初高中英语衔接学习第九讲.docVIP

初高中英语衔接学习第九讲：各种句式我们要注意简单句的顺序一般应为主、谓、宾，而一些状语如时间、地点方式等等状语则要放到主要结构后面出现。当然，有时为了强调或语言的表达需要，状语的位置会有所变化，但我们在写句子时一定要把握好以上原则，而不能按照汉语去逐个翻译。如“我们骑车去上学。”这个句子如果按照汉语习惯很可能会写成：We by bike go to school .或更有甚者可能还会写出类似这样的句子：We by bike to go to school .或We take a bike go to school . 等等错误的句子。但如果我们按照英文习惯来写就不会出现以上错误了，主语We+谓语go to school+状语by bike也就是We go to school by bike . 1. 简单句：（1）定义：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫简单句，如：We learn English . 我们学英语。（一个主语和一个谓语）Both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang are from Beijing .（一个并列主语和一个谓语）He once lived and worked here .（一个主语和一个并列谓语）My father and mother go to work at seven in the morning and (they) come back home at eight in the evening .（一个并列主语和一个并列谓语）（2）分类：上次我们对简单句按照句子基本结构分出的5种类型做了阐述；另外，根据句子的功能或使用目的，简单句可分四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。一、陈述句：是用来陈述一件事情或表示一种看法，可分为肯定句和否定句两种形式。1、谓语动词是be动词,助动词have, has, will, 情态动词can等时，只要直接在这些词后面加not就构成否定形式。e.g. Lily has already read this new book. (改为否定句) Lily _ _this new book _.2、谓语动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词时，必须在谓语动词前加助动词，一般现在时加助动词do ，第三人称单数加does，一般过去时加did，再和not构成否定结构。必须指出的是：dont, doesnt, didnt后都用动词原形。e.g.1) Jill has lunch at school every day. (改为否定句) Jill _ _ lunch at school every day. 2) The children had a good time at the party. (改为否定句) The children _ _ a good time at the party. 3) Rose didnt drink any milk this morning.（改为肯定句） Rose _ _milk this morning. 二、疑问句：是用来提出问题的句子。A.一般疑问句：以be动词, have /has/do等助动词、can/may等情态动词开头，以yes或no来回答的问句。它的基本结构是：Be/Have /Has/Did等助动词（包括情态动词）主语部分谓语（动词原形）（包括表语）？ 回答常用简略回答。1、谓语动词是be动词、助动词、情态动词时，只要直接把这些词置于句首，句末改成问号。e.g. Theres something wrong with his bike.（改成疑问句） _ _ _wrong with his bike? 2、谓语动词是行为动词时，必须在句首加上助动词Do、Does（三单）、Did（过去式）加上这些助动词后，句子中谓语动词必须用原形。e.g. 1) Edison built a science lab himself when he was ten. （改成疑问句） _Edison _a science lab himself when he was ten？ 2) Those Japanese like Chinese food.（改成疑问句） _those Japanese _Chinese food? 注意：在把肯定句改成否定句或一般疑问句的时候,要注意句中是否有already、some、something、somebody等词，如果有也必须进行改变，already要改成yet，some、something、somebody等分别改成any、anything、anybody等。另外，在改成否定句的时候注意把too改成either, both改成neither, all改成none等.在改成一般疑问句的时候，常常把第一人称I、we改成第二人称you。B.特殊疑问句：以疑问代词或疑问副词开头，提出疑问的句子。它的基本结构是：特殊疑问词一般疑问句语序。但是如果疑问词在句子中作主语或作主语的定语，就用特殊疑问词陈述句语序。常用的疑问词有：what, who(whom), whose, which, when, where, how, why等，回答时针对问句中的代词和副词来回答，不用yes或no来回答。 1) 对指物名词或谓语动词提出疑问，疑问词用what The twins were making a kite when their mother came in. （划线提问） _ _ the twins _ when their mother came in?Mrs. Turner asked her son to buy some eggs for supper. （划线提问） _ _Mrs. Turner ask her son _ _?2)对名词前定语提出疑问，疑问词应用which，或whose, 而且必须和名词连用。 Im going to take the shirt on the right.（划线提问）_ _ are you going to take? 3. e.g. Li Ping, they, his father is Li Ping? He is a classmate of mine. _ did you give the book to?4) 对物主代词和名词所有格提问用whose。This is my pen. - _ _ is it? e.g. Li Pings coat Whose coat my father Whose father _ shirt are you wearing? Is it your fathers?I asked them”_ parent is a doctor?” and several of them said”mine.”5) 对具体时间提出疑问，如 in the morning, last Sunday等，疑问词用when；对具体几点钟提问，疑问词应用what time。_ was it when we reached the hall? _ is the sports meeting going to be? 6) 对具体地点提出疑问，疑问词应用where。 The pupils are having a picnic at the foot of the hill. （划线提问）_ _ the pupils having a picnic?7) 对表原因的从句提问，常见的有because引导的从句，疑问词应用why。