语用学课件_Pragmatics_.ppt

Deixis ZhangJiyuan I DefinitionII TheusageofdeixisIII Basiccategoriesofdeixis Whatisdeixis Theterm deixis isderivedfromtheGreekwordmeaning toshow or topointout Itcanbedefinedasthephenomenonwherebyfeaturesofcontextofutteranceorspeecheventareencodedbylexicaland orgrammaticalmeansinalanguage Yanhuang 132 1 Iamhungry 2 thisisgoodforyourhealth 如果这句话是我说的 当然是说我饿 但要是出自你的口 饿的就是你而不是我了this your也是不稳定的 this可能指这项运动而不是那项运动 或指这种药物而不是另一种药物 如果我对你说的 your指你的健康 如果我是对张三说的 我指的就是张三的健康 何自然 24 2 1Deicticvsnon deicticusages Deicticusage whatthedeicticexpressionreferstodependonthespecificcontextitoccurs non deicticusage non deicticexpressionisanexpressionforwhichyoudon tneedcontexttounderstanditsinceitdoesn trefertoanythinginparticular onthecontrary itisusedinageneralsense a Hecamehereonehourago b Youcan tlosewhatyouneverhad c Onecan tlosewhatone heneverhad a whichcontainsdeicticexpressions iscontextdependent Inisolation thesentencedoesn tconveymuchinformationbecausewehavenoideaaboutwhocametowhatplaceatwhattime He here andonehouragobeingdeicticitems Whileinb thesecond personpronounsarenon deicticexpressions youcanbereplacedwithone 2 2Gesturalvssymbolicusages Withindeicticuse afurtherdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweengesturalandsymbolicuse Fillmore1971 Gesturalusecanbeproperlyinterpretedonlybyadirect momentbymomentmonitoringofsomephysicalaspectsofthespeechevent Forexample Putthepianohere No nothere Butthere Comeoverhere Bycontrast interpretationofthesymbolicuseofdeicticexpressionsonlyinvolvesknowingthebasicspatio temporalparameterofthespeechevent forexample Hello howarethingsthere IknowmoreaboutpragmaticsnowthanIdidbefore Withinnon deicticuse thereisadistinctionbetweenanaphoric 前照应 andcataphoric 后照应 use Johngothomelateandhewasverytired IwasborninLondonandhavelivedthereeversince Hereisthe9o clocknews Ibetyouhaven theardthisstory Deicticexpression Deicticuse Non deicticuse Gestural symbolic anaphoriccataphoric Classificationofdeixis Thetraditionalones PersonDeixisTimeDeixisSpaceDeixisTwolatelyaddedones Fillmore 1975 DiscoursedeixisSocialdeixis Persondeixisisconcernedwiththeidentificationoftheinterlocutorsorparticipantrolesinaspeechevent Itiscommonlyexpressedby 1 personalpronouns 2 vocatives 1 personalpronounsusuallyexpressperson numberandgender 3 1Persondeixis PersonPersonalpronounsexhibitathreewaydistinctionoffirst second thirdperson First person speaker Secondperson addressee Thirdperson speaker addressee NumberNonumbercategory Piraha Kawi Singular plural Chinese WestDani Singular dual paucal plural Yimas Murik MeryamMir Personsingularplural1wowomen2ninimen3tatamen Withintheplural weshouldmakeadistinctionbetweenwe inclusive of addresseeandwe exclusive of addressee WeShallwedoitnow we exclusive of addressee Weshouldgotobednow we inclusive of addressee UsLetus we exclusive of addressee Let s we inclusive of addressee 我们 we exclusive of addressee 咱们 we inclusive of addressee Gender 2 VocativesVocativesarenounphrasesreferringtotheaddressee butarenotsyntacticallyorsemanticallyincorporatedastheargumentsofapredicate Calls summonses 呼唤语utterance initial a HeyDaddy look aspiderinthecorner b Ladiesandgentlemen mayIhaveyourattention please c DoctorWilliam doyouthinkIneedabloodtest Addresses 称唤语parenthetical a I mafraid dear you llgetlost b Teaorcoffee sir TimeDeixis Timedeixisisconcernedwiththeencodingoftemporalpointsandspansrelativetothetimeatwhichanutteranceisproducedinaspeechevent Temporalpointsorspans Pullthetriggernow Iusuallygotoschoolat8o clock 昨天 今天 明天昨天下雨了 今天星期天 我们的明天会更好 