b4 u2 大学英语.doc

Unit 2The Power of WordsI单元导读经典引用But words are things, and a small drop of ink,Falling, like dew, upon a thought producesThat which makes thousands, perhaps millions think. Lord George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)而语言是实实在在的，如露珠般溅落在思想上的一小滴墨水，能让千万人思考。 乔治戈登拜伦(1788-1824)思考问题Where does the power of words lie? 语言的力量何在？You may ask yourself the following questions: How can words have “power”? Which has a greater impact on your emotions: words, images, or music? Have you ever been moved by a sentence, a poem, or a book? Have you ever been hurt by other peoples words? What is the advertisement that has impressed you the most? In what way do you find it impressive? Do you often talk to your parents? Do their words have “power” on you? Which writer do you think has the ability to use words powerfully? How do you think writers find the right words? What role does inspiration(灵感) play? How much of that skill comes from hard work?相关链接The power of words in Hawaiian traditionsHawaiian traditions recognize the power of words. The most prized possession for ancient Hawaiians was their names. Names, inoa, were very carefully chosen. Once spoken, an inoa, took on an existence of its own. The more it was spoken, the more influence it carried. The name might tell the story of the place and conditions of birth, reveal the persons family lineage, or tell of an ancestors occupation and particular mana. The inoa could also define social distinction. Names could allude to aumakua, heroic exploits, personal or family qualities of beauty, nobility or evidence of supernatural powers. The name itself was believed to contain mana, personal power. The more it is used, the more it affected the owner and those around them. The power of a name could shape the character, personality, destiny and fortunes of its bearer. 夏威夷的传统习俗中很重视语言的力量，其中尤以人名为甚。在古代，人名是夏威夷人最珍视的东西，因此人们在取名时相当谨慎。古代夏威夷人认为人名（夏威夷语inoa）一经叫出，便是独立存在的实体，并不依附于其拥有者；而且一个人名被人叫的越多,其影响力也就越大。古代夏威夷的人名可以表明一个人的出生地点和出生时的情况，家族血统，祖先职业及某种特定的个人力量（夏威夷语mana）；还可以说明家族或个人的社会地位和声望；也可以暗指曾取得的英雄业绩（夏威夷语aumakua），家族或个人的某些特质，如美貌，高贵，或拥有某些神奇力量等。人名本身被认为具有自身的力量，用的越多，对自己和周围人的影响也越大。人名的力量可以改变其拥有者的性格和命运。（更多详情请参见: /）外教点评 At any level of society, people who are good with words often have power or influence. The capacity to communicate is a valuable asset（资产） in any situation, whether you want to convince, console（安慰）or encourage others. To be able to use the right words at the right time is both a skill and a gift. In our personal lives, other peoples words can change our mood or even our attitudes. Words are an essential（基本的）link between friends, relatives, colleagues and acquaintances（熟人）. Using kind and thoughtful words to maintain and to improve our relationships is one way to contribute to the well-being（幸福） of others. In todays fast-paced world, it is often easy to become so involved with ones daily existence（日常生活）that one forgets to keep in touch with friends, to give words of encouragement to the people around us and to show that we care about them. The written word is even more powerful than the spoken word because it can be kept and treasured（珍惜） as a permanent reminder（提醒） of a positive gesture（表示） on the part of someone we knew or still know. With the advent（出现） of e-mail, letter-writing has perhaps made a comeback. Providing（如果）one has access to a computer and a modem, keeping in touch with distant friends and colleagues has been made much easier.Aid to Text Study 课文学习辅导II 课文讲解课内精读In-Class Reading The Power of a NoteWords & Usage词汇精讲flood (l.13) 用法1v. 