时态语态细学 (2).doc

动词的时态和语态表示动词的动作或状态的时间指向的动词形式叫动词的时态。动词的时态是动词的属性之一。动词常见时态有哪些？1 一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时现在完成时过去完成时 将来完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去将来时一般现在时怎样使用？（要求作出翻译， 表明是这种时态的哪种用法）1. My father never takes a bus but walks to his office. 2. Water boils at 100.3. The plane takes off at six past five. 4. (1) Ill let you know as soon as I hear from him. (2) We shall not have a discussion unless we have time. 5. There goes the bell.6. The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 7. I hope they have a nice time next week. 一般现在时表示经常反复发生的习惯性行为动作或所处的状态。常见时间状语有：often，usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never等。 一般现在时主要用法有：1表达经常反复发生的习惯性动作； 2表达一般事理或客观真理；3表达机场，车站，码头等的日程表安排；4在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中表将来；5在here，there等引起的倒装句中表进行；6在戏剧，电影说明文字中常用一般现在时现在进行时怎样使用？翻译下列句子，指出现在进行时的时态含义1. Hold on! I am writing a letter. 2. Cheers! I know you are translating a famous novel. 3. Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai. 4. We are having the midterm examination next month. 5. (1)He is always helping others. (2)She is always complaining. 6. Its getting colder and colder.现在进行时一般表达说话时间或现阶段正在发生的动作，常见时间状语有now，at the moment，at present。主要用法有：1表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作；2表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时不一定正在进行); 3表将来。用进行时表将来的动词通常为短暂性动作或表示位置转移的动词用进行时，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等；4表示按既定计划，不轻易更改的安排；5常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表达说话人或褒或贬的感情，如赞扬，敬佩，羡慕，遗憾，讨厌或不满等。6表示渐变动词，如become, turn, get, grow, run, go, begin用于进行时态表示一个逐渐变化的过程。 现在完成时怎样使用？翻译下列句子，指出现在完成时的时态含义 1. My daughter has just handed in her duty report. 2. (1) They have been away for two years(2) They have gone away. (3) We have talked for more than 2 hours and lets call it a day. (4) I have worked in China since 1997 and I wont go back to Canada until 2117.现在完成时表示到说话时间为止，动作已经发生或动作、状态已经持续一段时间。1表示动作已经发生或完成，此时该动作通常为短暂意义的动词，如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等。短暂性动作不能与含有一段时间的完成时连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。但可与just, already，yet, never, always, often, before等连用；2表示该动作或状态已经持续一段时间，还可能持续下去。与once, twice, ever, never, today, these days, recently, now, lately, for, since, so far, by now, up to now，in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等时间状语连用。 现在完成进行时怎样使用？翻译下列句子，指出现在完成进行时的时态含义1. Here comes the bus. Ive been waiting for it since eight oclock in the morning. 2. I have been writing a novel and I wont be free until next year. 现在完成进行时的基本含义是动作从过去没有间断地一直持续到现在，可能刚刚终止，也可能持续下去。理解其中“一直”的含义至关重要。既然“一直”持续，短暂性动作不能用于现在完成进行时。时间状语主要为now，these days, this morning, these years等具有连续性意义的时间状语。一般过去时怎样使用？翻译下列句子，指出一般过去时的时态含义1. The train arrived ten minutes ago. 2. I was a newspaper boy in the 1930s. 3. I used to go to school early. 4. Mother said Father didnt like smoked food. 5. If I were you, I would choose to work at home. 6. Its high time that we discussed the problem now.一般过去时通常表示过去一段时间的习惯性动作或状态或过去某一具体时间发生的动作或所处的状态。注意：过去时有时并不实际表示过去的动作或状态。受主句过去时态影响，从句用过去时态；表示虚拟语气时用过去时态。常见的时间状语(举例式)有：yesterday, (two days/) ago，last (year/)，the other day(前几天)，once upon a time(很久以前)，just now(刚才)，in the old days(在过去的日子里)，before liberation(解放前)，When I was 8 years old(当我8岁时)，at (7 oclock/)等。过去进行时怎样使用翻译下列句子，指出过去进行时的时态含义1. This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson2. When I was in Greece, he was studying French3. She was setting the table when it began to shake terribly.4. It was getting dark and the wind was rising.5. In Qing Dynasty, China was always saying Yes to western powers.过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时动词与always, continually, frequently 等词连用时，表示明显的感情色彩。进行时与when连用表达“正在做某事，突然”的意思。