我整理的issue提纲2.docx

issue145A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing ones principles.1、具有优秀人格的成功人士具有不改变原则的适应能力In the history of the United States, F.D.Franklin, the president who led the country outof the Great Depression in the 1930s-1940s, was a man who managed to adapt to thechanging economic climate without sacrificing his principles regarding capitalism. 随着科技进步、社会发展，规范的改变是必然的。如：男女共校，黑人争取平等。2、社会习俗变化与个人原则冲突时，如果社会习俗变化不正当，应坚持原则不道德的商业竞争，欺骗顾客3、社会习俗变化与个人原则冲突时，如果个人原则过时，则应改进原则去适应社会变化信息时代要求人人都掌握一定技术能力，文科学生要改变自己坚守专业的原则更宝贵的是能够放弃自己已经过时的原则。因为心理必然经过一个困难的选择时期。如：新的朝代建立。issue143Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artists creativity.*those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.1、艺术家应该意识到评论家的评论是受主观限制的One should look no further than the tragedy of Van Gogh. Even though his works worth millions of dollars nowadays, not many critics cherished his paintings at that time. Struggling with self-depression for years, he finally committed suicide. Had he realized the limitation of criticism, the world might have more insightful and meaningful paintings by him.天才的艺术家们通常都超过了那个时代的理解极限。如：凡高。2、艺术家不应该为了迎合评论家而创作the artists should not work to please, to cater for the tastes of critics, which prevent their accomplishments from carrying original beliefs and feelings of their creators艺术家的创作来源于灵感和热情，不可以被批评家的观点所左右。3、适当参考评论家的意见，对艺术创作有好处Theoretically speaking, critics, with their profound knowledge of aesthetics and a tastein art, could offer valuable advice to artists.A批评家受过专业训练，具有较高的鉴赏力 B能带领人们欣赏艺术的真正魅力 C 能给予艺术家公众对其作品的反馈issue139Every new generation needs to redefine right and wrong in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time. 139 同意每个时代要根据自己的情况定义对错，但不是所有方面1、社会观念在变化social concept，需要重新定义对错women are expected to be submissive and obedient to men in the old times.after womens campaign for an equal rights with men, society imposes on its members the belief that it is right for women to be independent and it is wrong for them to rely on others for a living2、社会形式在变化，需要重新定义对错The classic example occurs at the dawn of the P. R. China. while the new country was found on the ashes of the World War 2, the population diminished to the lowest point from several decades before. Considering the traditions in the history, the leaders of new government decided to encourage procreation without a rational limitation. Grant this measure was an efficient one for every new dynasties before in China, things changed and technology becomes the best way to success. Unfortunately, we Chinese found this mistake so late that China become the country with the biggest amount of people, and the problem of population become a balk blocking the development of our country. 3、但也有一些永恒的规则不需要重新定义对错be sincere; have strong conviction; cooperateissue137What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another. 什么是进步。一种提高，从物质上和精神上，是向好的方面发展。如：过去生活简陋，精神贫乏；现在。 不可否认，在进步的过程中有新的问题出现。如：流水线使得工人枯燥乏味，核技术使得世界生活在恐慌之中， 高速发展的工业以自然资源为代价。