大量涌入 e.g. Requests for information flooded in after the advertisement. 广告登出之后，索取资料的信件象雪片般飞来。 The car market became flooded with imports. 轿车市场上满是进口货。用法2v. 淹没，泛滥，溢出 e.g. Our washing machine broke down yesterday and flooded the kitchen. 昨天我们的洗衣机坏了，弄得厨房里都是水。 The whole town flooded when the river burst its banks. 河水冲破堤岸，整座城镇都被淹了。用法n. 洪水，水灾 e.g. The floods have ruined the farmers crops. 洪水已经冲毁了农民们的庄稼。 The river is in flood again. 这条河又泛滥了。快捷记忆flood plain: 泛洪区flood tide: 涨潮，高峰floodgate: 防洪闸 floodlight: 泛光灯practice n. 惯例，常规，习惯做法 (l.21)e.g. It is now quite common practice for married women not to take their husbands second name. 已婚女士不随夫姓现在是很普遍的做法。 Traditional religious practices are disappearing in many parts of the world. 传统的宗教习俗正在世界许多地方消失。比较habit, custom, practice, convention habit通常指个人的经常行为，如： He has an annoying habit of biting his nails. 他有个咬指甲的坏习惯。 custom则是指整个社会在一段长时间里的习惯行为, 例如： the custom of giving presents at Christmas 圣诞节赠送礼品的习俗 practice可以与custom 同义，也可以指常规做法（the usual way of doing things），如: international practice 国际惯例 convention是指社会上普遍接受的行为准则，如： As a matter of convention, people attending funerals wear dark clothes. 作为一种社会习俗，参加葬礼的人一般都穿深色衣服。acquaintance n. 熟人，相识的人 (l.30)e.g. Hes just a business acquaintance. 他只是我在生意上的一个熟人。词组与搭配make sbs acquaintance 结识某人（正式用语）of your acquaintance 你认识的（正式用语）on first acquaintance 初次遇见（正式用语）联想与比较friend 朋友；pal 好友, 伙伴；mate 伙伴, 朋友；buddy 伙伴，兄弟 与上述词语相比，acquaintance仅指一个你认识的人，并不很亲密，够不上朋友关系。affected adj. 做作的，不自然的 (l.32) e.g. that stupid affected laugh of hers 她那愚蠢而又做作的大笑快捷记忆affect v. 影响affecting adj. 使人感动的（正式用语）affection n. 感情affectionate adj. 亲切的，有感情的enthusiasm n. 热情，热忱 (l.51)e.g. Although she was a beginner, she played with great enthusiasm. 虽然她是个新手，但演奏时却充满了激情。He shares your enthusiasm for jazz.他和你一样喜欢爵士乐。快捷记忆enthuse v. 激起（某人）的热情，使（某人）对感兴趣 enthusiastic adj. 热情的，热心的同义词passion linger v. 逗留, 持续 (l.52) e.g. The faint smell of her perfume lingered in the room.房间里还留有一丝她的香水味。The civil war lingered well into the 1930s. 内战一直持续到二十世纪三十年代。词组与搭配 linger on 苟延残喘 e.g. Horribly wounded he lingered on to die two months later. 他伤势严重，但拖了两个半月才死。 fancy (l. 54) 用法1 adj. 在课文中fancy作形容词，意思是花哨的，多装饰的。 e.g. fancy buttons 花哨的钮扣I just want a basic sports coat - nothing fancy. 我只要一件简单的运动服 不用什么特别装饰的反义词plain 简单的，朴素的用法2 v. 喜欢，想要 e.g. Fancy a drink? 想喝一杯吗？Do you fancy going out this evening? 今晚你想出去吗？用法3 v. 真想不到 （英国口语） e.g. Fancy meeting you here! 真想不到在这里遇到你！count (l.55)用法1 v. 很重要，很有价值 e.g. First impressions really do count. 第一印象确实很重要。His promises dont count for much. 他的承诺并无多大价值。同义词 matter用法2 v. 数数，点数 e.g. Sarah can count up to ten now. 莎拉现在能数到十了。 The teacher was counting the children as they got on the bus. 上公共汽车的时候老师清点学生的人数。 词组与搭配 count on 依靠，指望 e.g. Im counting on you to help me. 只有靠你帮助我了。 We cant count on this warm weather lasting. 我们不能指望暖和的天气能持续多久。 快捷记忆 counter 柜台 generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的（l.63）e.g. She is always very generous to the kids. 她对孩子总是很大方。 Id like to thank Simon, whos been very generous with his time. 我要感谢西蒙，他非常慷慨的投入了许多时间。反义词 meanfulfill v. 实现，满足，履行（l.65）e.g. Visiting Disneyland had fulfilled my boyhood dream. 参观迪斯尼乐园让我实现了童年的梦想。 No candidate fulfils all the criteria for this position. 没有一个候选人满足这一职位的全部要求。 He finally fulfilled his pledge to raise the pay. 