高中英语名词用法详解.doc

名词用法详解名词是用来表示人名、地名、时间名称、事件名称及抽象概念的词，有专有名词和普通名词之分，还有可数名词与不可数名词之分。名词的基本分类1、专有名词：指人或物所特有的名字，通常是人名、地名、书报刊名、团体组织、机关名等。不要带冠词的专有名词表示人名、称呼或头衔的名词。Jack, Mum, Chairman Mao, Uncle Sam表示星期、月份或节日的名词Sunday, October, TeachersDay, National Day, Spring Festival表示国名、地名或城市名的名词China , Guangxi University, Beijing要带冠词的专有名词表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”的专有名词the Greens, 格林一家the Wangs王氏夫妇带有定冠词的其它the United states, the Great Wall, the UN（联合国）,the West Lake, the Yellow River， the China Daily（中国日报）, the People Daily（人民日报），the Olympics例1：The Olympic Games in the year 2008 _ in Beijing of China, which _ known to us all.A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; was C. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is例2：The United states made up of 50 statesA.is b.has C.are D.have2、普通名词：指一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名称。1）个体名词：指作为个体而存在的人或物。bird, car, computer, doctor, message, work, novel, movie2）集体名词：指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。army, class, cattle, family, group, police, public, staff，audience注意：由于本身就是复数意义，通常不再通过加s变成复数，但是在主谓一致关系中要看是否表示整体，如果强调的是组成该集体的个体概念时谓语动词用复数，如果表示整体要用单数。people, police, cattle 作主语时，谓语动词用复数。class, family，team 作整体时，动词用单数。作成员时，动词用复数。例1：1. The whole class _ greatly moved at his words.A. is B. had C. were D. was例2：At present, Zhangs family _rather big, with twelve people in all.A. is B. are C. being D. was 例3：The Smiths family, which _ rather a large one, _ very fond of their old house.A. were; wereB. was; wereC. were; wasD. was; was例4：The team _ having a meeting.A. is B. are C. am D. be例5：In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are3）物质名词：指无法分解为个体的物质、材料、食品、饮料、液体、气体、金属等名称的词。brick, cloth, cotton, earth, glass, paper, plastic, sand, beef, chicken, duck, fish, bread, sugar, water, rain, gas, ink, petrol, smoke, fog, air4) 抽象名词：指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念及学科、疾病等名称的词。honesty 诚实 kindness 仁慈 imagination 想象力 wisdom 智慧patience 耐心 courage 勇气surprise 惊讶 feeling 情感 appreciation 欣赏anger 愤怒 sorrow 悲伤 happiness 幸福 joy 高兴 danger 危险celebration庆祝 blame 责备 behavior 行为 argument争论discovery发现 maths 数学 physics 物理cancer 癌症 honor 荣誉success 成功failure 失败information信息例1：He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching.A. an experience B. much experience C. many experiences D. a lot experience例2：During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks例3：If you dont take much _, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise5）复合名词：是指两个名词直接连在一起构成的复合词。daylight 白昼 birthday 生日 headmaster校长 grandparents 祖父母 bookshelf 书架 passer-by 过路人 swimming pool 游泳池blackboard 黑板 income 收入 outcome 结果，成果sister-in-law 嫂子 father-in-law 岳父 son-in-law 女婿名词的数名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。1、可数名词：能用具体数字来计数的名词。可以单独和冠词、数词连用。如：an engineer,two factories.可数名词复数的规则变化：一般在词尾加-sdeskdesks brother brothersmapmaps bridgebridgesmouthmouths month以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的加-esglassglasses boxboxes brushbrushes watch watchesstomach的复数形式直接加-s。以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，把y变i再加esfactoryfactories countrycountries partyparties familyfamilies以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加-sboyboys monkey monkeystoy toys以-o结尾的词加-s或-espiano pianos photophotosbamboobamboos radio radios zoo zoos kilo kiloszero零 volcano火山有两种复数形式黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿negroNegroes heroheroes tomatotomatoes potatopotatoes以-f或-fe结尾的词： f, fe变为v再加-esleaf leaves halfhalveswife wives knife knivesshelf shelves wolfwolvesthief thieves life livesmyself ourselves为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。直接加-scliff cliffs roof roofsbeliefbeliefs gulfgulfs proof proofshandkerchief有两种复数形式 例1：The _were covered with fallen _.A.roofs;leafs. B.roofs;leaves. C.rooves;leaves. D.rooves;leafs.