名词用法详解-适合高三和大学生.doc

Unit2 名词名词的分类：专有名词 普通名词（普通名词分为下面四类）个体名词（individual noun）如car, room, fan, photo集体名词(collective noun) 如people, family, army, government. 物质名词(material noun) 如 fire, steel, air, water, milk.抽象名词(abstract noun) 如 labour, health, life, friendship, patience.一：有些词既是名词也是动词，可以通过以重音来区别：重音在第一个音节上是名词，重音在第二个音节上是动词。如 discount, export, import, object(v object to sb/sth), progress. transport, produce. increase. decrease.以发音来区别，词尾发清音是名词，发浊音是动词。如 abuse, advice/advise, house, use. excuse. 二：专有名词开头要大写，一般不用冠词。如 President Kennedy. Asia, Shanghai.专有名词前面不能加冠词。 三：既是可数又是不可数的名词：一些名词既可以看做个体，又可以看做是物质或者材料。如: He ate a whole chicken. Would you like some chicken. I had a boiled egg. There is egg on your face. I tied it up with a ribbon. I bought a meter of ribbon. Cake is a kind of food. These cakes are delicious. glass(玻璃)/ a glass (一个玻璃杯)；an ice/ ice (一个冰激凌/冰)；paper/ a paper(纸/一份报纸)； iron/an iron (铁/一个熨斗)。许多通常为不可数的名词，在前面加上形容词或者某种限定/说明就变成了可数名词。This region produces an excellent wine.Its an oil of very high quality. The North Sea produces a light oil which is highly prized by the oil industry. 这样的名词也有复数形式：This region produces some awful wines as well as good ones. I go out in all weathers. 既表示特殊性又表示一般性的名词。 education/an education; light/a light; noise/a noise; knowledge/a knowledgeA good education is expensive. - Education should be free. Try not to make a noise. - Noise is king of pollution. Light travels faster than sound. - I need a light by my bed. Knowledge is important. - I have a good knowledge of English. 注意，knowledge, education 没有复数。以-ing结尾的名词drawing, painting, reading 可以是可数，也可以是不可数。He has a drawing by Hockney. She often gives readings of her poems. 但是wedding, 只能是可数，通常用a wedding. 三：英语中通常为不可数的名词：baggage/luggage, furniture, information, news, macaroni, spaghetti, machinery, equipment(gear远征，运动物品是不可数；gears指的是机动车“传动装置”；gear还可以构成复合词，一般用单数landing/winding gear), merchandise(goods只能是复数形式);注意accommodation的用法: 在英式英语中为U指的是room，a lodging（lodgings指的是非旅馆的借宿地方，不包括board/full board and lodging）住所, to find suitable/cheap/temporary/permanent accommodation; 在美式英语中要用pl形式accommodations（指的是room and food 膳宿）; adjustment(U) : accommodation of sth to sth; eg. arrange the accommodation of my plans to yours. =compromise on sth; (C), （调解，和解）：The two sides failed to agree on every point but came to an accommodation(双方并非在每一点上都一致，但已达成和解). Accommodation address(寄宿地址，非永久地址/permanent address)/accommodation ladder (大船用于连接小船的)舷梯。advice/ anger/ applause (a big round of applause)/ assistance/ behavior (study the behavior of infants/apes/bees)/ bread (bread and water简单的饮食I had to live on bread and water when I was a student.)/ business (指“买卖，商业，贸易”和“职责，理应关心的事”时，是U: That is my business; 如果指“公司，商店，商业机构”则是可数名词：She runs a thriving grocery business. )capital(money资金/资本U；如果表示“本钱”用单数形式：to start with a capital of 1000 dollars. /capital and labour 资方(资本家)和劳方U)cardboard: a cardboard box/ a cardboard figure/character/dictator: 有名无实的人物/角色/独裁者。