2014中考.动词、动词时态与语态专项.doc

动词、动词时态与语态专项一、动词总结：1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（having是实义动词。）He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（has是助动词。）3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）4)根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）5）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。二、动词的时态1、一般现在时主要用于下面几情况：1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。She doesnt often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。2) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。顾名思义，客观的情况是没有时间概念的；也不会在意动作进行的状态。例如：The sun rises in the east .日出东方。The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。3) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如： Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。 用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。2、一般过去时主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。 一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed（除不规则动词外）。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week , month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , three years ago , )等等。使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。过去的时间概念有两层意思：一是指现在某个时间以前的时间；二是指说话、写文章的那个时间点以前的时间，在这个意义上，现在的那个时间点是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。-Wheres Jim? 吉姆在哪里？-He just went out.他刚刚出去。3、一般将来时主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的将来时间是指说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间。句子有tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next in the future的短语它的表示方法主要有如下几种：1）shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说，动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来的某个时间内发生；它没有主观性，是纯粹的将来动作。例如：I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。2) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况：按计划安排要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远； 要求或命令他人做某事。例如：A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。 B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。4、过去将来时表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个将来时间绝不会延伸到现在；而仅限于过去时间区域内。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示过去某个时间点的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中； When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。 5、现在进行时主要用来描述说话、写文章的当刻正在发生的动作，或是现阶段一直在进行的动作。句子中若有now,listen,look,be quiet等时间提示语时，句子常用现在进行时它适用于下面的情况：1）说话、写文章的当刻正在发生的动作。例如：They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。2）现阶段一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生，而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着，或是重复地发生着。例如：He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。How are you getting along with your new job？ 你那份新工作干得怎么样？6、过去进行时主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作，所以，句子常带有一个表示过去某个时间点的状语。这个状语可能是短语，词组，或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。句子中若有at nine last night, the whole morning, this time yesterday,when the teacher came in等类似的时间状语，句子或主句常用过去进行时过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中：1）表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作，例如：At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候，她正在写一篇文章。What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么？ 7、过去完成时态 过去完成时的用法：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生在过去的过去。与by、before等构成的短语连用。过去完成时由助动词had (通用于各种人称和数)过去分词构成。主要表示过去某时前已发生的动作或情况（也可说是过去的过去）：By the time I got there, it had already finished. When I got to the check-out, I realized I had left my purse at home.He said he had never seen such an exciting match before.when引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式) by短语by the time引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式) before引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式8、现在完成时 对于初接触现在完成时的人来说，往往会产生一种茫然，因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。那就是，这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然，现在完成时主要表示，发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续；侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别，就很容易理解现在完成时了。句子中若有already,yet,just,ever,never,since的短语，for+时间段等类似的时间状语，句子常用现在完成时它主要适用于下面的几种情况： 1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作 By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。We havent met for many years .我们已多年没见了。They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。So far weve only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。三、动词的语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。此类动词为感官动词。feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.- I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playground.- He was seen to play football on the playground.2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 注意：1）不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态.动词不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch和祈使动词make, have, let等之后作宾补时，在主动句中省略的to，而在变为被动句时，则必须加上to。