例2：He has twenty _on his farm.A.cow. B.cattle. C.sheeps D. deers例3：Which do you prefer, _ or _? A.potatos,tomatos B.potatos,tomatoesC.potatoes,tomatos D.potatoes.tomatoes例4：There were a serious damage in these soldiers .A. stomachs B.head C.army D.chest可数名词复数的不规则变化规 则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2中国的计量单位无得数形式li, yuan, jin, 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式dollars,pounds,francs3单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 4只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents5一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff6部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party7复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)8表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans,humans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen9合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, go-between中间人，媒人go-betweens 用man/woman 作定语的名词，两者要变为复数。women singers, men servantswoman teacher women teachers man doctor men doctorsman cook men cooks woman writer women writers10以s结尾，仍为单数的名词maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。news 是不可数名词。the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。11表示由两部分构成的东西glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers12英语中的某些外来词，其复数变化很特殊bacterium bacteria细菌penny pennies/pence便士medium media媒体datum data资料phenomenon phenomena现象formulaformulae公式basis bases基础 thesis theses论文crisis crises危机13其他的复数形式年份：加s或s the 1980s （或1980s ）二十世纪八十年代缩写词：加s或s VIPs 或VIPs （贵宾们）英文字母等，加s Mind your ps and qs.14名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系），相当于偏正词组，只变主要名词room numbers coffee cups shoe factories geography lessons tooth brushes power plants welcome parties heart troubles 15有的名词习惯于用复数作定语，也只变主要名词。parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会) 英语中修饰可数名词复数的词组有;many,many a,lots of/a lot of,a great/good number of,plenty of,a few/quite a few,few等。例1：I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes.A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot例2：Here are so many at the foot of the mountain.A.wolf B.horse C.cow D.sheep例3In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many例4：Since 1974 there have been two in this city.A.woman mayors B. woman mayor.C. women mayors D.women mayor例5：He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.A. comrade-in-arms C. comrades-in-armB. comrades-in-arms D. comrade-in-arm例6：There are four and two in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese,German D.Japanese, Germans例7:There are six and seven in the pondA.ducks;gooses B.duck;goose C. duck;geese D. duck;geeses例8：Physics _ with matter and motion.A. deal B. deals C. dealing D. are例9：_is standing at the corner of the street.A. A police B.The police C. Police D. A policeman2、不可数名词：不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词。一般情况下，不可数名词没有数的变化，不可直接与不定冠词aan和数词连用，但是，在下列情况下，不可数名词可以转化为可数名词。例1：The teacher praised him for _he had_.A. the progressmade B. the progressesmadeC. a progressmade D. progresstaken分析：progress是不可数名词，不能变复数或与a连用；根据词组make progress，只选A项。例2：He gains his _ by printing _of famous writers.A .wealth, workB. wealths, worksC. wealth, worksD. wealths, work分析：wealth意为“财富”，是不可数名词，works表示“著作、作品”，故选为C项。例3：James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television.A. room B. area C. field D. position例4：The room was small and contained far too _.A.much new furniture C. much new furnituresB.many new furniture D. many new furnitures例5：Let me give you _.A.some advice. B.advices C. an advice D.the advice.1）可转化为可数名词的物质名词paper 纸 a paper 报纸；试卷；论文 wind 风 a wind 一阵风waters 水域；领海sands 沙漠；沙堆；沙丘 foods 各种各样的食品例1：What lovely _ you have!A. a hair B.hair C. hairs D. of hair例2：Look at _that dog left on the chair. A.hair B.hairs C.a hair D. the hairs2）可转化为可数名词的抽象名词抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时，变为可数名词，可被a/an修饰，也可有复数形式，表示“某种人或事”。beauty 美人或美丽的事物 comfort 令人感到安慰的人或事danger 令人感到危险的人或事 envy 令人羡慕的人或事failure 失败的人或事物 honor 令人感到荣耀的人或事joy 令人高兴的人或事 pity 令人遗憾的人或事物pleasure 令人感到高兴的人或事 shame 令人感到可惜，可耻的人或事shock 令人感到吃惊的人或事 success 成功的人或事trouble 造成不便或困难的人或事 wonder 令人感到神奇的人或事物surprise 令人感到惊讶的人或事have a cold/fever/cough/headachewith a pleasure,its a pleasure例1：its great to taste different snacks in BeijingA.so;fun B.such a;fun C.such;fun D.too;funny注意：受汉语习惯的影响，以下不可数名词容易被误认为是可数名词：advice 建议 information 信息 news 消息 friut水果room空间fun 乐趣 weather 天气 furniture 家具 equipment 设备有些名词既可以充当可数名词，又可以充当不可数名词，需灵活把握。She keeps many chickens. 她养了很多小鸡。I dont like chicken. 我不喜欢吃鸡肉。3）可用作可数名词的专有名词。（即专有名词具体化）How I wish to be a Newton.我是多么想成为牛顿式的人物啊!A Dick is asking to see you.