他最终履行了加薪的承诺。compose（l.68）用法1 v. 写作，创作 e.g. She composed a letter of protest. 她写了一封抗议信。Can you compose a piece for the concert? 你能为音乐会创作一支曲子吗？用法2 v. 组成 be composed of 由组成 e.g. The committee is composed of ten men. 委员会由十人组成。 Difficult Sentences 难句详解1. Later, when I got to know him, I learned that Don made a habit of writing a quick, encouraging word to people in all walks of life. (l.9-10): 译文后来，我逐渐对堂唐有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。 get to know的意思是“逐渐了解”，类似的表达法还有get to see, get to understand等。例如：I am sure the kids will soon get to like each other. 我相信孩子们很快就会互相喜欢的。 make a habit of: 养成的习惯 people in all walks of life 是习惯用法，意思是“各行各业的人”。2. When he died last year at 75, the paper was flooded with calls and letters from people who had been recipients of his spirit-lifting words. (l.12-14)： 译文去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般地涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。 be flooded with: 大量收到。例如： Weve been flooded with offers of help. 许多人向我们表示愿意帮忙。 注意flood一词本意为“洪水”，因此我们在翻译时也可将这一表达法本身具有的比喻意味体现出来。3. Over the years, Ive tried to copy the example of Don and other friends who care enough to write uplifting comments, because I think they are on to something important. (l.15-16): 译文多年来，我努力效仿堂唐以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。 copy the example of somebody: 效仿某人。也可以用follow the example of。例如： I suggest you follow Rosies example and start doing regular exercise. 我建议你效仿罗西，经常锻炼身体。 on to something important表示“在做有重要意义的事”。在这里on是形容词，表示“正在或将要发生的”。 4. In a world too often cold and unresponsive, such notes bring warmth and reassurance. (l.16-17)： 译文在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。 too often cold and unresponsive是后置定语，修饰名词world。5. His notes go not only to friends and associates, but to casual acquaintances and total strangerslike the surprised person who got a warm pat on the back for lending Bush an umbrella. (l.29-31)：译文他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人像那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。casual acquaintance是指“偶然认识的人”。形容词casual在这里的意思是“偶然的，碰巧的”。who got a warm pat on the back for lending Bush an umbrella是一个定语从句，修饰the surprised person。在这个定语从句里，现在分词短语lending Bush an umbrella作状语，表示原因。6. The most important ten minutes of your day are those you spend doing something to boost the people who work for you. (l.37-38) 译文每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那十分钟。 本句中代词those指代前面的ten minutes，后面的you spend doing something to boost the people who work for you是一个定语从句，修饰those。这种结构在英语中很常见，例如： The following suggestions are for those who have suffered heart attack. 下列建议是给那些有过心脏病发作史的人们。7. Acknowledging some success or good fortune that has happened during the year seems particularly appropriate considering the spirit of the Christmas season. (l.61-62) 译文鉴于圣诞节的氛围，对一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示一下赞美和祝贺似乎是最恰到好处的。 动名词短语acknowledging some success or good fortune that has happened during the year在句子中作主语，这个动名词短语内部还有一个定语从句that has happened during the year，修饰success or good fortune。considering是介词，表示“鉴于”。the spirit of the Christmas season：西方文化中一般认为，圣诞节的氛围主要是warmth（温暖）, generosity（宽宏大量）和good will（善意）。8. I dont know if they will make anybody elses day, but they made mine. (l.68-69) 译文我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。 make somebodys day: 使某人快乐。 后半句中的mine相当于my day。 