状语的具体讲解(二)时间状语.docx

句子成分之状语的具体讲解（二）时间状语具体用法：时间状语导读：一、能做状语的成分 1.名词做状语2.介词短语做状语（介绍了很多搭配时间的介词）3.时间状语从句（分别介绍了不同引导词用法）（1）表示“当时候” while,when,as（2）由before和after引导的时间状语从句（3）until 和 till表示“直到”（4）since表示“自从” 或者“自从这件事结束”（5）由as soon as, 表示“一就”（6）by the time each time, every time 二、 常用时态中的标志性时间状语一、能做状语的成分1. 名词作状语常做状语的名词有： today, yesterday, tomorrow, this 或that + morning/afternoon/evening/night/day/week/month/year名词做主语放在句首句尾都可以：Yesterday, I got my new book published.=I got my new book published yesterday. 昨天我出版了我的新书。2. 介词短语做时间状语表示在某时间.常用介词at，on，in等。用at来表示在某一段时刻：atdawn/daybreak： 在黎明atsix ：在6点钟atmidnight ：在午夜用at来表示在岁时atsixteen/at the age of sixteen：16岁的时候用on来表示在星期几/某日onMonday ：在星期一onJanuary fifth：在1月5日onChristmas Day ：在圣诞节那一天 也可用atChristmasonNew Years Day：在新年那天用in来表示一天中的早中晚，月份，季节或年份inthe morning/afternoon/evening在早晨，下午，晚上inJanuary/ February在一月，二月inSpring在春天in2014在2014年表示 期间 常用介词during，for，over，within，throughout，from和to等。duringwithin 用来表示在一段时间内，区别是 during 可以加名词和时间，within后只能加时间。duringthe Middle Ages： 在中世纪during1942 ：在1942年中duringthe summer（of that year）：在（那一年的）夏季duringhis childhood ：在他童年时期during two yearswithin two yearsfor用来表示动作或状态持续了一段时间，（要与完成时搭配）forsix years ：六年之久fortwo months ：有两个月forever ：永远表示其他时间概念的介词有before，after，since，until，till，between，up to等3.时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词，常见的有 before, after, when while, as, since, till, unil, as soon as 等（1）表示“当时候” while,when,aswhen引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如：When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬时动词)When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) 。I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边一边”）As we were going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）（2）由before和after引导的时间状语从句before表示“在之前”，after 表示“在之后”It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（3）until 和 till表示“直到”主句肯定句中，用延续性动词，untiltill后的时间表示相应动作结束的时间：He will wait for his girlfriend until he shows up. 他将等他的女朋友直到她出现。（wait “等待”是延续性动词，动作能够一直持续）主句否定句中，用非延续性动词，until后的时间表示相应动作开始的时间：The letter wont be sent until you call the postman. 邮件不会被寄出，知道你给邮寄员打电话。（be sent“被寄出”， 非延续性动词，就是一瞬间的动作呢）这两个句型也是可以互换的：I will be here tilluntil he comes back. 我将一直在这里直到他回来。I wont leave here until he comes back. 我将不会离开这里直到他回来。（4）since表示“自从” 或者“自从这件事结束”一般情况下，主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时。I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？在It is +时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。It is +时间+since A自从A结束后到现在已经多长时间了It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。（5）由as soon as, 表示“一就”the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, 可以放在句首或者句尾。I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。注意：hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。（6）由by the time each time, every time 引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。二. 常用时态中的标志性时间状语时间状语一般被当作时态的标志，那么下面提供了在常见时态中标志性时间状语：一般现在时 ：every, sometimes, at, on Sunday等 一般过去时 ：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等 一般将来时 ：next, tomorrow, in+一段时间,before+时间点等 现在完成时 ：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently 等 过去完成时 ：befo