not enough. Its more important to prevent such extreme behaviors from occurring. Thats why something more than a quick response should be done, something that will forestall such behaviours. 因为任何的应对都是被动的，它也许能达到效果，却不一定能产出其根源；而积极的防治就是从根源上来来解决问题。我们该怎么做：不可忽视一般问题，若处理不当，在特定情况下会转化为人们的极端行为。The stability of a society even requires its adequet conduction to some seemingly ordinary human behaviors in specific situations。it is more necessary for the society to eradicate these social problems at first that are the roots of the extreme behaviors. Eg 工人对工作强度过大，时间过长，薪金太少的不满-大罢工eg移民问题The stability of a society even requires its adequet conduction to some seemingly ordinary human behaviors in specific situations. For example, emmegration and immigration are normal things to any city when a balance is kept between. However, when one of them excedes the other by an overwhelming advantage and the trends do not seem to be stoppable, the stability of the society must have been reduced. Compared to the extremes of human behavior and natural disasters, the abnormal of ordinary society functions is in a darker corner and is likely to be neglected, while the distructive influence of such abnormals can also hinder a society to function soundly and stably. Thus governments should also be able to respond to these trends, however subtle they may be, and keep them in good balances.-5(16). Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.尽管许多人认为现代生活的奢华和便利是丝毫没有坏处的，但是这实际上让人们无法成为真正强大和独立的个体。社会和个人之发展问题Topic：奢华和便利是现代生活的一种表现，也是推动人类社会前进的动力，其本身是没有坏处的但是但不可否认，奢华和便利又让人们失去了一些品格，which 能让人们成为真正强大和独立的个体。奢华和便利是现代生活的一种表现，也是推动人类社会前进的动力，其本身是没有坏处的，。 Unlike our ancestors, who had no advanced science and technology, we are equipped with all the knowledge to make various kinds of rather complicated tools, including airplanes, telephones and computers. These implements are of great help to us in that they aid us in almost all the fields and to some extent, they replace, maybe strengthen, us in doing different works. We sit and read a newspaper while the plane carry us to they destination; We may lay down and watch TV while the washing machine deals with our clothes. We can even leave a complex math problem to the computer.正是这种奢华和便利推动着我们这会向前的步伐，其本身是没有坏处的但不可否认，奢华和便利又让人们失去了一些品格，which 能让人们成为真正强大和独立的个体。1，坚韧性格的缺失；physically：人类的体质弱了，一些小病也讲求处于现代医疗 ；汽车代替了步行，越来越多的人因为缺乏锻炼而肥胖，而我们的祖先们则在大自然的风雨中练就了一身健壮和体魄；and mentally：越来越多的奢华和便利使得 人们所处的逆境越来越少，没有了生存的压力，也就缺失了挑战的勇气；而我们的先辈们在时时刻刻与大自然的搏斗中塑造了顽强勇敢的品格，而事实上，真正的强者都是在压力和逆境中产生的eg In fact, people often think that bad living conditions often contribute to form a strong character. Like a saying goes genius often comes from the adversities Those who confront with adversities often strive to find new ways to overcome the adversities, and then train themselves as brave and self-confident person .For example, Lincoln,a great American former president, live as a beggar in his childhood. Perhaps just the poor surrounding mould his character of bravery, ntegrity, probity and fortitude. On the contary, the luxuries and conviences of todays life is often looked up as a root of vices.2，独立性的缺失：随着文明化程度的提高，人们越来越多地依赖于技术，而不愿意去思考。Eg电脑技术的发展给人类社会带来了巨大的进步，但在欣喜的同时，我们也看到：越来越多的学生在利用电脑进行十年前与他们同龄的笔算的四则算术题；越来越多的学生和办公人员把写完的文档贴到word上去差错而不是自己查；在internet 无限便利的今天，更多的人愿意当网上去搜集他们需要的观点而不是自己独立的思考。不可否认奢华和便利的生活正在世人们变得越来越懒，这不知道是人类的进步呢还是人类的悲哀？！3 ） 坚持靠教育。The key to this problem is our education to our young generations.How does a society cultivate our teenagers?what should a society apply educational methods towards young people?The parental education is part-and-packle of their germinal phase,they should teach them many virtues ,such as bravery, diligence, honesty, ect, which would build a solid ground in characters forming of our children,and then as they grow up teachers inculcations are also play an important role in their latter life.In addition young people should warn themselves not to indulge into extravagant things.if they are well-educated,inculcated in a good atmosphere and have a sense of self-conscious,thereafter their strong characters come into being .-6(17). There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.有两种法律：公正的和不公正的。每个社会成员都有责任遵守公正的法律，但是更重要的是，更应该不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。社会和个人之法律公正么？