短暂性动作用于进行时时，表达“慢慢地”的意思。常见时间状语有this time yesterday/last month/last year等，表达“过去这个时候”的意思。过去完成时怎样使用？翻译下列句子，指出过去完成时的时态含义1. She had visited China twice before she came last year. 2. By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years.3. If I had attended the meeting last night, I would have seen Mr. Li, chairman of the meeting.4. He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 5. I had hoped that nothing would get worse. 过去完成时的基本含义表示在过去某一参照时间或动作之前动作已经发生或到过去某一参照时间或动作为止动作或状态已经持续一段时间。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某动作已发生或某状态已经存在。体会 “过去的过去”或“从过去到过去”是理解过去完成时的关键。具体时间状语有：by过去时间或before过去时间。一般将来时怎样使用？翻译下列句子，指出一般将来时的时态含义1. (1)I will go to Hawaii to attend a fashion show next month. (2)Man will die without air or water. (3)You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 2. (1)My brother is going to learn English next year. (2)There are many black clouds in the sky.It is going to rain.3. (1)You are not to smoke in this room.(2)Tomorrow is still to come. 4. My book is about to be published一般将来时表达说话时间为起点将要发生的动作或存在的状态。一般将来时的表达方式较多：主语will/shall do; 主语be going to do; 主语be to do; 主语be about to do; 时间状语从句和条件状语从句中一般式表将来；短暂性/位移动作动词/既定计划进行时表将来。一般将来时的时间状语为所有表示将来的点时间(如 in 2050) 或段时间(如 between 2050 and 2080)将来进行时怎样使用？This time next week we shall be taking our exams. 将来进行时表示将来某个时间点或某阶段正在发生的动作。表说话者主观上感觉某事即将发生，是对将来动作的预测或期待，强调动作。 除了this time tomorrow/next week/标志性的时间状语外，其他表示将来的时间状语均可用将来进行时，表示将来某个时间点或某阶段正在发生的动作。将来完成时怎样使用？翻译下列句子，指出其时态含义1. By seven oclock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good time. 2. By February next year the foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 将来完成时主要表示到将来某一时间为止将要完成的动作，或表示到将来某一时间为止动作(须为延续性动作)或状态已经持续一段时间，还可能继续下去。主要时间状语有by将来点时间。过去将来时怎样使用？1. They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.2. I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 3. She and I were to meet at an agreed place. 4. Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 过去将来时表示相对过去某时间而言将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。表达形式多样：主语would/should动词；主语was/were going to 动词；主语was/were to动词；主语was/were about动词。一般过去时与现在完成时有何异同？1. (1)I left home 3 years ago. (2)I have been away from home for 3 years.2. (1) I put the book in the drawer. (2) I have put the book in the drawer. 相同：一般过去时与现在完成时的动作均发生在过去。不同：现在完成时强调的是该动作或状态带来的结果对现在的影响，而一般过去时强调的是过去发生了某一动作或有某种状态这样一个事实，其结果不影响到现在。在使用时间状语方面，有具体过去时间，则用一般过去时，短暂性动作不能用于含有一段时间的完成时。现在完成时和过去完成时有何区别？1. (1) We have completed the library.2. (1) We had completed the library by the end of last year. (2) We had been out of touch with each other for 20 years by the day we met again. (2) The head teacher has been back for two days.相同：现在完成时和过去完成时均表示到某一时间为止动作已经完成或状态已经持续一段时间。不同：现在完成时表示到现在为止，可以没有时间状语，而过去完成时一定要有明显的过去参照时间。现在完成时和现在完成进行时有何区别？1. (1)I have read a novel. (2) I have been reading a book. 2. (1)The Mikes have lived here for three decades. (2)The Mikes have been living here for three decades.3. (1)We have finished our performance. (2)We have been doing our performance相同：两者均表示到现在为止的动作或状态。不同：用于现在完成时的动词可以是短暂性动作(只是不接一段时间的完成时)也可以是延续性动作或状态动词，现在完成进行时强调动作在一段时间内正在进行，而且只能限于持续性动作的动词，短暂性动作与状态动词不能用于完成进行时。学习时态应把握好哪些要点？英汉互译，注意动词的形式1. 李经理为什么不在公司？ 他去上海了。2. 自从去年年底以来，公司产量急剧增加。3. 明年这个时候，我会在美国看职业篮球赛。4. 难怪他很累，他一连工作了3个月周末都不休息。5. 我们眼看就要出发，突然接到电话说会议推迟了。6. 我来办公室半个小时了。你快点过来。7. (1)Its three years since we lived here. (2)Its three years since we began to live here.8. (1)Please tell me when hell come here. (2)Please tell me about it，when he comes.通过上述翻译练习，可知要想准确运用动词时态，学习时态应把握好如下要点：1动词时态的基本结构(句型公式)；2要掌握各种时态的常见时间状语：如“明年这个时候”常用于将来进行时；3掌握时态本身的含义。如表达将来时的“be about to do sth.”强调时间逼近的将来，往往表达很快就要发生某事；4注意时态运用时的特定注意事项，如短暂性动作不能用于含有一段时间的完成时；5注意相似表达及各时态之间的异同。如“have gone to”表示“到某地去了”；“ have been to”表示“去过某地”；6注意特殊句式的含义。如：“It is 段时间since主语过去时态”句型中，若过去式动作为延续性动作，则主句时间应从该动作终止时算起。