在学术领域，进步是不断解决问题的过程，解决一个问题产生更多问题，具有积极意义,引导进步astronomy; what is outside the earth? how is the solar system composed? how can we arrive at other planets; how can we live in other planets. a deeper understanding of the universe在社会领域，进步带来消极问题Consider,for example,Industrialization is a great progress is human history as it making our society more productive, but it also has brought about many serious environmental problems,such as the greenhouse effect caused by the exhaust gas gaving off by the industries and motor cars , the disertation resulting from the deforestation of many forests . Our ecosystem is very weak by the harm of industrial pollution. It is easy to see the disadvantages of the progress.工业革命带来工人失业，最后经济危机 仔细看看，这些新出现的问题一部分是原来也存在的。只是因为原来其他的问题更迫切，所以把这些问题掩盖了。所以，不能太悲观。 正确的态度是，既不能满足，也不能被新的困难吓倒。issue135While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems.1、承认许多环境问题有技术造成toxic gases and petrol fumes produced by the car;burning coalpoisonous waste water dicharge into riverleakage of radiation; noise of traffic 有些污染确实是科技造成的。工业革命以来，地球承受了多少灾难。如：无止尽的耗能；核战争、生物化学战争所造成的污染；Freon用于空调；滥砍滥伐造成沙漠化2、技术可以帮助解决环境问题 vehicle powered by electricity; waste gas and water treatment; safer way of using nuclear power; clean power sources 科技确实可以解决一些。如：新的能源：太阳能；3、光有技术不能解决一切问题，人们要改变态度，形成环保意识pay for waste water treatment; use degradable materials; garbage recycling; disposable chop sticks 科技solely是不够的。还要改变人们的态度。如：生活垃圾，动物的滥杀。 还有法律制度等。如：企业为了利润，不愿意花钱治理污染。issue134Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs.必须承认，机智和修辞技巧是非常重要的。如：政治上回答对手的抨击；或与人交往结交更多的朋友，或帮助他人脱离窘境。反面说：可能失去机会，如面试。机智和修辞技巧必须以真诚和信仰为基础。短期内可能不需真诚也能迎来欣赏的目光，但长期来看必须真诚。正面: Jefferson， the Declaration of Independence够机智语言够修辞，但能被人们所记住并景仰是由于其信仰。反面：Hitler, 语言也很有煽动性信仰和真诚更为重要。即使没有机智的谈吐，够真诚就好。如：Forrest Gump 尽管是电影人物，也反映了人们的态度。1、诚信是一种受到人们珍视的美德，是成功的必要条件 stepstone to success。没有诚信，就会失去他人的信任，没有朋友，不被接受，自然与成功无缘；在学习中没有sincerity 欺骗自己和老师；事业中没有sincerity, 无法成功，比如从事商业2、坚定的信念是学生必备的素质之一 If one advances confidently in the road of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours. 只有有坚定的信念，才能在学习过程中有的放矢，坚持到底；只有坚持信念，事业中才会成功，如Martin3、重视思维的敏捷和思辩能力也很重要；如果只重视思维的敏捷和思辩能力，只重视技巧而忽视原则和其他一些内在的东西，就可能给社会带来危害。Take the cyber crime as an example. As internet has played a more and more significant role in our world today, students who are good at computer science, especially the internet, is popular and welcome. However, if these intelligent students lack sincerity and the conviction of their own beliefs, they may bring great harm into our world. Some of them break into the internet bank system of the country to get money unlawfully, and some of them attack the internet military defence system just to show their brightness.issue133The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: We live in terrible times. Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time.1、承认现代社会的生活存在前所未有的挑战竞争压力（人多）；知识爆炸压力；生活节奏压力（空余时间减少）随着现代社会发展，出现了许多新的，复杂的社会问题：失业，日益恶化的环境，儿童犯罪等等2、与以前的生活相比，现在的生活工作条件比以往都好通讯交流；交通；医疗；教育3、抱怨没有用，正确态度是积极面对当前问题认识到任何进步有积极与消极影响，努力发挥积极因素，限制消极影响；当前困难掩盖了（blind us from seeing）前人生活的困难，认识现代社会为我们带来的好处，感受幸运，形成积极心态；自我鼓励和调节，充满信心地应对挑战；不可否认，社会文明程度发展了，科学技术水平发展了，人们的生活水平提高了。