2012年职称英语理工类B级新增试题——阅读理解和完形填.doc

2012年职称英语理工类B级新增试题阅读理解和完形填空部分目录阅读理解部分第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety第三十八篇 Life Form Found on Saturns Titan完形填空部分第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities参考其他资源阅读理解*第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching AnxietyIn a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math. If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident. Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word anxiety to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry. The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores. The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math. Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. On average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. This is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6, said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia. 词汇： snowball /sn?ub?:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事 replication/replikei?n/ n 重复，复现 superstar/sju:p?sta:/ n超级明星 练习： 1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。 2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。 3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。 4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事 5. sales receipt：销售清单 6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication 在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。 7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。 练习： 1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago, according to the first paragraph? （根据第一段，芝加哥大学的研究成果是什么？）A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math. B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math. C Female teachers math skills have influence over girl students math skills. D Female teachers confidence in their math skills is related to girls math skills. 2. What is implied in the third paragraph? （第三段含有什么意思？）A Math teachers, like math learners, do not like the subject due to its difficulty. B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject. C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math. D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it. 3. According to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt （根据实验，那些老师很可能对数学有焦虑情绪，当他们感到）A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt. B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt. C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt. D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report. 4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings (第六段告诉我们研究发现)A prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students math achievements. B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students. C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females. D discover a strong link between teachers math anxiety and their students math achievements. 5. David Geary thinks that （David Geary 认为）A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process. B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample. C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful. D the study is well based and produces significant results. 答案与题解： 1.D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what female students learn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。 2.B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。 3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the numbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。 4.A 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. )。D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。 5.B 根据David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。译文第三十八篇 土卫六上发现了生命迹象科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的线索。他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。美国国家航空航天局的科学家Chris Mckay说，“我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。”时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。在土卫六上，绝对温度达到90度(相当于摄氏-27315度)，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化。我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命。科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙炔。但卡西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙炔。Mark Allen是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没有探测到乙炔，那就充分说明上面没有生物。Allen说：“科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远。极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果。” *第三十八篇Life Form Found on Saturns TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturns moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to, the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturns biggest moon. Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are breathing in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen. They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titans planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This, they say, points to the existence of somebugs5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth. We suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan, similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth, says NASA scientist Chris McKay. If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth. To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere, though there are liquid- water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit),a methane based organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titans surface and much too cold to support life as we know it. Scientists had expected the Suns interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titans surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface. The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titans surface can very well have a non-biological explanation, said Mark Allen, a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team. Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed, Allen said. We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process, without biology, can explain these results. 词汇： Saturn /st?n/ n土星 methane/mi:ein/ n甲烷，沼气 Titan/tait?n/ n土卫六 acetylene/?setili:n/ n乙炔 alien/eilj?n/ n外星人；adj外星球的；相异的 conservatism/k?ns?:v?tiz?m/ n保守主义,守旧 注释： 1.hints of alien life：外星生命迹象。 2.the Saturns moon：指土卫六（Titan) 。土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗。 3.NASA：美国国家航空航天局的缩写，全称是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。 4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船。“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间，在2004 年7月1日飞达土星轨道。 5.bugs：微生物。非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号。 6.Kelvin：可翻译成“绝对温度”。Kelvin Scale ，绝对温标，开氏温标，是由Kelvin 勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一273. 15 C ，被认为是宇宙中最低温度。这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。 7.principal investigator：研究项目负责人 8.rule out：排除的可能性 练习： 1 .What have scientists found about Saturn? （关于土星科学家们已经发现了什么？）A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn. B They have found methane-based life on Saturn. C They have found methane-based life on Titan. D They have found earthlike life on a Saturns moon. 2. What do scientists say about Titan? （关于土星科学家们是怎么说的？）A There are life clues there. B There is acetylene there. C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice. D Rivers and lakes there contain life forms. 3. To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does this form of life refer to? （时至今日，科学家们还没有探测到生命形式（第五段）。这种“生命形式”是指什么？）A Water-based life. B Methane-based life. C Liquid-water-based microorganisms. D Gas-based life. 4. What can be inferred from what Allen said? （从Allan所说的话中，我们能推断出什么？）A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan. B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan. C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable. D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation. 5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage? （下面那个可以替代文章的标题？）A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan. B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn. C Titan, a New Satellite Found. D A different Life Form, a Possibility. 答案与题解： 1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。 2.A根据第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are breathing in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，说明土卫六（Titan）有生命迹象。因此A是答案。 3. B this form of life 指的是土卫六（ Titan ）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题。 4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。Allen 说要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对Titan 上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力。所以只有A是正确选择。 5.D该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”译文第四十篇 教数学，教焦虑在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应，Levine说。换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑：不自在或担心。此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师。学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。平均来说，教师的焦虑不会影响到男孩子。但是，一般说来，如果教女孩子的教师有数学焦虑症，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在关于是否认为数学明星应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，且都患有数学焦虑症。来自密苏里大学的心理学家David Geary说这是一个有趣的研究，但是这只是初步结果，需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。完形填空*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a new study Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack_4 . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:” Statins dont cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French friesIts better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.” “Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 - not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal 词汇： statin/st tIn! n降胆固醇药物 outlet/autlit/ n销售点 cholesterol/ k?lest?r?l / n胆固醇 offset /,?fset/ V. 抵消，补偿 cheeseburger/ t?i:z,b?:? / n芝士汉堡包 milkshake! milk?eik / n奶昔 condiment /k?ndim?nt! n 调味品 sachet /st?ei / ii 小袋，小包 rational / r?n?l / adj合理的 注释： 1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”。 2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院 3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。 4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。 5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志 6. French fries:炸薯条 7.It makes sense.: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。 8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。 练习： 1A change B charge C chain D chance 2A trust B decide C suggest D calculate 3A number B amount C volume D product 4A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk 5A severe B enough C weak D active 6A buying B preparing C eating D cooking 7A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful 8A examination B suffering C determination D possibility 9A degree B dimension C angle D range 10A use B hate C reject D like 11A transported B provided C preserved D convened 12A cook B patient C customer D visitor 1 3A measures B care C advantages D turns 14A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing 1 5A increasing B finding C lowering D taking 答案与题解： 1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”。选择charge 是对的。 2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以suggest 是个不二的选择。 3.B 与降低unhealthy LDL cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number（数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。 4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。lower frequency（降低频率）、lower treatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。 5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是enough。 6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying cheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。 7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案。 8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。 9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸 (dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了。 10. D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。所以，like 是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。 11. B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。 12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。 13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。take measure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，take advant