Xiao Cheng didnt go to the farm with us because he was ill. （划线提问） _ _ Xiao Cheng go to the farm with us? 8)对方式或程度等提出疑问，用疑问词How。e.g. go by bike / like very much He often goes to school on foot. She likes playing badminton very much.9) 对数量提出疑问，疑问词为How many，要注意how many必须跟名、代词的复数形式。e.g. two hundred sheep How many sheepFour of us havent finished the homework this weekend.10) 对价格提出疑问，疑问词用How much。 e.g. I paid fifty Yuan for the sweater. _did you pay for the sweater? 11) 对时间长度提出疑问，疑问词应用How long。 e.g. Ive worked in that factory for two years. （划线提问）96中考 _ _ _ you worked in that factory? 12) 对时间频率，如 once a year, twice a week等提问，疑问词用How often。13) 对具体次数，如 once, twice, three times等提问，疑问词用How many times。e.g. _did he call you the day before yesterday? Twice. 96中考题 A. What time B. How many times C. How much D. How long 14) 对in一段时间提问，疑问词一般用How soon。e.g. Jane and her brother will finish the work in two hours. （划线提问） _ _ _ Jane and her brother finish the work?15) 对距离提出疑问，疑问词用How far。e.g. Its about two kilometers from here to the country.（划线提问） _ _ _ from here to the country?16) 另外，对日期、星期、天气等提出疑问，则分别用 Whats the date? What day is it? 如果是过去时间，就用was代替is。Whats the weather like?练习8 1) She does exercises at home in the evening.（改成否定句、一般疑问句）She _exercises at home in the evening._she _ exercises at home in the evening?2) He said something important at the meeting.（改为否定句, 一般疑问句）He _ _important at the meeting. _he _important at the meeting? 3) Itll take them three weeks to finish the work.（划线提问）_it take them to finish the work?4) I have to wash all the plates and things after meals.（划线提问）_ _ you have to wash all the plates and things? 5) The woman in the red coat is her mother.（划线提问） _is her mother?6) Li Ping spent twenty Yuan on the dictionary.（划线提问）_ _ _ Li Ping _ on the dictionary? 思考题1) The workers visited the factory already.（改成否定句、一般疑问句） The worker _ _ the factory _. _ the worker _ the factory _?2) Both of his parents are workers.（改成否定句） _ of his parents _a worker.3) He went to the park with his sister.（划线提问）4) We really enjoyed working on the farm.（划线提问）5) She writes to her parents once a week.（划线提问） 6) Our P.E teacher has been at this school since he came ten years ago.（划线提问）C.选择疑问句：提出两种或更多的情况，要求对方选择一种问句。它的结构是：一般疑问句or一般疑问句，但常把后一部分中和前一部分相同的成分省略。这种疑问句不用yes或no回答，而是根据选择作答。e.g. Would you like chicken or beef?回答时用Id like beef. Are they sitting _standing in the classroom? The students stopped talking _laughing when the teacher came in. Meimei likes boating. (用swim改成选择疑问句) _Meimei _ boating _?D.反意疑问句：在陈述句后附上一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问的问句。1)Bills sister is going to work in Paris next month.（改成反意疑问句） Bills sister is going to work in Paris next month,_?2)The Reads dont enjoy living in China.(改成反意疑问句) The Reads dont enjoy living in China,_ _? 注意：1、对于反意疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法如何，若事实是肯定的，则用yes来回答，事实是否定的，则要用no回答。 e.g. Li Lei never goes to school late, does he? 李雷上学从不迟到,是吗? 不，他迟到。 (事实是迟到的，则用yes回答. Yes, he does.) 是的，从不迟到。 (事实是不迟到，则用no回答. No, he doesnt.) 2、当陈述部分中含有 no, no one, nobody, nothing, never, little, few, hardly, tooto等否定词时，附加疑问句部分用肯定形式。 e.g.1) His aunt ate nothing for breakfast this morning. (改为反意疑问句) His aunt ate nothing for breakfast this morning, _ _? 2) Theres nothing wrong with the computer.（改为反意疑问句） Theres nothing wrong with the computer, _？ 3、反意问句中要注意到有些词的缩略形式。e.g. s既是has也是is的缩略形式。 d既是would也是had的缩略形式。e.g. Hes already finished his homework.