比如移动电话给人们的通讯带来极大的便利，网络的发展使得我们可以获得更多有价值的信息解决了许多过去存在的社会问题，比如瘟疫，妇女的选举权issue132The university community consists of three different worldsthe sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.132 三类学科之间存在有意义的联系1、人文与社会科学之间anthropology and history are sometimes classified as humanities or as social science. The sociology which belongs to social science can not do without the involvement of history, religion, literature and art, which belongs to humanities. On the other hand, literature can generate a new genre with the participation of psychology.2、科学与社会科学之间modern social sciences are base on statistics which is an important branch of mathematics, and mathematics is the diamond on the crown of science. Before the application of statistics, social sciences can only make some records just as we have seen in those history records. The demography, for example, can only tell how much is the population before. However, with the help of statistics, now it can also analyze the structure of the population and do some prediction of the progress. 3、人文与科学之间Many great scientists in physics have deep understanding of art, and they all agreed that their knowledge in humanities often gave them inspirations and affect their attitude towards the objective world. Einstein, besides his well known work of Relatives, is also an amateur musician. A picture in which Einstein played his violin is very famous because it clearly showed the other side of this great scientist. The purpose of the classification of knowledge is for the deep search in each field, but it dose not mean that we should spilt them apart purposely. In front of a practical problem, we can get different solutions with different knowledge. issue129Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life.1、技术带来社会生活进步，且成为必不可少的部分通信、交通 Undoubtedly, technology is the prerequisite for modern society.2、技术对生活带来消极影响nuclear weapon; chemistry weapon; human cloning 网络犯罪 Admittedly, some people use technology for negative or even evil purposes.3、技术的消极影响也是由人造成的，技术作为工具不决定道德；人类道德决定技术使用方式It is human rather than technology that is to be blamed for the negative force人类要积极引导正确的技术应用方式In that case, it is humanity rather than technology itself that should be the culprit.issue128It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.1、正规教育教给学生知识、方法、思维，为自由想象、创造力奠定基础知识学习、技能学习、策略学习， full-fledgelingwritting2、没有正规教育，自由思想没有意义也无法深入农民证明猜想，太阳中心3、正规教育存在一些缺陷，限制人的个性发展，但正在改进机械的、被动的学习，难以培养能力，应试，教育研究issue126Societys external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.126 社会评价和自我评价是成功的两个衡量标准，都需要1、对自己来说，成功在于达到自己指定的目标athlete in Olympic Games2、社会奖励是社会对个人贡献的肯定，是成功的外在衡量标准Nobel Prize3、要取得更大的成功，应该更注重自我评价，而不是躺在社会荣誉上休息不能太强调社会荣誉，否则使人失去信心或成功后缺乏动力超越自我，为人类社会做出贡献才是成功Bill Gatesissue125The past is no predictor of the future.1、承认谁也不知道未来会发生什么100年前谁也不能根据过去想象到现代科技的发展2、人类社会发展总有一些规律，可以帮助我们预计未来a few economic basic principles 供求关系究历史可以掌握人类社会发展的趋势与规律，从而预见将来的社会变革。从封建制度到资本主义，的发展，政权推翻与建立研究历史上的重大事件的起因，发展和结果，可以为分析现在的问题提供分析的基础，那些因素是否存在，又有了新的因素。1929年美国出现的经济危机3、根据过去发展的趋势，人们可以理性地预测未来，采取合理行动生态平衡破坏，人类受到报复，电影，提高环境保护意识是研究历史不是万能的，现在和过去相比出现了许多新的，从没有过的问题，问题更为复杂。仅仅研究历史是不能预见未来结果的。比如全球变暖，克隆技术，原子能技术issue124Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before.1、承认现代发展为我们带来advantages,提高了效率与过去相比，ancestor所有时间用来找食物；通讯不便，交通不便 确实带来了便利，节省了时间。