高三英语定语从句全分析.doc

授课主题定语从句教学内容课前回顾1.评讲上次的作业2.错题回顾知识梳理知识点1：定语从句重要考点I. 关系代词只能用that，而不能用which的情况：1) 当先行词被为不定代词。如：There is nothing (that) I can say about it.2）先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best basketball match that I have ever seen.3）先行词被the only 或the very修饰时。如：The only thing that we can do is to ask our teachers help. Is this the very museum that you visited the other day?4) 先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时。如：The first English film that I saw was “Oliver Twist”.When foreigners talk about China, the first that comes to mind is the Great Wall.5）被修饰的先行词被any, all, much, no, little, few等修饰时。如：I am interested in all that you have told me. There isnt much that I can do.He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes.6）先行词既包含人又包含物时。例如：They talked about the factories and workers that they had visited.7）先行词是疑问代词时。如：Which is the book that he bought yesterday?Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game?8）先行词在逻辑上充当定语从句的表语时。如：This is no longer the place that it used to be.He is not the man that he was.II. 关系代词只能用which不用that 的情况：1. 引导非限制性定语从句时,例如:She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.2. 当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.在上一例句中,引导词 “which”作了介词 “in”的宾语,所以不可以用 “that”代替。III非限制性定语从句：1. 非限制性定语从句只对主句中先行词作附加说明，关系不密切，如果省去从句，主句所表达的概念依然明确、完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句分开，不能用that连接。如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before. 2. 必须使用非限制性定语从句的情况：1) 当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。如：He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot. Basketball, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world. 2) 当定语从句由“代词/数词/名词/形容词比较级、最高级等+of+which/whom”引导时。如：China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan.3) 当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如：They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.They moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time. IV. 其他情况：1. 定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词，which, as 可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。 They have invited me to dinner, which is very kind of them. He disliked the girl, as was expected .2. 偶尔也用but引导定语从句，这种情况已经比较少见了。There is not one of us but wishes (= who does not wish) to improve our English.我们没有一个人不想提高英语水平。3. 关系代词在从句中主语时，从句中的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。The students who are in Grade 3 are going to climb the hill. 4. 分隔定语从句，定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间有其他的成分隔开如定语，状语或谓语。 There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand. 他的眼中有一种我不能理解的神情。This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.He was the only person in this country who was invited.5. 定语从句时态的简化。如果主句动词是将来时，从句动词表示的动作与主句动作发生在同一时间，从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。但是如果从句动作是指不同于主句动作的将来时间，则两部分都要用将来时。 There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks. 任何人在下两周内定做衣服都将享受优待价格。 Those who will go to tomorrows show will have to come this afternoon to get their tickets. 明天去看演出的人今天下午来取票。6. 引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+ which” 来代替。 This is the room in which (= where) Lu Xun once lived. 7 以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，也可以省略。 The way in which/ that/ / he answered the question was surprising.8具体的地点名词后可以接where从句，但其他如case, point, situation, condition, job等表示“情况，方面”的名词也同样加where从句，这种用法源于“in this case, at this point, in this situation, under the condition”等短语，例：There are many cases where this rule does not hold good. 在很多情况下，这条规则都不适用。He had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy.I will show you the point where you fail.This is a job where you can learn something.He left his hometown in 2002 since when he has never come back.V. 保持主句的完整性 在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。eg：Is this the book you bought yesterday? Is this book the one you bought yesterday?注意：这点可以利用句子成分进行讲解，因为定语不是一句话的基本成分，那么定语从句也就不是基本成分，所以主句肯定是完整的，同样原理，状语从句和同位语从句的主句也是完整的。 知识点2：定语从句中易犯的错误由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：1)、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。 如：1误Some of the boys I invited them didnt come 正Some of the boys I invited didnt come 译 我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。 析 应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom， who或that。 2误The book that you need it is in the library 正The book that you need is in the library 译 你需要的书在图书馆里。 析 应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。 2)、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。 如：1误Anyone who break the law will be punished 正Anyone who breaks the law will be punished 译 任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。 析 应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。 2误Those who has finished may go home 正Those who have finished may go home 译 做完了的人现在可以回家。 析 应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。 3误He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school 正He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school 译 他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。 析 应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。 4误This is one of the rooms that is free now 正This is one of the rooms that are free now 译 这是目前空着的房间之一。 析 应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。 3)、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。 如：1误Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 正Children whothat eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 译 吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。 析 应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 2误The key opens the bike is missing正The key thatwhich opens the bike is missing 译 开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。 析 应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 4)、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。 如 ：1误The house where he lives in needs repairing 正The house where he lives needs repairing 或The house he lives in needs repairing 译 他住的房子需要修理。 析 应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。 2误I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing 正I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing 或I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing 析 应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。 5)、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。 如：1误I still remember the day when we spent together 正I still remember the day thatwhich we spent together 译 我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。 析 应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。 2误This is the house where we lived in last year 正This is the house whichthat we lived in last year 译 这是我们去年住过的那个房子。 析 应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。 6)、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。 如： 1误Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？ 正Have you asked her for the reason thatwhich may explain her absence？ 译 你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？ 析 应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。 2误I dont believe the reason why he has given for his being late 正I dont believe the reason thatwhich he has given for his being late译 我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。 析 应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是少原因状语 。 7)、误将强调句型当定语从句。 