人教版必修五Unit 3 Life in the future grammar学案.docx

unit 3 life in the future grammar学案过去分词 过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当状语、定语等成分。过去分词与现在分词作状语 过去分词表完成、被动，与主句主语之间是被动关系；现在分词表进行，主动，与主句主语之间是主动关系。如果一个被动的动作发生在谓语动词之前，则可使用现在分词的完成被动式或过去分词。过去分词表完成、被动，作状语时，其逻辑主语是主句的主语，且与主语之间存在着被动关系。过去分词作状语可表时间, 原因，让步，结果，方式，条件等。观察下列的句子：once published, his works (=once his works was published,) became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line. pp作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。 过去分词作时间状语1. when it is heated, ice will be changed into water. =when heated, ice will be changed into water. 2. when it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed. =seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. 过去分词作原因状语1. since/ as she was given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. =given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. 2. because it was done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes. =done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes. 过去分词作条件或者假设状语1. if they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. =given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. 2. if i am compared with you, we still have a long way to go. =compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 作方式或伴随情况状语1. the hunter left his house, followed by his dog. =the hunter left his house, and he was followed by his dog.2. she sat by the window, lost in thought. =she sat by the window, and she was lost in thought.lost表示一种迷失心理状态 总结：1.过去分词在句子中可以作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语和让步状语等；2.过去分词作状语时，过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致。如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代。（此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。）例：the murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是his hands，而不是句子的主语the murderer，而his hands对于动词tie来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选d。 注：过去分词有两大特点：1.表示被动的动作；2.表示已经完成的动作，因此，当过去分词作状语的时候一定要搞清楚分词与主语的逻辑关系被动。例如：rewrite with proper conjunctionsexample: united we stand, divided we fail. =if we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided, we will fail.1. asked what had happened, he told us about it. when he was asked what had happened, he told us about it.2. well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.because he was well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.3. given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. if we were given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. 4. once translated into chinese, the book became very popular among chinese teenagers. once it was translated into chinese, the book became very popular among chinese teenagers. 5. deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor. because she was deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor. 6. left alone at home, sam did not feel afraid at all. although he was left alone at home，sam did not feel afraid at all. 用过去分词作状语来改写句子。1. as i was worried about the journey, i was unsettled for the first few days.worried about the journey, i was unsettled for the first few days.2. if he is given time, hell make a first-class tennis player.given time, hell make a first-class tennis player.3. as i was confused by the new surroundings, i was hit by the lack of fresh air.confused by the new surroundings, i was hit by the lack of fresh air. 4. when he was questioned by the police about the fire, he became tense. questioned by the police about the fire, he became tense. find out the sentences with same meaning. 1. as i was worried about the journey, i was unsettled for the first few days.=worried about the journey, i was unsettled for the first few days.2. while i was confused by the new surroundings, i was hit by the lack of fresh air. =confused by the new surrounding, i was hit by the lack of fresh air.3. as i was exhausted, i slid into bed and fell fast asleep. exhausted, i slid into bed and fell fast asleep.compare1. following the old man, we went upstairs.we followed (跟着那个老人, 我们上去了)2. followed by the old man, we went upstairs. (we were) (被那个老人跟着, 我们上去了)3. 从上面看,体育场好像一个鸟巢。_ from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest.a. seeing b. seen4. 从太空看, 宇航员看不到长城。_ from the space, the astronaut can not discover the great wall.a. seeing b. seendifference between the present participle and the past participleused for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧.using the book, i find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用. looking at her, he jumped with joy. looked at by her, he jumped with joy.注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别1. 逻辑关系现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。1） 现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。he went out, shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2） 过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better. 如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难时，我们必须设法克服。3） 部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示“被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost in（陷入某种状态）、seated（坐着的）、hidden（躲着）、stationed（驻扎）、lost/absorbed（沉溺于）、 born in（出身于）、dressed in（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）等。lost/absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考中，所以他没有听到那个声音。born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it. 出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。2. 时间概念过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示“一种状态”，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式(doing)表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)常和表示次数的短语及时间段(for+一段时间)连用，表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动动作”，这种情况下不能用过去分词替换，其它情况下通常被过去分词所替换，使句式更简洁。written in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。reading carefully, he found something he hadnt known before. 他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。having finished his homework, he went home. 完成了作业，他就回家了。having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made. 进行了几次讨论后，终于做出了决定。 