(改成反意问句) Hes already finished his homework, _? Hes already a little weak in English. (改成反意疑问句) Hes already a little weak in English, _? Hes often told to come here. (改成反意疑问句) Hes often told to come here, _ _?4、当陈述部分带有that从句作宾语时，附加问句的主谓一般应与主句保持一致。但是如果主句主语是第一人称， 主句动词是think, believe, suppose etc.时，附加问句的主谓一般应与从句主谓保持一致，如果think是否定形式，附加问句的谓语应是肯定形式。 e.g. 1.They said that they would call us.(改成反意疑问句) They said that they would call us, _? 2.I dont think he will come. (改成反意疑问句) I dont think he will come, _ _? You think he will come, _ _?5、陈述部分主语是everyone, someone, no one, something, anything等不定代词时，指人的不定代词，附加部分主语多用he来代替，指物的不定代词主语多用it来代替。6、当陈述部分为there be句型时，附加问句部分用be there结构的肯定或否定形式。There are 32 students in our class, _ _?*特殊形式的反意疑问句1. 祈使句 + will you / wont you/ cant you? 这种结构严格的说是形式上的反意疑问句或叫 类反意疑问句 。这种结构使祈使句听起来比较婉转、客气. will you 多表示请求, 表示告诉某人做某事,附加部分多用 will, would , can 使语气更婉转. wont you 多表示邀请或提醒对方注意。 e.g. Go to the cinema now, will/wont you? Look at the blackboard, will/wont you?e.g. Come here, would you? Stop talking, can you? 注意: A). 否定式祈使句后面的附加部分不可用 wont you, 一般用 will you , 也可用can you . e.g. Dont make a noise, will /can you? B). Lets., shall/ shant we? Lets. 含义是 咱们. 包括说话的对方, 所以人称代词要用 we. e.g. Lets go home, shall we? Lets go home, shant we? 但 Let us/ me/him ., will/ wont you ?Let me .除了可用 will you 外还可用 may I, 要注意意义 Let me help you, may I? 我可以.吗? Let me help you, will you? 你让我.吗?2. 感叹句的反意疑问句附加部分用 to be 的一般现在时的否定式。 e.g. What fine weather, isnt it? How hard she works, isnt she?3. 陈述部分含有 need, dare 的反意疑问句 A). 当 need , dare 为普通动词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用助动词 do 的某种形式。 e.g. He needs help, doesnt he? B).当 need , dare 为情态动词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用其本身。 e.g. We need do it again, neednt we? He dare not say so, dare he? 当陈述部分有 neednt 时, 反意疑问句附加部分一般用 need有时可用 must. e.g. He neednt do that, need he?He neednt do that, must he?4. 当陈述部分有 used to.时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 didnt/ usednt/ used + 主语 + not? e.g. She used to visit her uncle on holidays, didnt she? She used to visit her uncle on holidays, usednt she? He used to play football when he was young, used he not?5. 当陈述部分有 I am .时, 反意疑问句附加部分用arent I / aint I 或 am I not? e.g. I am interested in English, arent I? I am interested in English, aint I?I am working now, am I not? 例外: Im very thirsty, arent you? 我很渴,你呢? 这句中的 arent you? = how about you?6. 当陈述部分有 ought to时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 ought 或 should. e.g. We ought to start at once, oughtnt we? We ought to start at once, shouldnt we? Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? Such things ought not to be allowed, should they?7. 当陈述部分含有 must 时, 要注意 must 的含义。 表示 一定要, 必须时, 反意疑问句附加部分用mustnt 或 neednt e.g. He must work hard at physics, mustnt he? You must renew the book, neednt you? 表示推测 一定是, 必定是时, 反意疑问句附加部分有下列情况: A). 当陈述部分有 must be .时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 be 的现在时态。 e.g. He must be very tired, isnt he? He must be working hard at the office, isnt he? B). must have + 过去分词 表示对过去的推测 a). 单纯表示对过去的推测, 与现在无关, 反意疑问句附加部分用过去式。 b). 表示对过去的推测且影响到现在或持续现在, 反意疑问句附加部分用现在完成式。 e.g. He must have come yesterday, didnt he? You must have studied English for years, havent you? He must have lived here at least ten years, hasnt he?8. cant 表示推测 作不可能解时, 反意疑问句附加部分根据后的动词选用相应的形式。 