Assembly line; instant communication; internet2、这些发展是为了节省没有效益的工作时间，甚至牺牲休息时间，从而获得更高的效率理论上说可以缩短工作时间，增加休息时间，但其真正目的不在这里 employer higer expectation 仍然很忙的原因：A 更多的工作load B 人们花在掌握最新科技上的时间抵消了空闲的时间。比较前人3、使生活更加繁忙的原因在于人们对自己提高了要求更好地利用时间，创造财富seek profits,现代发展满足了这种需要 究其根本，人们之所以要做更多的工作，要掌握最近科技是因为社会的价值观在变化，人们生活在极具竞争性的社会。从小到大：Living pressure, peer pressure issue123It is possible to identify a persons politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about peopletheir clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eatreflects their political beliefs. 服饰透露出宗教信仰，宗教信仰有时可透露政治信仰。如：Arabia people,男子身着white aba, 女子use headcloth, black gauze. Islamic. They believe that all the political power gender from Allah, every citizen has the right to participate in deciding national policy. 服饰和谈吐同时显示出人的阶层，受教育程度。通常情况下，民主党更关注社会福利事业，下层人民生活状况，以中下层阶级居多；而共和党更关心垄断大资本家（monopolistic capitalist）利益，中上层阶级。 朋友。交谈中的政治取向。 有时外表可能欺骗人。A.有的人比较conservative B 有的人动机不纯，如：spy，C国家机器press what one wears and eats不能直接体现政治信仰Consider, for example, the President of America, Mr. Bush. It is widely known that his preference to dress himself up like a western cowboy in leisure time, on wandering around the steppe owned by his family in Texas. Does this illustrate that Mr. Bush really has been employed as a cowboy? Certainly, not. On this occasion, the outlook of the individual fails to demonstrate the real status and political beliefs of one individual.不同信仰的人可以表现得一样所以，应多交流，而不是只看外表。issue122We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed.1、初步接触某个领域时，从观点相同的人那里获得知识自己的知识结构还很简单，没有形成判断，只能认同权威，并在认同中获取知识young children novice承认能从意见相背的人那里学到很多。和同样的人在一起，有相同的思考方法和论点，无法获得进步。而意见相背的人，可以提供新的思路 如：不同学科的学生可能倾向于使用不同的分析方法。如： critical thinking 全球化对经济的积极影响，反对呼声让我们更清醒地认识全球化带来的机遇和挑战给出我们所不了解的实证经验，如：文化传统或立场不同而对一件事情有着不同的看法。一个人从最初的文化震惊到后来的接受以及欣赏某一种文化就是学习不同的只是的过程。有时与意见相背的人讨论时降低效率的。A有时根本立场就不一样，根本无法达成一致。B 有时纯粹就是争论而忘了初始的目的 在基础观点一致的情况下，大家理解事物的深度可能不一样。即教授和学生的区别。issue121At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.1、承认有些动物灭绝是人类无能为力的，因为lack of adaptability，人类自己的问题还未完全解决Darwin raised the theory of natural selection, that only the species adapted to the nature can they exist in the world. For example, the dinosaur became extinct long before the existence of human as a result of the shapely decreasing of temperature, which leads to the extinct of fern- the main food of the dinosaur. But, mouse, one of age-old species, exist for such a long time till today. Consequently, extinction of many species is none business of human.2、人类行为破坏环境与生态，加速动物灭绝，破坏生态平衡Ten billion years ago, only two species get extinct every one thousand years, but 200 hundred years ago, one species dies out every four years, and the speed is one species per day now. air pollution; water pollution; deforestation;人类对环境的污染导致很多生物不能够适应剧变的环境而灭亡；人类的大量开发土地和deforest导致生物的生存空间越来越小。人类正在成为leading killer，所以，我们有责任去保护那些濒临灭绝的动物。As far as I know, destruction of species has something to do with human actions to a large extent.【例子 非洲很多人屠杀大象，甚至在街上卖大象的肉】既然人类做出了破坏物种的事，理所应当补救。3、为了保护人类自身，需要保护濒危动物和生物多样性species depends on many others for its survival; food chain; predator and prey; endanger human survival. ecosystem biosphere保护那些濒临灭绝的动物对我们的生态系统有好处。