gre作文issue文化提纲完整版.doc

文化类1(6). The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of itsyouth.了解当代文化最有效的途径就是去分析当代年轻人的潮流。文明潮流和年轻人潮流的关系。Topic：了解当代文化的途径之一是了解年轻人的潮流，但它并不是最有效的途径，还有许多其它的途径。只考虑其中一方面是不够的。其中最有效的途径是媒体。In order to understand contemporary culture, Its better to consider the youth idea combined with the other peoples idea. Just take only one part of the populations opinion is insufficiently, and the youth is not a critical factor in the contemporary culture trend. The most important factor in deciding the current culture is the media1） 年轻人的潮流是多变的，那只代表了一种时尚，是文化最前沿的东西，而不是文化的全部。年轻人的特点就是喜欢新奇的事物，最新的folk music film 都是他们的最爱；同是他们的兴趣也是多变的，每一季的时装发布会之后，他们所追随的东西就发生了变化，这种多边性决定了这不是文化的全部和主流，因为文化是一个相对稳定的东西；当然年轻人的这种潮流为文化注入了新鲜与活力。2） 中年和老年人的文化在整个社会文化中也占据了很大的比列。 when it comes to the classics and other stable form of human mind, such as philosophy, classic art, it is primarily through the analysis of the old form we achieve our goal.3） Form my point of view， 最有效的途径是了解一个社会的媒体。当代文化是一个综合的概念，既包括了年轻人的时尚，又有中年人和老年人的文化。而媒体每天面对的就是这么一个综合的人群，他最全面地反映并且引导着社会不同年龄，阶层的人的文化和品味（New ideas and patterns of art, literary and fashion, though at first are almost certainly to be discarded by the main stream as alien, are where the new dominating culture rises up from.依据不错的表达，可惜用不上）2(10). Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need inorder to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are preserved andgenerated.政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。城市和国家的关系之文化传统Topic：同意，（大城市往往是长期文化淀积的结果）政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展，与此同时，我们也不应该忽略小城市和郊县的文化传统，那也是我们文化遗产的一部分。1） 政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为主要城市担负着国家文化保存和维护的重任Eg 纽约的大都会博物馆，莫斯科的红场，埃及的金字塔，希腊的宙斯神庙，北京的故宫，往往国家文化的精髓都是在城市中得以保存和发展的。而这些地方每年要花去大量的费用来维修和管理。Take Florence of Ranaissance for example, the city was filled with artists and aesthetics, competeing for fame and recognition, and therefore marvelous art works are left to us. The more cultural traditions a city has, the more money is needed, not only to protect these cultural traditions, but to ensure enough detailed and professional studies can be made thus they can be better understood and heritated.2） 主要城市同时也扮演了文化传播的角色。因为它们的知名度，每年都有无数的游客前来仰慕这些文化，这是一个很好的传播文化，弘扬光大的途径。政府要出钱宣传。3） 我们也不应该忽略小城市和郊县的文化传统，那也是我们文化遗产的一部分。不受重视，易于被毁坏，但同样也是文化遗产，不应被忽视，尤其价值，而且保护起来费用也较少。Anyway, the treasures in small cities and country sides should never be neglected. Actually, when we paying so much attention to the preserving and generating of cultural traditions in metapolitans, cultural traditions outside major cities are in much severe danger of extinction even without being noticed. The cultural traditions in small cities and countrysides are in low density and may not be so significant as those in major cities, yet they are also invaluable heritages of human-beings. These cultural traditions also need financial support from government, yet in a more direct way. Compared with direct financial support needed by metapolitans, the amount needed by any preserving of minor cultural traditions is much smaller.-3(49). Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a moreaccurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because thecreators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have amore lasting significance.想象作品，比如小说、戏剧、电影、神话和传奇要比真实的叙事作品更能精确而有意义的展现人类的经历。因为虚构作品的作者们重点刻画现实而不是通过文学手段报道现实，所以他们的创作具有更加深远的意义。想象作品Topic：想象作品不如叙事作品来得精确但比他们来得深刻，两者有各自的作用。1） 叙事作品以客观的笔法记录事实，而想象作品更多的是加入感情色彩来描绘。前者比后者更客观。 2） 想象作品中重点刻画社会，其使用的艺术手段比如联想和渲染，使得刻画得更生动，使人们更易于接受。3） 想象作品有更多的自由来表达情感，往往比叙事作品更直接更深刻的揭露现实。