cash/chaos(in a state of chaos/the snow caused chaos on the road)/chess/china(made of china/a china vase/a bull in a china shop/porcelainu)/clothing(衣服，服装总称waterproof clothing)/coal/conduct/cookery(烹饪技术art and practice of cooking)/countryside/ courage/crockery(陶器；也可以用crockspl)/cutlery(刀叉餐具)/damage/dancing(dancec)/dirt(His clothes were covered with dirt./as cheap/common as dirt下贱的，低贱的)education(可用a good education, 但不能有复数)/ evidence(evidences表示“痕迹”； be in evidence: He is sort of man who likes very much to be in evidence at important meetings. /turn states evidence. )flu(influenza的缩写，常用the flu/the whole family has the flu./shes got flu.)/food/fruit(表示“水果”也可以fruits：Is tomato a fruit or a vegetable. vegetables/the fruits成果/结果enjoy the fruits of one labours)/fun(不管是“开心pleasure”还是“开心的事”都是U)/furnituregarbage/gossip/grass(a blade/leaf of grass一片草叶not let the grass grow under ones feet做事不拖拉) hair(统称“毛发”U;如果指几根头发 hairs/two blonde hairs)/happiness/harm/help(指“helping帮助”为U;如果指“person帮忙者，帮手”用a help. The servants were more of a hindrance than a help to me)/hospitality/homework/housework/information/jealousy(feelingU I felt sick of jealousy./ sexual jealousy; 如果指an action or remark that shows that sb is jealous 可用变成复数jealousies: I am tired of her petty jealousies. )/ jewellery(u珠宝总称；jewel jewels/jeweler+s)/knowledge (可用have a good knowledge of English)laughter(tears of laughter/ a house of laughter/roar with laughter)/ leisure(weve been working all week without a moments leisure/ leisure activity康乐运动/leisure wear 便装casual wear/at leisure/ leisure centre/the leisured class/leisurely adj/adv) / lightning/ linen/ luck/ luggage/labour(physical or mental workU, labour/如果当“任务，工作”讲，用pl we are all tired after our labours./如果指“workers as a group or class也是U skilled/unskilled labour熟练/非熟练工人/labour relations劳资关系/“分娩期的阵痛”U, begin/go into/be in labour) meat/ moonlight/money/mud/mire(泥浆，淤泥sink into/get stuck in the mire/miry/ as clear as a bell(easy to hear)/ as clear as day(easy to see/understand)/as clear as mud(未讲清楚的，很不清楚的)/ drag sb/sbs name through the mire/mud使某人蒙羞，丢丑)/musicnews/ nonsense/ parking(a parking fine 违章停车罚款)/patience(the patience of Job极大的耐性)/peel(果皮 lemon peel也可用peelings/peeler削皮器)/permission/poetry/post(邮件，信件C, or, U there was a big/a lot of post this morning. 今早邮件很多; 表示“邮政，邮递”也是Usend sth by post. / correspondence“信件，书信”U She has a lot of correspondence to deal with.)/ produce (“产品，尤指农产品”U fresh produce 新鲜农产品/ agricultural/farm/garden produce )/progress/ rubbish/ safety/ scaffolding/ scenery(“风景”stop to admire the scenery 停下来观赏风景/mountain scenery)/seaside (常用the seaside或者仅用名词之前a seaside resort海边度假胜地)/sewing(/sew/sewed/sewn/sow/sowed/sown- sowed(sow doubt in ones mind/sow ones wild oats. He sowed all his wild oats before he got married. 他荒唐够了才结婚。); a sewing basket/table)/shopping/smoking/soap(a bar of soap；在口语中，如果指soap opera可以用soaps表复数)/spelling(“拼写”U; a spelling mistake/my spelling is terrible/表示“拼写方式”the way a word is spelt C a list of difficult spellings.)/steam/ strength/ stuff(“原料”或者“东西，财物”都是U what stuff is this jacket made of?/ leave your stuff in the hall/ this book is really boring stuff.)