一方面，保护那些濒临灭绝的动物就是保护生态平衡，比如在一个小岛上，如果某种鸟类灭绝了，那么田鼠之类的动物就没有了天敌，他们的过度繁殖会大量破坏植被，造成生态系统紊乱；另一方面，保护濒临灭绝的动物可以保持生态系统多样性，对我们的科研很有有帮助，科学家可以采集动物的基因进行研究，从而找出它们进化上的弱点，从而为我们人类和其他动物提供数据。从这个意义上说，我们应该保护那些濒临灭绝的动物。3 It is time for human beings to now. 如果我们现在去保护那些濒临灭绝的动物，可以积累大量关于治理环境污染和保护动物的经验，从而用来保护那些目前没有濒临灭绝的动物。等到地球上的动物越来越少的时候就来不及了。我们现在帮助大熊猫配种繁殖，产下更多后代，未来就可以防止更多的物种因为生殖问题而灭绝；通过研究亚马逊森林的物种减少问题，我们可以知道酸雨和砍伐造成的，我们就可以采取相应的措施去减少这种损失，以避免更多的生物濒临灭绝。这些经验是宝贵的，他们可以帮助我们避免悲剧发生在其他生物的身上。我们的行动越早，悲剧就越少。4 人类不但是这个地球的统治者，也是破坏者。我们有责任去保护那些因我们而身陷危险的动物和植物，它们也是地球的一员。没有了它们，我们将会变得很孤单。我希望，未来的孩子们问起大熊猫长什么样的时候，我们可以带他们到动物园去看而不是仅仅在电视或书本上。虽然是要take actions to save endangered species，但是一定也要有个度，governmental finance is limited，therefore the most efficient way is to balance between making efforts and guaranteeing other works in effective operation.issue118In any field of endeavorthe sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.1、在需要探索的领域，特别是学术领域，如science research and exploration, to find the new continent in a professional fieldFor example, Columbus thought he could find a short route to India and struggled hard in the journey, and because of his emphasize on the chasing process he finally make a great success that is the discovery of North American as we all know now. During the course of an unrelated experiment, the Scottish scientist Fleming accidentally discovered Penicillin.2、在industry, business不可取，结果更重要3、在政治领域不行解决国际争端是最终目标，不管用什么方法，什么样的过程Israel Palestinianissue117The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience. 117从书本中所学的知识要比从直接的实践中学到的更丰富、更广博。 书本上A it transcends the limitation of personal experience both in time and in space , systematic B 更适合于进行逻辑推导，一般能有更深刻的理解书本中的不一定能运用于现实中，实际经验可以告诉我们书本上的理论哪些是正确的， 而那些不适用。如：经济学中总是有很多假设，而现实生活中是没有的。对企业员工的激励以及对于志愿者的激励。现实的经验一般更为深刻和生动。如：学习广告的、管理的。特别是当犯了错误时。总结：应将两者结合issue111The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures. 1、电视和广告对文化的影响 The Western pop music, like the hip hop, was imitated by youngsters in other countries in a very short time. The television programs provide the channel for them to hear the music without distortion and they quickly favor the rhythm. Even those who do not watch television programs could experience it through all kinds of advertisement in the street or on the bus.电视节目和广告确实带来了多样的文化。通过电视，了解到人们不同的宗教信仰、民族禁忌等2、本国文化有悠久历史，电视和广告不足以动摇电视和广告出现不超过一百年；人们更喜欢看本国的电视和广告；仅仅是娱乐，不是现实生活；思考方式行为方式不变 文化是一种长期积累的东西，不会轻易的被撼动。如：美国人的thanksgivingchildren are taught of this in the class of history and by their parents so the cultures are preserved from one generation to the next.3、电视和广告帮助人们了解各种不同的文化，对比中进一步了解自己的文化美国人直接，中国人含蓄issue110When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers. 1首先必须承认我们对于过去的了解只能通过史料，包括建筑，文学作品，法律案件，艺术等等来完成。从这个角度说历史的确是一种创造性的事业，但是这并不意味着它不追求客观，实事上，历史必须是建立在事实的基础上的，否则它就是myth了比如通过兵马俑terracotta warriors and horses来推算秦朝军队的作战方式，根据他们的穿着，他们的排列和残留的兵器，但是很多的东西由于长时间在地下都腐烂了，不能完全的展现当时的的样子但是这并不意味着它不追求客观，实事上，历史必须是建立在事实的基础上的，而且这种推断是由客观规律和依据的，否则它就是myth了。每个朝代每个时期有自己独特的文化，科技水平，生活方式，这些都唯一的代表了一个时代。比如现代人生活中的手机，电脑，家里的电视如果千年以后都可以被认为是这个时代的产物。因此，探索历史是一种对于客观的追求。2而且，历史学家也并不是讲故事的