4） 两者有各自的作用，追求真实与客观是前者，追求生动与深刻是后者，两者取长补短 ，很难说两者那个影响更深远。（ Imaginative works and factual accounts are two ways of creation and both serve to present vivid pictures of society though from distinct angles.As far as masterpieces are concerned, either fiction or nonfiction,they are of lasting significance to literature as well as to the whole world.For one thing,the most important thing is the quality and influence of the works in that fiction and nonfiction are only different means employed by the creators to express their attitudes and views toward the outside world around them and their inward feelings and thoughts.Which form should be employed depends on the preferences and levels of the creators and on what they want to express. For example, a writer who is fond of and is adroit at writing fictions will surely choose this form of creation.Whether a creation is successful or not is not judged by if it is an imaginative works or a factual one but by its own content and significance.As we know a great amount of imaginative works have become masterpieces and are of great importance in literature and peoples life.A Girl Selling Matches is a fairy tale written by Anderson,the famous writer of Danmark.Was there really a girl visioning a goose waddling towards her,an ornate christmas tree standing in front of her and her benigh grandmother holding her in her arms before she died from coldness and hunger on the Christmas Eve?No one would be concerned about these.However the miserable destine of the poor girl reveal a cold and cruel world,appeals to people at every quarter of the world and prompts them to study many problems existing in our society.This,as well as many others, is a good example of a successful fiction.Of course,there are many extremly distinguished factual creations that contribute a lot to our society as they exert a different effects in a different way.The most impressive ones are the pictures taken by some excellent photographers.Every year there are many outstanding pictures awarded for their profundity and brilliance.I remember on one picture there is a small skiny hand of a starved African child on a plump palm of a white man.This picture is impressive for its unique vision and thus shows us the wreched life of African people who are suffering from wars,famines and poverty.Imaginative works,as well as factual creations,have but one purpose,that is,serves as an instrument employed by the creators to depict the world and express their views.It is meaningless to discuss which one is better.）-4(63). To truly understand your own culture-no matter how you define it-requires personalknowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own.为了真正理解你自己的文化-无论你如何地定义它-都至少需要了解另外一种文化，并且该文化与你自己的文化是截然不同的。旁观者清topic:同意1） 有比较才能看出特点（优点与缺电），才能更好的取长补短。Everyone living in his/her own region, they will form their particular culture. Since people around u have the same custom with you, you cant conscious of the superior or inferior things of your own culture.Things are different when an individual has some knowledge of a different culture. The key factor of this ability lies in our inborn tendency of comparison. By intentionally or subliminal telling the differences and generalizing similarity between the peer phenomena of two different culture, one is capable to look through the superficial patterns of his/her own culture and arrive at the essence of it. After knowing the other cultures, you can find out your cultures advantage and disadvantage.Eg。美国文化与中国文化的比较：前者崇尚冒险，探索；后者趋于保守。为什么获诺贝尔奖的美国人远远多于中国人？前者在科研领域更善于创新，这是中国科学家所欠缺的。与此同时，美国每年从事冒险运动而丧生的年轻人远远多于中国的同龄人，高手又是带来更多的安全与稳妥。