e.g. He cant be a doctor, is he? The workers cant have finished their work, have they?9. 当陈述部分有 have to 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用助动词 do 的某种形式。 e.g. Jack has to go there on foot, doesnt he? We have to get up early, dont we? 但: have got to., have .? We have got to work hard, havent we?10. 当陈述部分谓语有 had better 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 shouldnt / hadnt e.g. Youd better put on your coat, shouldnt you? Youd better put on your coat, hadnt you? We had better go right now, shouldnt we? We had better go right now, hadnt we?11. 当陈述部分谓语有 would rather 或 would like to 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 wouldnt + 主语。 e.g. He would rather read the text ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? Youd like to have some bananas, wouldnt you?12. 当陈述部分主语是 I wish .时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 may I? 注意: 前后均需用肯定式 e.g. I wish to go home, may I? I wish I were you, may I?13. 当陈述部分含有主从复合句时, a). 注意观察主句的主语。 主句的主语是第一人称(we, I) 时。 反意疑问句附加部分的主语与从句主语一致。 否则与主句主语一致。 b). 注意否定转移! 当主句谓语动词是 suppose, think, expect, belive, imagine时, 只要出现否定词 Not 反意疑问句附加部分就用肯定形式。 e.g. I think he will be back in an hour, wont he? We dont suppose he cares, does he? You dont suppose he cares, do you? c). 含有主从复合句的反意疑问句附加部分与句子的重心一致. e.g. It is said that he is a teacher, isnt he?14. 当陈述部分是并列句时, 反意疑问句附加部分用与最接近( 最后一个)分句的主语、谓语一致。 e.g. We must study English hard or we cant be good at it, can we? He is a doctor but his wife is a teacher, isnt she?15. 当陈述部分有下列否定词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用肯定结构。 ( few; little ; seldom; hardly; never; not; no; no one; no body ; nothing;none; neither 等) e.g. There is little ink in your pen, is there? He can hardly write his name, can he? 然而1)如果陈述部分的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀而构成的, 附加部分依然用否定式。 e.g. Its unfair, isnt it? You are hopeless, arent you? She dislike doing housework, didnt she? She had a dislike for housework, didnt she? 2). no one, nobody, none, nothing, neither 在陈述部分作动词的宾语时,反意疑问句附加部分一般用肯定结构间或也可用否定结构。 e.g. You got nothing from him, did(nt) you? He has nothing to say, does(nt) he?16. 以引导词 there 开始的句子(不包括作地点状语的 there ), 反意疑问句附加部分主语也用 there. e.g. Therell be enough for everybody, wont there? There seems to be no question about it, doesnt there?17. A). 陈述部分的主语是 everything, nothing, anything 或 something 时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it. e.g. Something is wrong with my radio, isnt it? Nothing is serious, is it? B). 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody,someone, nobody, no one, none, neither ( 注意这些代词一般指人)时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语一般用 they, 也可用 he. e.g. Everyone is here, arent they? Neither side could win, could they? No one knows about it, do they?None of the students are absent, are they? Everyone knows this, dont they? Everyone knows this, doesnt he? 例外: none of + 表示物的名词或代词,就是说 none 不指人或是不可数名词时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it. e.g. None of it is hers, is it? None of his money is left, is it? C). 陈述部分的主语是指示代词 this 或 that 时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it; 陈述部分的主语是 these 或 those 时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语用 they. e.g. This is a beautiful picture, isnt it? Those are Japanese, arent they? D). 陈述部分的主语是不定代词 one 时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语可以用 one, 也可以用 you. (美国英语中还可以用 he) e.g. One should be ready to help others, shouldnt one?One cant be too careful, can you? E). 