如： He saw Xiao Fang enter the room just now. Xiao Fang was seen to enter the room by him.They watched the children sing that morningThe children were watched to sing that morning2）短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如： We must take good care of the young treesThe young trees must be taken good care of 3）某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record等。如： His new novel is selling well他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well这布很耐洗。4）feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。如： Tell me if you feel cold你要是感到冷就告诉我。 中考题专练一、单项选择1. Look at those clouds. It _ soon, Im afraid.A. is going to rain B. is raining C. will rain D. wont rain2. The radio says it _ the day after tomorrow.A. is going to snow B. is snowing C. will snow D. snows3. If he _ to college, he _ a lot more.A. will gowill learn B. will gois going to learnC. is going is going to learn D. goes will learn 4. She _that she _ her best to help them the next term.A. sayswill do B. saidwill do C. said would do D. sayswould do 5. People _ that the Smiths _ for a holiday next week. A. say will go B. said will go C. said would go D. saywould go 6. Please _ him that we _ able to help him.A. tellwill be B. tells would be C. toldwill be D. told would be7. I _to know if Mary_ by train that afternoon.A. want would go B. want will goC. wanted would go D. wanted will go8. _ you _ that he _ his lost son one day ?A. Dothinkwill find B. Dothoughtwould findC. Didthinkwill find D. Didthoughtwould find9. The visitors _ where they _ a short test.A. ask would take B. ask will takeC. asked would take D. asked can take10. Mother _ me a new coat yesterday, I _ it on. It fits me well.A. has madehave tried B. madehave tried C. has madetried D. madetried11. He _ to draw horses already . When _he ?”. Last year. A. learnedhas B. learneddid C. has learnedhas D. has learneddid12. _you _ the text yet ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago. A. Didcopydid B. Have copiedhaveC. Have copied did D. Did copyhad13. Where _John _? To the library. He _ there for an hour.A. has been has gone B. hasgonehas beenC. did go went D. didbewent14. _ you ever _America ? Yes, I have.A. Have gone to B. Have gone inC. Have been to D. Have been in15. By the time I _ back they _ up ten metres.A. camehave climbed B. camehad climbedC. comehave climbed D. had comeclimbed16. I _ him a second letter before I _ from him.A. wrote heard B. wrote had heard C. had written heard D. have written hear17. Paper _ first invented in China.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. The Greens _ China for five years.A. has been in B. have been in C. went to D. has gone to19.There _ an eraser under the desk. Is it yours ?A. is B. has C. was D. had20.I will tell him as soon as he _ backA. come B. comes C. will come D. came21. When I got to his office, I _ that he_ out.A. told, had been B. was told, wasC. had told, was D. was told, had been22. The vegetables didnt taste very good. They _ for too long.A. cooked B. were cookedC. had cooked D. had been cooked23. She was heard _A_ an English song.A. to sing B. singC. sang D. to be sang24. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _.A. had been broken into, has been stolenB. has broken into, has been stolenC. had been broken into, stolenD. has broken into, has stolen25. Nobody likes _.A. laughed at B. laughing atC. being laughed at D. being laughed 26. This place has been destroyed. So there is no bamboo _for pandas to feed on.A. left B. leaving C. leave D. be left 二、动词填空1The boy is happy because he _(sell) out all the newspapers.2If it _(not rain) tomorrow, we _(go )fishing.3Where is Tom? He _(go) to the post office. He said he _(come) back soon. 4The last bus _just _(leave) when they _(get) to the bus stop. 5She _(not go) to bed until she _(finish) her work. 6Light _(travel )much faster than sound. 7“Where _we_(meet)?” “Lets meet outside the park gate.”8I_(be) afraid Mr Johnson _(not visit) out school tomorrow. 9We _(see) several members of the family since we _(arrive)10I found that the students _(play) football on the playground. 11The shop _(close) at this time of day.12Three children _(take) good care by the nurse. 13What language _(speak) in Australia?14The colour TV _(buy) in that shop three days ago. 15He said he _(stay) here for another two days.16The doctor said Jim must _(operate ) on at once. 17“_the bridge _(repair) yet?”“Yes, the workers_ already_(repair) it.” 18We are in Grade One this year, so we _(teach ) physics next year三、把下列句子变成被动语态1.We found some jewels in a box.2. The teacher is keeping the pupils at school for a revision.3. James has left a parcel for you.4. You must finish the article before Friday.5. They will not paint the house again next year.6. They promised Mary a new doll for her birthday.7. I have told the children many times not to skate on the pond.8. Where did he translate the story?9. We had to repair our TV set.10. Do they take good care of the sick?11. They company has paid the workers very handsome wages.12. They showed me the room where they lived.四、把下列句子变成主动语态1.Spanish is spoken in