由此可见，通过比较，我们看到了各自文化的优缺点，从而相互借鉴。2） 了解其他文化提供给我们更多看问题的视角。 If you have knowledge of another culture,you can view your culture from more aspects.Eg。日本的文化中对孩子的坚韧性格的培养使出了名的，他们的幼稚园要求孩子冬天穿背心和短裤练习长跑，这在中国文化中是很难接受的，但中国的教育者从中也看到了教育中意志品质培养的重要性。3） 仅仅局限于自己的文化中容易产生偏见。One of the key factors that differenciate human-beings from other animals is the processing of culture. Nothing can help to preserve a culture better than good understanding of it, not only the facile representations, but the profound meaning and links. A limited mind cannot do this, though. And anyone needs some knowledge of at least one different culture to assist his/her true understanding of his/her own one.比如上个例子中的保守，会盲目的认为，只有这样才是好的，而不会认识到自身的缺点。 5(147). Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。Topic:传统和现代化是水火不容的言论是错误的，这两者是相辅相成的，相互促进。这个开头可以借鉴为模版As the world develops fast, Modernization is becoming a main topic of our society, and brings some problems relating to tradition and modernization, which some people think that they are incompatible and one must choose between them. But in my belief, they can coexist and contribute to the development of each other.1） 传统是现代化进行的基础，没有传统，现代化的进程就会失去方向。Tradition refers to the beliefs, values, customs, way of life, crafts, etc., that are handed down from generation to generation in a society, While modernization refers to the process of urbanization, industrialization and democratization, or in a large sense, westernization. The latter, on the surface, has nothing with the former, but we can say that if there is no tradition, there is no modernization. .是否恰当呢？（现代化需要知识，由传统得到 Moreover, knowledge, crystallization of intellect from our ancestry, is the prerequisite of any amelioration .As a great western thinker once said: “ knowledge is stepping stones of human progress.” The illustrates the point that knowledge plays a important role in human modernization.）2） 现代化是传统的发展，没有现代化，社会就会止步不前。 Because of industrialization, our science and technology is developed rapidly and thus bring out us advanced production tools and methods, which can manumit us from onerous labor , and prepare us better and better material conditions; because of urbanization, more people shift from villages to great cities and make them enjoy the facilities of cities and their offspring can attain a better education, which is a main symbol of progress of a society ; still because of democratization, people can enjoy more liberty of speech and equity in all kinds of aspects of social and political life. Simply put, without modernization , our society would find itself lingered in primitive carves with a life of eating raw birds and animals. While it was fine for early human to have more democratic rights than in latter societies because primitive nature environment could supply them relatively ample life resources , now, no one society can possibly lead a rich and equitable life facing to increasing population and environment forces.可以结合一二来举例：现代通讯发展，比如，电话，传真，e-mail，msn等，与传统的书信往来比较，若是没有人与人往来交流信息和联络感情的传统习惯，那么通信的发展就失去了意义；而若是永远是用书信往来，那人类的通讯效率就永远没法提高，社会发展备阻碍。3） 需要智慧来融合与促进。 We need more wisdom in combining between the two Modernization can satisfy human increasing material desire. Tradition is firm bases of modernization and the spirit homestead of maintaining our serenity of life.egAs far as I know, a lot of people, including some celebrities in comer, are fond of a book named Strategy of SunZi, which is written by Sun Wu, an ancient Chinese man. And many people study the thoughts of it. How to use it effectively is popular once. This is illustrates the point that the traditional wisdoms are not only the topic on the desk, but the source where inspirations arise.