Topic：每个社会成员都有责任遵守公正的法律，而且更为重要的是要抵制不公正的法律，并且通过合适的手段去修正他。1）法律的公正与否在一定程度上取决于个人的价值标准，所以需要一个大多数人都能接受的定义。The fairness of any law depends on ones personal value system, or ones personal interest in the legal issue at hand. Eg安乐四 thus when it comes to unjust laws, it becomes a much complex and contraversial case. What actually arouse people of their worry and fear is how to separate unjust laws from those just ones. The stability of a society, they are afraid, will be on slippery slope if everyone refuses to obey those “unjust” laws according to his own opinions. However, here I confine the word “unjust” to a cautious and relatively narrow definition by referring to those laws that are forcing prejudice and unfair classification upon people, or that are preventing people from merited freedom of activities or thoughts.2）对于不公正的法律，每个人都有抵制的权利，否则法律将变成集权When people in a society are obliged or even ready to obey such unjust laws, the ultimate aim of law has been reduced to mere tool for ruling from a mechanism for adjusting peoples activities eg It is often through the disobeyance of unjust laws that many societies have broken free from the fetters that shackled them for many decades. Let us take the example of South Africa under aparthied. Aparthied was a wholly unjust legal system, even by the standards of the most liberal moral activist. Now, if all the blacks in South Africa decided to follow the laws to the letter, then they would still be living as slaves in their own country. It is because people like Nelson Mandela symbolically trangressed those brutal laws that South Africa is a free nation today. Another example is the freedom struggle in India against the barbaric regime that was the British Raj. It was the civil disobedience movement led by Mahatma Gandhi that ultimately brought about independence to India.3）更好的地质的方法失去修订他是其朝着公平的方向发展而不是一味的violateA better approach is to appeal the authority to amend the law and get rid of the unfairness inside rather than to violate the law. In a true democratic society, individuals should take the responsibility to improve laws while the authorities, on the other hand, must keep open to advice and critiques and make earnest and cautious analysis so as to opotimize the lawsInevitably, every law has flaws, especially when the law comes into operation first. Most of countries, especially democracy societies, encourage the amendment and improvement for the laws. On the other hand, people who think the laws are not just to them could appeal to the legislators to correct the inequity of the laws rather than break the unjust laws. This is a good way to sustain the stability of the societies as well as sweep away the injustices of the laws.Its hard, but worthy, for individuals to take up responsibility to resist unjust laws by proper means. It is also the responsibility of authorities to consider the validation of laws and make modifications accordingly. Only when both parts play active roles will the laws of a society become sounder and the life of individuals better.7(19). If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.如果一个社会要繁荣就必须将社会整体的成败置于单个社会成员的幸福之上。少数和多数之成功Topic：完全同意（Unarguably,the overall success of a society takes precedence over the well-being of its individual.I wholly agree with the speakers claim that the put the social interests in the first rank rather than the individuals at any time.The social interests is permanetly prior to the personal interests if the society want to be stable, thrive and prosperous.）整个社会的繁荣依赖其社会成员的幸福，而成员的幸福又能跟好的促进真个社会的繁荣。On the one hand, the prosperity of the whole society relies on the well-being of every social member. Only when most of the citizens, everyone of whom making up a small bit of the whole population, have made contribution to the benefit of the society, got their merited rewards and managed to sustain a happy life can the society they belong to get the drive to go ahead.