如 ：1误It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out 正It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out 译 大火发生在厨房。 析 应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。 2误Was it because it snowed last night when you didnt come？ 正Was it because it snowed last night that you didnt come？ 译 你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？ 析 应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it snowed last night， you didnt come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。例题讲解1. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _ invited to his wedding.A. whomB. themC. whichD. who【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A。比较：(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ carried out in their work.A. whichB. themC. whatD. that答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ were carried out in their work.A. whichB. themC. whatD. that答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _ were carried out in their work.A. whichB. themC. whatD. that答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。2. The buses, most of _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. thatB. itC. themD. which【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses。【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D：(1) His house, for _ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.A. thatB. itC. themD. which(2) Ashdown forest, through _ well be driving, isnt a forest any longer.A. thatB. itC. themD. which(3) This I did at nine oclock, after _ I sat reading the paper.A. thatB. itC. themD. which类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：(4) George, with _ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.A. thatB. himC. themD. whom(5) Her sons, both of _ work abroad, will come back home this summer.A. thatB. whoC. themD. whom(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _ were still university students. A. thatB. whoC. themD. whom3. If the man is only interested in your looks, _ just shows how shallow he is.A. asB. whichC. whatD. that【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：(1) If you promise to go with us, _ will be OK.A. asB. whichC. and itD. that(2) If you want a double room, _ will cost another 15. A. asB. whichC. whatD. that(3) Whether you go or not, _ is quite all right with me. A. thatB. whichC. and itD. so(4) When I say two hours, _ includes time for eating. A. asB. whichC. whatD. that巩固练习请找出下列各句中的错误并加以改正：1. This is the factory where we visited last week.wherethat/which或去掉where。2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking.把for放在looking之后。英语中,有些短语动词,介词或副词不可与动词相分离。又如:look after, run into等。3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.whowhom。尽管在口语中who, whom都能作宾语,但在介词后只能用whom。4. The house in that we live is very small.thatwhich。5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow.thatwhich。that不可以引导非限制性定语从句。6. Ive read all the books which I borrowed from the library.whichthat或去掉which。当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.whichthat或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。8. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.whothat。如果先行词既指人又指物时,常用that引导定语从句。9. Everything which we saw was of great interest.whichthat或去掉which。当先行词为something,anything, everything, nothing, all等时,常由that引导定语从句。10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.thatwhich11. The reason which he didnt go to school is that he was ill.whichwhy/which前加for或去掉which。12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.wantswant。定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词一致。13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard.hiswhose14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.themwhom或both前加and。15. Were going to visit the school where your brother works there.去掉there。16. He is the only one of the students who have been invited to the English Evening.havehas。当one of+名词复数作先行词时,从句的谓语用复数;但是当one前有the (only)时,从句谓语要用单数。17. That is the way which they work.whichthat/which前加in或去掉which。18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.Those后加who。19. Who is the man who has white hairs?第二个whothat。当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句常用that 引导, 以避免重复。20. I will never forget the days which we had a goodtime together at the sea.whichwhen或which前加in。 归纳总结使用归纳法总结定语从句的常考重点知识点：仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的八种情况； 把握“介词关系代词”结构中介词的选用；弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别。课后作业1. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest. A. once they grewB. they grew once C. that once grewD. once grew2. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm, _ many people have gone home.A. thatB. whichC. whose timeD. by which time3. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? A. he explainedB. what he explained C. how he explainedD. why he explained4. Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. A. itB. thatC. thisD. which5. When he was working there he caught a serious illness from _ efforts he still suffers. A. whichB. that C. whoseD. what6. Its said that hes looking for a new job, one _ he can get more money to support his family. A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which7. We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer. A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. when8. The little time we have together well try _ wisely.A. spending itB. to spend itC. to spendD. spending that9. The old building, behind _ was a famous church, was _ we used to work.A. that, the placeB. it, the placeC. which, whereD. what, where10. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go. A. whatB. which C. whereD. when11. The modern history of Italy dates from 1860, _ the country became united. A. whenB. ifC. sinceD. until12. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest.A. once they grewB. they grew onceC. that once grewD. once grew13. You could see the runners very well from _ we stood.A. whichB. whereC. thatD. when14. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable.A. which priceB. the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose15. What have you got _ will help a cold? A. whatB. thatC. itD. who16. He was very angry and I can still remember the way _ he spoke to me.A. howB. thatC. whatD. which17. Do you know the man from _ house the pictures were stolen?A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whose18. I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.A. whyB. whichC. asD. where19. Is this all that you need? If you married me, Id give you everything you _.A. wantB. wantedC. had wantedD. are wanting20. I met the teacher in the street yesterday _ taught me English three years ago. A. whichB. whenC. whereD. who 21. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. whereB. whichC. whileD. why22. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is23. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy.A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what24. Their problem today is somewhat similar to _ they faced many years ago. A. thatB. which C. that whichD. it25. I saw some trees the leaves of _ were black with disease. A. thatB. which C. itD. what答案：1. 选 C。先行词是 those，可视为 those flowers 之省略。they once grew 前省略了关系代词 which。全句意为：这儿所养的花是由他们曾在森林里种植的花培养出来的。2. 选D。by which time 引出的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中 by which time 相当于 and by that time。3. 选 A。注意不能选 D，因为动词 explained 缺宾语。4. 选 D。which 指 the