（看看能不能用） 6(172). Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the acceptedwisdom of the time.重要的真理一开始都是令人难以容忍的，或者至少是令人不快的，而且都是在反对当时的权威思想。Points: agree, it is true, no matter in the field of natural science or the social realm, however, the situation has improved nowadays1)自然科学领域，重大的真理往往以为推翻原有的体系，同时往往会动摇那些构筑人们心的东西（Galileo Copernicus Bruno, 人们抵制，宗教统治着迫害 ）2）社会领域的重大真理的提出，往往意味着社会结构，价值体系的重大改革，会与是当权者的利益相冲突，或是与大多数人的眼前利益相冲突，就会被误解和迫害（in the period of Qin in Chinese history, Shang yang, famous philosopher and reformer, laws, chaos, enhance the right of individual person, especially the peasants, to improve productivity of agriculture ）3) 随着现代社会的进步，科学理念和民主观念的深入人心，people become more and more open-minded, tolerant and accept new concept /即使反对也是客观的，针对概念本身合理性的之一( Einstein, hawking, ) 7(173). Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it meansputting old ideas together in new ways.创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。新旧问题position: Originality may be either thinking something that never thought before or putting old ideas together in new ways，however, the former seems more important and more difficult.1）创新很多时候表现为重组老的观点（manifest itself by doing; be revealed to be renaissance of ）( in the field of natural science ; in the realm of social science ) 很多观点本身是有价值的，只是孤立看来是不全面甚至是错误的，但是重新组合就会得到不一样的结果（波粒二象性）很多的老的观点本身就有重要的价值，更值得人们学习，可以给人以启发，只要换一个视角（唐庄，卢浮宫前的金字塔）2）对于创新更加重要的也更加困难的可能是还是thinking something that never thought before, 真正具有伟大意义的创新都是从前人从来没想过的角度来想问题，而这些创新往往能contradict and finally change what had established in the heart of people, impact even overthrow the old system on the other hand它需要人们有更大的勇气，更批判的精神，并且能不被固定的思维方式所局限limited by the fixed thoughway( Einstein的相对论，不是像其他科学家一样对牛顿的旧理论进行补充，而是不被牛顿的权威所迷惑，从一个全新的角度前人未曾想过的思考问题)（ 达尔文的进化论-宗教上帝造人，抛开酒的框架）3）对老观点的改正与补充为新观点的诞生作了准备，而新观点又总是需要进行进一步的修正revise 和补充 complement，cycle8(176). The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the valueof each.科学的作用是解惑；艺术的目的是创新。只有这样他们才各得其所。Reassureupsetposition: in my view, 作者过分片面地强调了科学和艺术的作用，两者都可以reassure and upset1) 大多数情况下，科学assure people with certain knowledge ，满足了人们的需求，让人们爽。科学的目的是探索我们的世界，我们的宇宙，以及我么自身，让人们知道真相我们以及外界（这是科学知识是我们不再会自然界感到畏惧 be in dread of/ fear，反过来试图控制；不会再对宇宙中的神明感到敬畏be in awe of/ revere，反过来要进一步探索宇宙；不在对自身的处处刚到迷茫be puzzled by，因为我们已经知道自己从哪里来）can not explain some nature phenomena such as flash and thunder, drought and flood , they called them fury of the Gods ,under this belief, they had nothing to do but prayed when these really happened , as if they have done someting wrong annoying the Gods2) 另一方面，一些情况下，科学也会让人upset, 冲击了人们所生新的。（p323 good）3) 同样的，the situation about the function of art is no less complex,( 梵高van gogh的作品让人upset, 但是manet impressionism painter a bucolic painting can bring us a peacefull mind, a light music can destress the oppression of our works, a passional dance can regain our energy after a exhausted walk )our current world will not enjoy the digital age, but rather still stagnant in the primitive epoch9(207)（部分同意）. Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of peoplehave a diminished sense of who they are.礼节和典礼有助于定义一个文化。如果没有这些，社会或者团体就会逐渐地迷失自我。Points: ritual and ceremonies的确能够帮助定义一个文化，但是他们不是唯一的手段，甚至有些时候ritual and ceremonies can not be the most distinctive characteristics to represent certain cultures.1） 典礼显然不是唯一的手段（中国文化，grand building, wonderful craft, great works and unbelievable medicine）2） 随着文化的融合，很多典礼也已经不是最具有代表性的特征了（Bungy Jump， adult, Christmas commemorate the birth of Christ, festival ,even do not believe in chri