Codingtime CT themomentofutterance Receivingtime RT themomentofreception Deicticsimultaneity RTisidenticaltoCT CT RTItiswarmoutside letterwriting orpre recordingofmediaprogrammes deicticcentreremainsonthespeakerandCT Thisinterviewisbeingrecordedtoday Wednesday3July toberelayedonSunday7July deicticcentreisprojectedontheaddresseeandRT ThisinterviewwasrecordedlastWednesday 3July toberelayedtoday Sunday7July Levinson1983 73 4 Fillmore1997 67 8 Theencodingoftimedeixis 1 deicticadverbsoftimeand 2 tense Deicticadverbsoftime now todayproximaltimethen soon yesterday tomorrow recently etcdistaltime Pre emptiveusage 时间指示语的先用现象 在同一时间的情况下 先用那些笼统的 不确定的时间指示语 而不用那些表达确定时间或绝对时间的指示语 a1 Doitat10 36 a2 Doitnow b1 I llseeyouonFriday b2 I llseeyoutoday b3 I llseeyoutomorrow Question I llgotoBeijingnextThursday NextThursday whenwillthisphrasecarryambiguity Complexsituations ThismonthnextMondaylastyearDeicticmodifier this next last Non deicticname month Monday yearTwodistinctions calendrical afixed lengthsequenceofnaturalgiventimeunits year month week non calendrical timemeasureperiodsareusedonlyasunitsofmeasure fortnight positional Monday January morningnon positional year month week ThisX Xisanon positionalcalendricalunit suchasweek month year Ihopeyou regoingtodowellthisyear ThisY Yisapositionalcalendricalunit suchasThursday August morning Thismorningwearegoingtolearnanewlesson welearnedanewlessonthismorning Spacedeixis Spacedeixisisconcernedwiththeencodingofspatiallocationsrelativetothelocationoftheparticipantsinthespeechevent Spatialdeicticnotionsarecommonlyexpressedbytheuseof proximaldistal closetothespeaker closetotheaddressee a demonstratives this thatb deicticadverbsofspace heretherec motionverbs comegobringtake 方位指示 说话人 therehere ThatthisTherehere Gotake Comebring Spacedeixis Deicticusage 以语言活动的参与者作为表示方位的参照 egocentric Openthewindowbehindyou please Non deictic 以其他事物或固定的空间位置为参照点 absolutecoordinateslikenorth south east west JapanliestotheeastofChina Question ThegrandsonI mgoingtodescribeisa totheleftofthegrandfather b ontheleftofthegrandfather c onthegrandfather sleft aisthedeicticusage takegrandfatherasareferencebcanbedeicticusage ornon deicticusage whichsupposegrandfatherasafixedpoint cisnon deicticusage Exceptions 1 有时把交际双方看成一个整体 尽管两人空间存在距离 Shallwegooutthere adistaladverbcloseneithertothespeakernortotheaddressee Wewereherelastnight aproximaladverbclosebothtothespeakerandtheaddressee 2 有时空间距离显得不重要 this和that的区别就淡化了 Thisistheone That stheone e的礼貌用法I mcoming 礼貌的方位移动 Icameoverseveraltimestoyourplace butyouwerenotin home based以家宅为基础 Wewillorganizeapartyatourplace Willyoubecoming home based Discoursedeixis Discoursedeixisisconcernedwiththeuseofalinguisticexpressionwithinsomeutterancetopointtothecurrent precedingorfollowingutterancesinthesamespokenorwrittendisourse Demonstratives this thatThisiswhathedidtome Hetrippedmyshirtandhitmeonthenose Theyhadacaraccident Thatwastheworstwecouldexpect Utterance initial actually anyway afterall therefore inconclusion tothecontrary still well besides aboveall etc Iprefertostayathome It scoldoutside Besides it sgoingtosnow I mafraid next thenextsentence thelastparagraph thefollowingsection thepreviouswords etc Inthelastsectionwediscussedconversationalimplicature inthissection weconsiderconversationalimplicature andinthenextsection weshallcompareandcontrastthem Socialdeixis Socialdeixisistheuseofdeictictermsforindicatingsocialstatusoftheparticipantsindiscourse andtheirrelationsdeterminedthereupon thechoiceofasocialdeicticitembyaspeakerforanaddresseecanreflectwhetherthetw