/stupidity(如果表示“愚蠢的行为”需要变为“stupidities. The errors and stupidities of youth. )sunshine/thunder/timber(standing timber未伐的木材)/toast(=bread; roast 是Corder a roast from the butcher)/traffic(从来都是U，a traffic jam)/transport(=transportationUS“运输，输送”Uthe transport of goods by air/transport charges;/如果指“ships or aircraft for carrying troops or supplies ”则是C)/travel(如果指“traveling行走，行驶，旅行” 是U the cost of travel/ travel books/ 如果指“出国旅行,时间稍长的旅行”则常用travels. Shes gone off and on her travels again./travels 常与所有格连用on ones travels/journey的复数+s)/underwear(内衣服U=underclothespl=underclothingU;thermal underwear保暖内衣)/violence(violence against sb)/vocabulary(C一般用单数，a wide/colourful/limited vocabulary/ an active vocabulary/ a inactive vocabulary)wealth(“财富“U; “大量，众多”a wealth of illustrations/opportunity/opportunities)/opportunity(可以是不可数也可以加复数) / weather (in all weathers 习语；under the weather感到不舒服/情绪低落；keep a weather eye open留意并警惕以避免麻烦；make heavy weather of sth 把某事弄得比实际困难)/work/writing.foliage(the leaves树叶总称U; a mass/masses of green foliage茂密的绿叶), poultry(家禽肉U: Poultry is expensive at this time of year. 如果当“家禽”讲是集合名词pldomestic fowls: The poultry have been fed.),scrub: clear the scrub and plough the land. (矮树丛；bush是可数的，a rose bush.)。四：单复同形的名词：bison(野牛; buffalo+es或者不变，还有antelope+s或不变),sheep, deer, reindeer(4个), trout(鳟鱼), carp（鲤鱼；carp at sb/sth 吹毛求疵）, salmon, fish-fishes, fish，(4个) species(a species of antelope), series, means(也可是pl, 表示“金钱”，a man of means; live within/byond ones means:量入为出/入不敷出), crossroads(at the/a crossroads面临重大抉择的关键时期), works(工厂，a brick works；如果指“著作”，那么是复数名词)(5个)，craft(包括由其构成的符合名词aircraft等)，Chinese, Cantonese , Japanese, Swiss, Burmese(缅甸人；Myanmar 缅甸，也可Burma), offspring.(7个) 五：集体名词：1. 有复数形式，如果表示整体用单数动词，如果强调个体，则用复数动词:army, crowd, crew, club, class, committee, council, congregation, company firm(10),family, gang, government, group(4), jury, mob, staff, team, union, audience (6)等。请注意下列例句。The present government which hasnt been in power for long, is trying to control inflation. The government, who are looking for a quick victory, are calling for a general election soon. The firm has/have made 200 workers redundant. (该公司已裁员200人) 注意：有些专有名词，如足球队的名字，也可以看做是集合名词Arsenal is/are playing away this weekend.(这个周末，阿森纳有客场比赛)2. 没有复数形式的集合名词，谓语动词可用单数或者复数：the aristocracy; the gentry, the proletariat, the majority, the public, the minority, the youth of today. (贵族绅士无产者，多数大众少数年轻人)。注意：youth- youths The witness said he saw a youth outside the shop.3. 没有复数形式，但是必须用复数谓语动词的集合名词：people（表示民族，可以有复数the English-speaking peoples）, the clergy, the military, the police, cattle, swine, vermin. Some people are never satisfied. a people指一个民族。The British are a sea-faring people. 六：表示学科等得名词，虽然是复数形式，但谓语动词要用单数：billiards(billiard是adj，a billiard room/club), darts, dominoes, bowls(滚木球; bowling), athletics(田径运动U), gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, physics, acoustics, economics, ethics, phonetics, statistics 等，但是，athletics(各种田径体育运通)，gymnastics(体操运动)，acoustics(影响效果)， economics(经济状况)，ethics (道德标准)，statistics (统计数据) 而不是表示学科时，要用复数谓语动词。Athletics are important to students. The economics of the project are very encouraging. The acoustics of the Festival Hall are extremely good. 七：复形名词+复形动词：trousers, clothes, belongings, savings, earning