1. (2014德州模拟)the boy was sitting in his chair leisurely, _in the magazine he was reading.a. being absorbed b. absorbing c. to be absorbed d. absorbed解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：那个男孩悠闲地坐在椅子上, 沉浸于他所读的那本杂志之中。本题考查非谓语动词作状语的用法，需判断该动词与句子主语的关系。absorb与the boy之间为被动关系(be absorbed in意为“沉浸于”)，因此应用其过去分词形式。答案：d2. (2014陕西五校二模)_the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.a. being offered b. to offer c. having offered d. offered解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：在毕业典礼上发言的机会让我万分高兴。根据句意可知，made之前的部分在句中作主语，故应用动词ing形式，且offer与the opportunity之间为动宾关系，所以选a项。答案：a3. (2014佳木斯一中调研)_with the increasing unemployment, many people went on strike in most of the european countries.a. facing b. being faced c. faced d. having faced解析：考查非谓语动词。此处考查be faced with.短语，意为“面对”，放句首时be动词可以省略。空格处是过去分词作状语，(many people were faced with the increasing unemployment)，故选c。答案：c4. (2014南京一模)_that the youth olympic games might be delayed due to severe air pollution, our government has made a promise to jacques rogge that they will spare no effort to settle the problem.a. warned b. having warned c. warning d. being warned解析：考查非谓语动词。句子的主语our government和warn构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以此处用动词的ed形式作状语。答案：a5. (2014河南豫北三校联考)_in the bank robbery, tod was arrested by the local police early in the morning.a. involving b. involved c. to involve d. to be involved解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：因为参与了银行抢劫案，托德一大早就被当地警方逮捕了。involved in.because tod was involved in.，在句中作原因状语，involve与tod之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用involve的过去分词形式。答案：b基础演练一、用所给词的适当形式填空1. when _(ask) why he was late, he went red.2. deeply _(move) by the story, she began to cry.3. he walked out of the house, _(follow) by his pet dog _(name) snoopy.4. even if _(invite), i wont attend the evening party.5. the house _(paint) white, we like it better.6. the _(light) candle lighted/lit up the room.7. when _(travel), you should take care of yourself.8. _(see) the picture, i couldnt help thinking of his good old days.9. people are trying to make the once _(pollute) rivers clean.10. _(encourage) by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.答案：1.asked2.moved3.followed; named4.invited 5. ling8.seeing 9. polluted10.encouraged二、单项填空1. the strikers and the employer have reached a _ over new working conditions.a. agreement b. information c. settlement d. suggestion2. new ways have to be found to _ of waste materials and poisonous gases so that we can have cleaned surroundings.a. deal b. do c. remove d. dispose3. how exciting! i drove my new car _ a speed of 110 km/h on sunday morning.a. for b. at c. in d. on4. be patient, please. mr. wang will arrive _.a. in an instant b. in instant c. after an instant d. after instant5. the desert is moving south and _ many good fields.a. making up b. speeding up c. swallowing up d. staying up6. it is difficult to imagine his _ the decision without any consideration.a. accept b. accepting c. to accept d. accepted7. english is understood all over the world _ turkish(土耳其语) is spoken by only a few people outside turkey itself.a. while b. when c. as d. since8. now i find the problem _.a. easy to work out b. easily to work it outc. to work out easily d. is easy to be worked out9. your ceiling requires _.yes, ill have some workers _ it.a. mending: to mend b. mending: mendc. to mend: mend d. to be mended: to mend10. i wonder if i could use your telephone._.a. i wonder how b. i dont wonderc. sorry, its out of order d. no wonder, here it is答案：1.c2. d 3. b 4. a5. c6. b7. a 8. a 9. b 10. c巩固提高一、.将下列句子改成用过去分词作定语或状语的句子。1. we have been told to read the book. it was written by a news reporter._2. prices of daily goods which are bought through a computer can be lower than store prices._3. because it was done in a hurry，his homework was full of mistakes._4. if the trees were given more water，they could grow much better._5. when it is seen from the top of the hill, chongqing looks very beautiful at night._答案：1. we have been told to read the book written by a news reporter.2. prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.3. done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.4. given more water, the trees could grow much better.5. seen from the top of the hill, chongqing looks very beautiful at night.二、短文改错last summer i go to america and studied at a language school. i had many wonderful experience, but i also had a sad one. one day, the school held party, where i invited to talk about tianjin. after that they asked me a lot of things about china. but i couldnt explain them with english clearly. i felt sadly. i learnt a lesson from this experience. i have already studied english for eight years, i cant use it very good. i must work hard to improve my spoken english so that i will not be able to communicate freely with foreigners. i hope i can be a bridge between china and others countries in the future.答案：last summer i to america and studied at a language school. i had many wonderful , but i also had a sad one. one day，the school held party, where i invited to talk about tianjin. after that they asked me a lot of things about china. but i couldnt explain them english clearly. i felt .i learnt a lesson from this experience. i have already studied english for eight years, i cant use it very .i must work hard to improve my spoken english so that i will not be able to communicate freely with foreigners. i hope i can be a bridge between china and countries in the future.一、单项填空1. _from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.a. seen b. seeing c. having seen d. to see2. the experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if_ regularly, can improve our health.a. being carried out b. carrying outc. carried out d. to carry out3. though _to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.a. surprising b. was surprisedc. surprised d. being surprised4. _ not to miss the flight at 1520, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.a. reminding b. remindedc. to remind d. having reminded5. _ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.a. being encouraged b. encouragingc. encouraged d. having encouraged6. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.a.