当 neither . nor; both . and 连接两个主语时, 附加部分的主语常用复数。e.g. Neither you nor I am wrong, are we?Both you and he are students, are you? Both Xiao Li and Xiao Wang are students, are they?18. 陈述部分的主语是 主语从句, 不定式短语, 或动名词短语时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it. e.g. What you need is more practice, isnt it? To learn English well isnt easy, is it? Swimming is great fun, isnt it?19. 在口语对话中, 表示讥讽或怀疑时, 往往先简略重复之后再反问, 回答时陈述部分与反意疑问句附加部分一致。 (同时否定或肯定。 这种句式叫同向反意疑问句) e.g.- Tom told me he saw a ghost last night. - He did, did he? e.g. - You mustnt listen to his story. - Oh, I mustnt, mustnt I? 若回答时先用了 yes 或 no , 便不强求一致。 e.g.- We might be able to beat them. - Yes, we might, mightnt we? 20. 陈述部分以 so 开头时, 反意疑问句附加部分用同向疑问句,表示惊讶,怀疑或不满等情绪。 e.g. So you are getting married, are you? So you dont like my cooking, dont you?三、感叹句：用来表达喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句，句末用感叹号。1、一般用感叹词how或what引导，how修饰形容词或副词，what修饰名词。2、how引导的感叹句，基本结构：How形容词/副词主语谓语！（主谓可省略） e.g. How beautiful the park is! 3、What引导的感叹句：基本结构是：Whata/an形容词可数名词（单数）主语谓语!e.g. She is a very nice girl.What a nice girl (she is)!What形容词可数名词复数（或不可数名词）主语谓语！e.g. What beautiful flowers they are! What lovely weather it is today!注意：1. What感叹不可数名词时，名词前面不能加不定冠词a/an 。 e.g. What good news it is! 类似的有：What bad weather! What hard work! What delicious food! 等2. 如果感叹部分是可数名词的单数形式，也可用how表达。如：How nice a girl she is!练习9 1)_kind girl she is! A. How B. What a C. What D. How a2)_bad weather! I hope it wont last long. A. How B. What C. What a D. How a 3)_they are listening to the teacher! A. How careful B. What careful C. How carefully D. What carefully4) He had lunch at home. （用at school改选择问句） _ he _ lunch at home _ at school?5) Hes never late for class. （改反意疑问句） Hes never late for class, _ _? Hes never been to the Great Wall, _ _?6) Mr. Brown has few friends in this town.（改反意疑问句） Mr. Brown has few friends in this town, _ _?选择How或What（a/an）填空：7). _ good news for all of us!8). _interesting book he has in his hand!9). _badly he hurt himself! 10). _friendly she is to everyone!思考题1) Is Bruce an American _an Australian? 2)_wonderful time we have had!3)_modern a cinema the workers are building! 4) The twins could swim when they were four, _ _?5) There is little meat in the fridge, _ _?四、祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等的句子叫祈使句，主语you通常省略。1、祈使句的肯定形式：一般以动词原形开头。 Open the door, please. 2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首谓语动词前加Dont。 Dont be late for class. 3、说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时，表示建议做某事。 Let me/us do Let him/her/them e.g. Lets go to school.注意：“Dont speak in class,” he said to us.He asked us not to speak in class.He told us not to speak in class.1) 祈使句 and/or 简单句是常用句型 祈使句 + and + 简单句 表示“如果，就”祈使句 + or + 简单句 表示“否则”e.g. 1.Go down the street, and youll see a hospital. = If you go, youll 2.Be quick, or well be late. = If you are not quick, youll be late.2) 在祈使句后面，常常附加一个问句，使语气更加委婉。 e.g. Tell me about it, will you/wont you? Dont tell anyone, will you? Lets go to school, shall we? Let us go out to play for a while, will you? 练习10 1) _ on the thin ice. Its dangerous. A. Dont skate B. Dont skating C. Skate D. Not skate 2) Let us start cleaning the house, _ _?3) Lets fly the kite on the playground, _ _? （附加问句） 4) Please turn down the radio a bit