Translation of Text into Chinese课内阅读参考译文Translation 课文译文 便笺的力量1 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的企业导报工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。2 打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为专栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。3 后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说，“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。”4 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般地涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。5 多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。6 那么，激励人心的便笺，写的人为什么这么少呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。7 当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。8 尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人像那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。9 那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风可以被形容为强横、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且获益匪浅。唐纳德彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那十分钟。”10 “太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！”11 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的“S”技巧。12 ）真诚 (sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。13 ）简短 (short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。14 ）具体 (specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”则太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦布菲的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。15 ）自然 (spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。16 当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17 那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，对一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示一下赞美和祝贺似乎是最恰到好处的。18 不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。19 今天，我收到了以前的老板和良师益友诺曼文森特皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来构思几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂沃尔夫所说的，使别人充满信心，也使我感觉很好。Background File 背景小档案 The Great Lakes (五大湖)The Great Lakes-Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario-and their connecting channels form the largest fresh surface water system on Earth. If you stood on the moon, you could see the lakes and recognize the familiar wolf head shape of Lake Superior, or the mitten（棒球手套） bounded（形成界限） by lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie. The Great Lakes, in their current state, are actually one of the youngest natural features on the North American continent. Covering more than 94,000 square miles and draining（流经） more than twice as much land, these Freshwater Seas hold an estimated 6 quadrillion gallons of water, about one-fifth of the worlds fresh surface water supply and nine-tenths of the U.S. supply.五大湖位于加拿大与美国交界处，按面积从大到小分别为：苏必利尔湖（Superior），休伦湖（Huron），密歇根湖（Michigan），伊利湖（Erie），安大略湖（Ontario）。除完全在美国境内的密歇根湖，它们同属美国和加拿大。这五个湖泊所组成的五大湖是世界上最大的淡水水域，总面积达245660平方公里，水流方向从西向东，通过圣劳伦斯河入大西洋。Warren Buffet（沃伦巴菲特）Known as the Oracle of Omaha,（奥马哈神谕） Buffet is Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway and arguably(无疑) the greatest investor of all time. His wealth fluctuates（波动） with the performance of the market, but for the last few years he has been reported to be worth over $30 billion, making him the second richest man in the world.Buffet is a value investor. His company Berkshire Hathaway is basically a holding company（控股公司） for his investments. Major holdings he has had at some point include Coca-Cola, American Express and Gillette. Critics predicted an end to his success when his conservative investing style meant missing out on the dotcom（网络公司） bull market（牛市）. Of course, he had the last laugh after the dotcom crash because, once again, Buffets time tested strategy proved successful.