； On the other hand, If a society is overall successful, then every person within it will have a better atmosphere to develop himself, improve himself ,and efficiently realize his self-value. Take a company, which like a miniature of a society, as an example. If a company initially is utterly successful, such as having high profits, upward corporate spirit, and a neat and orderly company atmosphere, n which its employees will have a sense of comfort, and self-motivation ,and self- promotion. and therefore conduce to everyones happiness and success. Or else, if the leaders or members in a company always put their vested interests upon the corporate interests ,the company will be in a chaos, and ultimately bankrupt, then how can individual make progress?当社会的利益与小部分个体的利益相冲突的时候，我们要牺牲小团体的利益而确保整个社会的繁荣。Yet when improper individual prosperity, which is based on monopoly, deceiving other than fair play and hardworking, harms other people or the whole society, iron hand should be laid by government and other authorities to prohibit it so as to protect the overall society. If we place an improper emphasis on the individual success, we are in risk of violating the balance, which are crucial to avoid over-stratification and bipolarization. 8(20). National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults.任何一个国家的政府都应该为孩子而不是为成人建设更多的社会项目和服务。孩子和成人之社会建设Topic：不同意，任何一个国家应该更多地为成人而不是孩子建设更多地社会项目1）成人是社会的中坚，是社会稳定发展的依靠，他们非常需要社会的项目和服务的帮助。Adults, who make up the major work force of our society, are where the fortune and power of the nation lying, thus the premise of the social stability. in fact, adults need no less help from the government and public than children do. The seemingly strong adults are in face of so many crises like joblessness, pressure, mental stress, health problem and marital discrepencies and so on that some of them are on the edge of abyss. 2）为成人建设更多地社会项目和服务，从另一个角度说也是在为孩子寻求保障。 Once an adult falls down, his/her family will also be in danger，therefore，some basic rights such as education ,survival condition and medical assurance cannot be promised . If the government negelects the landslide effect by faultily shifting the focus of social programs and services from adults to children, the balance will be broken and the stability of society impaired.3) 诚然，社会也不应该忽视孩子的权益，适当的社会项目和权益是必要的。 比如，孩子的受教育的权利，eg中国的“希望工程”；还有青少年保护法，为了孩子们能够在一个安全，健康的环境下成长，毕竟孩子是我们的未来。. 9(22). Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals.很多人认为只是一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）促成了他们的思维和行动。其实一直以来不是一些个人而是社会作为一个整体在定义我们和我们的态度。少数和多数之定义人生Topic：完全统一1）一个人的思维和行动会受到直接和间接两个方面的影响，这两个方面都离不开社会整体的影响。从表象看，由于我们从小生活在家庭里，长期在学校接受教育，所以一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）是我们思维和行动的直接影响者，是他们促成了我们的思维和行动。但是一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）同样生活在社会里，他们的思维和行动无法脱离社会整体给他们的影响，社会作为一个整体在定义他们的态度，同时又通过他们间接地影响我们。所以直接影响的背后还是社会作为一个整体在定义我们和我们的态度。Eg学生在学校接受教育2）我们自己也是社会的一员，除了接受间接影响外，不可能排斥社会的直接影响。我们自己也生活在社会中，平时除了一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）直接和间接影响我们的思维和行动外，社会作为一个整体，特别现在是信息时代社会，通过各种媒体会把各种社会信息时时刻刻传递到我们的思想中，对我们的思维和行动也产生直接的影响。Eg媒体，网络，所见所闻 .10(23). Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. Asa result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay toolittle attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而很少去注意更大的问题和全局。少数和多数之细节信息Topic：its unfair to say so ,零碎地信息对我们关注更大问题和全局事有益的，与此同时我们也要预防过多的关注。1）现代技术使得获取大量的细节信息成为可能。 比如：电脑网络技术的发展，无数的分门别类的网站，无数的广告，十分便利的通讯交流手段e-mail msn等都使得我们有可能有机会去获取各种细节信息。2）关注更大的全局和问题需要我们有宽广的知识面和分析推理的能力，而通过对碎片信息的关注，我们扩大了知识面，培养了分析推理的能力。Peoples ability to master large issues and overall persectives depends on his/her knowledge background and the ability of comprehension. Its not easy to abstract elites from mass trifles we meet everyday, but peoples abilities will be enhenced and improved when they handling bits of fragmented information.通过那些零碎信息我们掌握了大量背景资料，这是分析大问题的基础；通过区分那些资料室需要深入研究的那些事可以一带而过的，我们学会了比较，提炼，推力的能力是获取成为可能。Eg 比如我深有体会，再一次老师布置的大作业中。If an invidual is only presented with well-formed knowledge and ideas of an issue, his/her ability of analysis and rationalization will degrade gradually. He/she will be embarrassed if any new aspects of the issue appears.3）过多关注细节信息应该被预防。And what should always be kept in mind is that preoccupation by fragmented information must be preventedThus attempts to assimilate any information one meets with is doomed to failure. As Francis Bacon put in his essay: Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, which can be applied to contemporary information as well.-11(29). Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes