电动车基础设施-电力电子工程-高频开关电源UPS电力电源通信电源.doc

Use of the circuit approach to solve large EMC problems?EMCComptes Rendus PhysiqueLike electromagnetic topology, the equivalent electric circuit theory can be transposed to solve large electromagnetic systems. Compared to measures into a cavity, an analogy with coupled circuits will be made. Krons formalism has been chosen to describe the system of equations. We will use a hyper matrix impedance with sub-matrix describing some interactions of the system. The inverse of the impedance matrix will give us scattering parameters S21 between a transmitting and a receiving antenna installed in the cavity. Next, a second receiver will be added outside the cavity.The aim of this article is to show the interest of Krons method applied to complex systems, in which many of physical phenomena are involved.Au mme titre que la topologie lectromagntique, la thorie des circuits lectriques peut tre transpose pour la rsolution de problmes lectromagntiques complexes. En prenant pour base des expriences ralises sur une cavit, nous allons procder une analogie avec des circuits coupls. Puis, laide du formalisme de Kron, nous dcrirons une super matrice impdance dans laquelle figurerons des sous-matrices rvlatrices des diffrents couplages mis en jeu. Linversion de cette matrice mnera finalement la dtermination du coefficient de transfert S21 liant un monopole metteur et un premier monopole rcepteur install dans cette cavit. Un second monopole rcepteur sera ensuite mis en place lextrieur de la cavit.Model for radiation emission EMC measurement at OATS: Issues and approaches?MeasurementOpen area-test site (OATS) is envisaged to be one of the key components in measuring radiation emissions for new electronics products in noisy environment, providing flexible high resolution backhaul over expensive anechoic chamber for early investigation. While single chamber cost suffer from range of operating frequencies constraints, equipping OATS with flexible ambient masking module (FAM) can significantly alleviate the ambient problem and increase the aggregate precision available to electronics product to meet local electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. The goal of this classification algorithm is to characterize source generated data concealed within ambient and then to categorize them according to their attribute. In this paper we examine the unique constraint of site attenuation and identify the key factors governing assignment schemes, with particular reference to interference, precision of transducers and noise profiles. After presenting the taxonomy of existing kind of pass type data assignment, we describe a real time data assignment architecture which incorporates the radiation emissions together with class issues in order to minimize interference with ambient and how its integration can be exploited to achieve chamber efficiency is discussed. The preliminary performance results validate the design choices of the parameters and confirm the potential impact of the price paid.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Taxonomy of data assignment schemes for radiated emission2.1. Ambient assignment2.2. Complete-pass data assignment2.3. Quasi-pass data assignment2.4. Average-pass data assignment3. FAM: a new data assignment scheme and architecture4. Proposed algorithm5. Comparison of two scenarios6. Performance evaluation7. Testbed implementation7.1. Testbed7.2. Hardware compatibility8. ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesVitaeA comprehensive simulation model for immunity prediction in integrated circuits with respect to substrate injection?Microelectronics JournalThis paper presents a comprehensive modelling methodology for the electromagnetic immunity of integrated circuits (ICs) to direct power injection (DPI). The aim of this study is to predict the susceptibility of ICs by the means of simulations performed on an appropriate electrical model of different integrated logic cores located in the same die. These cores are identical from a functional point of view, but differ by their design strategies. The simulation model includes the whole measurement setup as well as the integrated circuit under test, its environment (PCB, power supply) and the substrate model of each logic core. Simulation results and comparisons with measurement results demonstrate the validity of the suggested model. Moreover, they highlight the interest of the aforementioned protection strategies against electromagnetic disturbances.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Description of the test chip3. Direct power injection (DPI) method: set-up and modelling3.1. Set-up of the injection system3.2. Modelling of the injection system and the PCB3.3. Modelling of the integrated circuit package and bonding3.4. Modelling of CESAME cores3.4.1. Substrate modelling for the NORM core3.4.2. Substrate modelling for the ISO core3.4.3. Substrate modelling for the RC core4. Results5. Discussion and comparison among results5.1. Measurement results5.2. Simulation results6. ConclusionIntroduction to BESIII EMC sub-trigger system?Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated EquipmentThe Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) sub-trigger system is one of the important parts of the trigger system of the BESIII spectrometer. Together with the conditions from the other sub-trigger systems, cluster-related and energy-related trigger conditions are provided to the Global Trigger system for effective selection of events interested and rejection of backgrounds. Total two types of PCB boards are designed to implement the whole functions, which are Trigger Cell and energy Block Adding (TCBA) and Energy Adding and Cluster Counting (EACC). Simulations and hardware arrangement of the EMC sub-trigger system are introduced in this paper.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Simulation of the EMC sub-trigger system2.1. Determination of TC2.2. Energy threshold of the TC2.3. Trigger efficiency of EMC trigger subsystem3. Trigger conditions of EMC trigger subsystem3.1. Isolated cluster finding3.2. Definition of the energy blocks3.3. Trigger conditions4. Hardware scheme of EMC trigger subsystem4.1. Scheme of TCBA board4.2. Scheme of EACC board4.3. Technique adopted in EMC sub-trigger system5. SummaryAcknowledgementsReferencesComparison among emission and susceptibility reduction techniques for electromagnetic interference in digital integrated circuits?Microelectronics JournalThis paper presents a comparative study of susceptibility reduction techniques for electromagnetic interference (EMI) in digital integrated circuits (ICs). Both direct power injection (DPI) and very-fast transmission-line pulsing (VF-TLP) methods are used to inject interference into the substrate of a single test chip. This IC is built around six functionally identical cores, differing only by their EMI protection strategies (RC protection, isolated substrate, meshed power supply network) which were initially designed for low emission design rules. The ranking of three of these cores in terms of electromagnetic immunity is then compared with the one of their radiated emission, thanks to near-field scanning (NFS) measurements. This leads to the establishing of design guidelines for low EMI in digital ICs.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Description of the test chip3. Immunity measurements3.1. Immunity criterion3.2. Direct power injection (DPI)3.2.1. Description3.2.2. Results3.3. Very fast transmission line pulsing (VF-TLP)3.3.1. Purpose3.3.2. Measurement method3.3.3. Results4. Emission measurement4.1. Measurement method4.2. Results5. Comparison between immunity and emission results6. ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesThe accurate calibration of EMC antennas in compact chambers Measurements and uncertainty evaluations?Computer Standards & InterfacesAbstractThe accurate knowledge of the antenna factor is a fundamental requirement for reliable electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurements in emissions, immunity and human exposure tests. According to international standards, the calibration of EMC antennas requires close-to-ideal test sites (or calibration test sites), characterized by very large sizes of the ground plane and of the empty space volume above it (free-space behaviour). On the other hand a great number of EMC test sites are available and designed for measurements at 3?m distance, therefore it would be very convenient to calibrate antennas in such facilities at the cost of an acceptable loss of accuracy. In this paper, the authors investigate the suitability of compact semi-anechoic chambers (standard chambers, compliant for measurements at 3?m distance from the equipment under test) for reliable antenna factor calibrations. As an application, the calibration of a common broadband biconical antenna in the 200C1000?MHz frequency range is here considered and analysed. A detailed experimental analysis is offered for estimating all the relevant uncertainty contributions.Article Outline1. Introduction2. The proposed approach3. Experimental results4. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesElectromagnetic characterization of chiral auxetic metamaterials for EMC applications?Computer Standards & InterfacesA new class of auxetic materials, a hexachiral honeycomb structure with good mechanical properties, is investigated through computer simulation and measurement. The electromagnetic properties for shielding applications are taken into account. This new material shows some interesting EMC properties (e.g. ?40?dB transmittance at 2.4?GHz) and promises better performance using different insertion techniques.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Computer simulation2.1. Test details2.2. Accuracy of the results2.3. Convergence stability analysis2.3.1. Frequency domain analysis2.3.2. Time domain analysis2.4. Computational efficiency2.5. Parametric analysis3. Measurements3.1. Measurements detail3.2. Measurement results4. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsThe UltraBatteryA new battery design for a new beginning in hybrid electric vehicle energy storage?Journal of Power SourcesThe UltraBattery, developed by CSIRO Energy Technology in Australia, is a hybrid energy storage device which combines an asymmetric super-capacitor and a leadCacid battery in single unit cells. This takes the best from both technologies without the need for extra, expensive electronic controls. The capacitor enhances the power and lifespan of the leadCacid battery as it acts as a buffer during high-rate discharging and charging, thus enabling it to provide and absorb charge rapidly during vehicle acceleration and braking.The initial performance of the prototype UltraBatteries was evaluated according to the US FreedomCAR targets and was shown to meet or exceed these in terms of power, available energy, cold cranking and self-discharge set for both minimum and maximum power-assist hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Other laboratory cycling tests showed a fourfold improvement over previous state-of-the-art leadCacid batteries under the RHOLAB test profile and better life than commercial nickel/metal hydride (NiMH) cells used in a Honda Insight when tested under the EUCAR HEV profile.As a result of this work, a set of twelve 12?V modules was built by The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd. in Japan and were fitted into a Honda Insight instead of the NiMH battery by Provector Ltd. The battery pack was fitted with full monitoring and control capabilities and the car was tested at Millbrook Proving Ground under a General Motors road test simulation cycle for an initial target of 50?000 miles which was extended to 100?000 miles. This was completed on 15th January 2008 without any battery problems. Furthermore, the whole test was completed without the need for any conditioning or equalisation of the battery pack.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Experimental3. Results and discussion4. Vehicle demonstration4.1. The test cycle4.2. Typical test data5. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesStatic analysis for functionally graded piezoelectric actuators or sensors under a combined electro-thermal load?European Journal of Mechanics - A/SolidsBased on the theory of piezoelasticity, a functionally graded piezoelectric sandwich cantilever under an applied electric field and/or a heat load is studied. All materials may be arbitrary functional gradients in the thickness direction. The static solution for the mentioned problems is presented by the Airy stress function method. As a special case, assuming that the material composition varies continuously in the direction of the thickness according to a power law distribution, a comprehensive parametric study is conducted to show the influence of electromechanical coupling (EMC), functionally graded index, temperature change and thickness ratio on the bending behavior of actuators or sensors. The distribution of electric field or normal stress in present FGPM actuators is continuous along the thickness, which overcomes the problem in traditional layered actuators. The solution facilitates the design optimization for different piezoelectric actuators and has another potential application for material parameter identification.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Basic equations3. Static analysis based on the Airy stress function method3.1. Thermal filed3.2. General solution3.3. FGPM actuator3.4. FGPM thermal sensors4. Numerical results and discussion4.1. Comparisons and effect of the electromechanical coupling (EMC)4.2. Parametric studies for FGPM actuators4.3. Parametric study for FGPM thermal sensors5. Results and conclusionsAcknowledgementsAppendix A. AppendixReferencesVerification of a commercial implementation of the Macro-Monte-Carlo electron dose calculation algorithm using the virtual accelerator approach?Zeitschrift fr Medizinische PhysikIn this work, the accuracy of the implementation of the Macro Monte Carlo electron dose calculation algorithm into the radiation therapy treatment planning system Eclipse is evaluated. This implementation C called eMC C uses a particle source based on the Rotterdam Initial Phase-Space model. A three-dimensional comparison of eMC calculated dose to dose distributions resulting from full treatment head simulations with the Monte Carlo code package EGSnrc is performed using the virtual accelerator approach. Calculated dose distributions are compared for a homogeneous tissue equivalent phantom and a water phantom with air and bone inhomogeneities. The performance of the eMC algorithm in both phantoms can be considered acceptable within the 2%/2?mm Gamma index criterion. A systematic underestimation of dose by the eMC algorithm within the air inhomogeneity is found.ZusammenfassungIn dieser Arbeit wird die Implementierung des Macro-Monte-Carlo Dosisberechnungsalgorithmus fr Elektronen im Bestrahlungsplanungssystem Eclipse untersucht, welche dort eMC genannt wird. Als Quellenmodell dient ein modifiziertes Rotterdam Initial Phase-Space model. Unter Verwendung eines virtuellen Beschleunigers werden dreidimensionale Dosisverteilungen, resultierend aus Monte-Carlo-Beschleunigerkopfsimulationen mit EGSnrc, mit denen des Bestrahlungsplanungssystems verglichen. Ein homogenes gewebe?quivalentes Phantom und ein Wasserphantom mit Inhomogenit?ten aus Luft und Knochen werden hierzu verwendet. Die Dosisberechnungsgenauigkeit in beiden Phantomen basiert auf einem Gamma-Index-Test mit 2%/2?mm akzeptabel. In Luft findet eine deutliche systematische Untersch?tzung der Dosis durch den eMC-Algorithmus statt.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Methods2.1. Electron Monte Carlo (eMC) Algorithm2.2. Virtual Accelerator Approach2.3. EGSnrc calculations2.4. Phantoms2.5. Dose comparison3. Results and Discussion3.1. eMC Input Data3.2. Homogeneous Phantom3.3. Trachea and Spine Phantom4. ConclusionAcknowledgementsZwitterionic imidazolium compounds with high cathodic stability as additives for lithium battery electrolytes?A series of imidazolium-based zwitterionic compounds having both a propylsulfonate group at 3-position and an ester group at 1- or 2-position are synthesized and their interactions with LiPF6 are investigated. FT-IR study and theoretical calculation using density functional theory show that the interactions of the zwitterionic compound with LiPF6 varies significantly with the location of the ester group on the imidazolium ring. The electrochemical stability of the imidazolium-based zwitterionic compound is significantly improved by introducing an ester group at the C-2 position of the imidazolium ring. Cycle performance tests show that the initial cell capacity remains almost unchanged up to 100 cycles at 1/2?C when 2.5?wt.% of 2-(acetoxymethy)-1-butylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate is added to the model electrolyte consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) (EC/DMC/EMC?=?1/1/1 v/v/v), whereas the capacity of the cell containing an unsubstituted or methyl-substituted imidazolium compound at the C-2 position, 1-(acetoxymethyl)imidazolium-3-propylsulfonate or 1-(acetoxymethyl)-2-methylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate as an additive, starts to decrease rapidly just after a few cycles.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Experimental2.1. Synthesis of 1-methyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)imidazole (1a)2.2. Synthesis of 1-methyl-2-(acetoxymethyl)imidazole (2a)2.3. Synthesis of 1-methyl-2-(acetoxymethyl)imidazolium-3-propylsulfonate (3a)2.4. Instruments2.5. Computa