沃伦巴菲特（Warren Buffet） 是Berkshire Hathaway公司主席兼行政总裁（1970年至今）。巴菲特有美国股神之称，从1956年以100美元投资起步，到1999年4月30日为止的43年间，巴菲特赢利后以再滚动投资的方式使他的财富增加到360亿美元，缔造了金融界神话。他的投资理念也成为华尔街乃至全球金融投资界的宝贵财富。课外阅读After-Class ReadingPASSAGE I All the Good ThingsWords & Usage词汇精讲impress (l.6) 用法1 v. 使留下深刻印象 e.g. What impressed us most about the book was its vivid language. 这本书给我们印象最深的是它生动的语言。He impressed her with his sincerity.他的诚挚让她留下了深刻印象。用法2 v. 使某人了解某事的重要性 （impress something on somebody） e.g. Father impressed on me the value of hard work. 父亲让我了解了努力工作的重要意义。He impressed on us the need for immediate action.他向我们强调立即采取行动的必要性。快捷记忆 impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的 impression n. 印象 press v. 按，压state (l.14)：用法1 v. 陈述，说明，阐明 e.g. Please state your name and address. 请说明你的姓名和地址。The witness stated that he had never seen the woman before.证人说他以前从未见过那个女人。用法2 n. 状况，状态，情况，情形 e.g. anxieties about the state of the countrys economy 对于国家经济状况的忧虑The roads are in a terrible state after the severe winter weather.严冬过后，这些公路的路况极差。用法3 n. 国家，政府e.g. a state-owned enterprise 国有企业 If elected, they want to cut back the powers of the state.如果当选，他们要削减政府的权力。scene (l.16) 用法1 n. 情景，景象 e.g. The burning building was a scene of panic as everyone ran to get out. 人们从起火的大楼逃出来，真是一片慌乱的景象。用法2 n. 景色 e.g. a peaceful country scene 宁静的乡村景色用法3 n. 发生地点，现场e.g. the scene of crime 犯罪现场 比较 scene, scenery, view 这几个词都可以表示“景色”的意思。view是指从某一特定地点或位置看到的，例如：The cottage has a beautiful sea view.在这间小屋里可以看到美丽的海上风景。scene所指的景色，往往包含有人或动物的活动，例如：a delightful rural scene 令人愉悦的乡村风景scenery是指一个地方的自然风光，如高山，河流，森林等。deliberately adv. 从容的，不慌不忙的 (l.17) e.g. He packed up his possessions slowly and deliberately. 他不慌不忙的收拾自己的东西。instruction (l.26)用法1 n. 讲授，教学，指导 e.g. driving instruction 驾驶技术指导You will receive basic instruction in navigation.你将接受有关航海的基础指导。用法2 n. （复数）操作指南，使用说明 e.g. We forgot to read the instructions. 我们忘了读使用说明书。Follow the instructions on the back of the box.按照盒子背面印的说明去做。用法3 n. 命令，指示e.g. On his instructions, the luggage had been sent on. 按照他的吩咐，行李已先行运走。 Im under instructions to keep my speech short. 我得到指示，发言不能太长。concept n. 概念 (l.28) e.g. He cant grasp the basic concepts of mathematics. 他无法掌握数学的基本概念。 A revolutionary concept in industry 工业上的革命性概念lull n. (l.49) (活动或噪声的)暂停期，暂时平静期 e.g. a lull in the fighting 战斗的间歇期 成语 the lull before the storm 暴风雨到来前的短暂平静mature (l.58) 用法1 a. (举止)成熟的，理智的 e.g. Shes very mature for her age. 就她这个年龄来说她算是很成熟的。a mature attitude 理智的态度用法2 a.成年的，充分发育的 e.g. a mature elephant 一头成年大象反义词 immatureDifficult Sentences 难句详解1. Very neat in appearance, he had that happy-to-be-alive attitude that made even his occasional mischievousness delightful. (l. 3-4)译文他衣冠整洁，一副乐天派的样子，即便偶尔调皮一下，也显得那么可爱。very neat in appearance是一个形容词短语作状语，描述Mark的外表。attitude后面的定语从句中使用的是make+宾语（even his occasional mischievousness）+宾语补足语(delightful)的结构。2. What impressed me so much, though, was his sincere response every time I had to correct him for misbehaving “Thank you for correcting me, Sister!” (l. 6-8)译文然而，每次我不得不指出他不该这样做时，他的反应总是那么真诚，给我留下了深刻的印象。“谢谢您纠正我的行为，好老师！” 此处though作副词用，相当于however，这种情况下though的位置一般在句末，例如： Our team lost. It was a good game though. 我们队输了，可这仍然是一场精彩的比赛。本句中though的位