一个叫狄克的人想见你。Therere two Marys in my class. I often confuse them.我们班有两个叫玛丽的，我经常混淆她们。例1：There are four _at _, waiting for his coming back. A.Johns;doctors B.Johns;the doctors.C.Johns;doctors. D. Johns; the doctors不可数名词的数量表示法：不可数名词的数量一般用some, much, a lot of, lots of, a little, little,plenty of,a mount of,a deal of等数量形容词表示。如：some meat 一些肉 a lot of money 一些钱 a little water 一点水例1：She didnt know _ he had been given.A. how many information C. how many informationsB. the number of information D. how much information例2：Nowadays people usually get information from TV,newspaper and the internet.A.quite a few B.a number of C.a lot D.a mount of不可数名词的数量还可以用适当的量词作单位来表示。结构为“数词量词 of 不可数名词”。其单复数形式体现在普通名词上。a piece of paper 一张纸three pieces of paper 三张纸注意：1）表示数量：piece 张（片、块、份）；article 件；item条；block大块；set台，套a piece of apple pie 一块苹果派 two pieces of paper 两张纸a few bits of wood几片木柴 some articles of furniture 几件家具four items of news 四条消息 a block of ice 一大块冰2）以形状表数量：cake 块；bar 条；slice 薄片；pile 堆；loaf 块；drop 滴 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力 a slice of meat 一片肉 a drop of water 一滴水3）以容器表数量：glass 杯；cup 杯；bowl碗；box盒；spoonful勺a glass of beer 一杯啤酒two cups of tea两杯茶three bowls of rice三碗饭 some boxes of chalk几盒粉笔例1：Please pass me .A.two glass of water B.two glasses of watersC.two glasses of water D. two glass water例2：Would you mind giving him _? A.an advice B.an information C.a news D. a message要求用名词复数形式的部分短语make preparations for 为做准备 make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友shake hands with sb. 与某人握手 take pains to do sth. 努力做某事give regards to sb. 向某人致意 make both ends meet 收支平衡fix ones eyes upon 关注；凝视 keep ties with 同保持联系be in high spirits 兴致勃勃 in ones thirties 在某人三十几岁时do repairs 进行修理 have words with sb. 与争吵in words 用语言 thousands of 数千scores/dozens of 许多 take turns 轮流例1：The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.A. many preparations B. much preparationC. preparations D. preparation例2：Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.A. an ash B. the ash C. ash D. ashes例3：He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_.A. little wage B. few wage C. wage D. wages注意：1. 在hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen等词作定语时，前面若有具体数字或有several, a few等修饰词时，hundred, thousand等这些词不用复数，后面也不用of。two million people 200 万人 several dozen eggs 好几打鸡蛋2.当前面没有具体数字来修饰而表示笼统数字时，hundred，thousand,million,billion,score,dozen等词需加s，后再接of。hundreds of bees 数百只蜜蜂 dozens of eggs 好几打鸡蛋3.被修饰的名词前有these, those或被them 代替时，尽管前面有具体数字，hundred 等词后面也需加of。I want two dozen of these eggs.例：There are_ birds in that big tree.A. hundreds of B. five hundreds of C. five hundred of D. hundred of名词所有格1.s 所有格 用在有生命的人或动物之后通常情况下，在名词的词尾加s。the doctors degree 博士学位 Mr. Smiths car 史密斯先生的车Marxs works 马克思的著作 my fathers hat 我爸爸的帽子the dogs food 狗食在以-s 结尾的名词复数后加。the teachers office 老师的办公室 the girls school 女子学校the students books 学生用书 合成名词一般在最后一个词后面加s。my father-in-laws study 我岳父的书房 the grown-ups duty 成年人的责任注意：当else 用在不定代词后面时，若表示所有格时，在else后加s。 Youd better listen to everybody elses opinion.以and连接的两个名词的所有格有两种构成方式。两个或两个以上名词共同拥有某物时，只在最后一个名词后加s。Japan and Germanys problem 日本和德国共同的问题Li Ming and Wei Fangs desk 李明和魏芳的书桌（两人共有）表示两个或两个以上名词分别拥有时，每个名词后都要加s。Japans and Germanys problems 日本和德国各自的问题Li Mings and Wei Fangs desks 李明的书桌和魏芳的书桌例1：September 10 is DayATeachersB.TeachersC.TeacherD.Teachers例2：This is _ room. The twin sisters like it very much.A.Lucys and Lilys B.Lucys and Lily C.Lucy and Lilys 例3：Whose umbrella is it? Its _.A. somebody elses B. Somebody elseC. Somebodys elses D. Somebodys else在表示“某人家”“店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词。at Mr. Greens 在格林先生家 at the tailors 在裁缝店at the barbers 在理发店 at the doctors 在诊所at the butchers 在肉铺例1:John Smith had his clothes made at .A.tailor B. tailors C. tailors D. tailors例2：_rooms are both large and comfortable. A.Jacks and Janes B.Jack and Janes C.Jacks and Jane D.Jack and Jane.注意：有六类名词，虽然无生命，但也用s。时间：todays newspaper 3 hourswalk距离：a stones throw 度量：a pounds weight 国家：Chinas development城市：Harbins water supply团体：the companys boss the schools master例1：The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk A . a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours例2：After walking for two hours, we stopped to take _res