如：Its three years since we lived here.应该理解为“我们从这儿搬家3年了”。因为live是延续性动作，“住”的终止时间就是“不住”，即“搬家”。 Why is Manager Li absent? Because he has gone to Shanghai.The production of our company has sharply increased since the end of last year.I will be watching NBA in America this time next year.No wonder he is tired. He has been working for three months without having a rest at the weekends.We were about to start to have a meeting when a call came informing us that the meeting had been put off.I have been in the office for half an hour and come up to me soon.(1)我们搬家(不住这儿)3年了。(2)我们住这儿3年了。(1)请告诉我他什么时候来这儿。 (2)当他来了时，请告诉我这件事。 动词的语态表达句子主语与谓语动词逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系的谓语动词形式叫动词的语态，其中主谓关系是主动语态，动宾关系是被动语态。动词的语态是动词的属性之一。1一般现在时： 主语am/is/are done 其他2现在进行时： 主语am/is/are being done其他3现在完成时： 主语has/have been done其他4现在完成进行时： 主语has/have been being done其他5一般过去时： 主语was/were done其他6过去进行时： 主语was/were being done其他7过去完成时： 主语had been done其他8一般将来时： 主语shall/will be done其他9将来进行时： 主语shall/will be being done 其他10将来完成时： 主语shall/will have been done其他11过去将来时： 主语should/would be done其他把下列句子改为被动句，如不能改写，简述不能改写的原因1. The parcel has finally arrived.2. I always ask my sister to wash clothes for me3. His parents gave the boy a key to unlock the front door.4. The English call gas petrol.5. It remains a big problem.6. I had my hair cut the other day.7. Who let you touch my books?8. This is the best choice made by you so far.主动形式的简单句中，主谓宾，主谓双宾，主谓宾补三类句子可以改为被动句。改为被动句的关键是句子中有“及物动词宾语”结构。连系动词be(am/is/are)，使役动词have (has/had)，半系动词及所有不及物动词均无被动语态。 主动表被动的句型有哪些？1. This kind of cloth feels soft.2. The library opens at 8 am. and closes at 5 p.m.3. The cloth washes well. 4. When does the concert begin?1半连系动词主动表被动：look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel等；2当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。它们常与cant, wont等连用；3. 在一般现在时的句子中，为表达生动，简洁， read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook，burn, draw, cut, wear等词常与well, easily, quickly 等副词连用，常用主动表被动，表示事物的属性特征；4表示开始和结束的动词begin, start, finish, end可用主动表被动，不强调动作的执行者。 英汉语言语态上是否具有一致性？根据提示完成句子(每空一词)1. 面对困难，决不放弃！Never give up when you _ _ _ difficulties.2. 我对目前的情况深表担忧。I _ _ _ _ the present situation. 3.我的预测后来被证明是有道理的My prediction _ _ _ later.尽管大多数英汉语言在语态表达上基本一致，但并不总是保持一致。有时，汉语的主动语态在英语表达中可能是被动语态，汉语中的被动语态在英语中可能是主动语态。什么是名词性从句？翻译下列句子，说出下列画线部分充当的句子成分1. Who will be in charge of the general affairs hasnt been decided yet. 2. I was told that hot food was well received here.3. The problem is that all of us lack experience4. The news that workers will be better paid next year has spread across the country.5. I quite agree with what you said at the meeting在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的引导词有哪些？1. The trouble that he has lost her address troubles him a lot. 2. Whether the meeting will be put off remains unknown to us. 3. It is because too much rain has fallen this season. 4. What can be done has been done.5. Do you know why he said that? 6. This is where the Red Army lived. 引导名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类1本身无意义，在所引导的名词性从句中也不作成分：that。2本身有意义，但在所引导的名词性从句中不作成分：whether/if, as if/though，because等。3本身有意义，在所引导的名词性从句中也作成分：which，what，who，whom，whoever, whichever，whatever，when，why，where，how用所给动词的适当形式完成句子1. I believe nobody_(live) here.2. Mother said that honest _(be) the best policy.3. Mother told me that the key _(lie) in the smallest drawer.4. The police found the safe_(unlock) by the thief.当主句为一般现在时，从句可以灵活使用各种时态，此时主从句时态重在逻辑上的一致性。当主句为一般过去时，从句只能使用过去的某种时态，此时主从句时态重在形式上的一致性，但如果从句表达客观真理时，从句时态仍然用一般现在时。 名词性从句的语序有何特点？翻译下列句子，注意每组句子的语序特点1. (1)体检前我们可以喝水吗？(2)我不知道体检前我们是否可以喝水。 2. (1)这个民族喜欢游泳还是射箭？(2)考官的问题是这个民族喜欢游泳还是射箭。3. (1)我们为什么应该学好英语？(2)我们为什么应该学好英语不需要进一步解释。Can we drink water before the medical examination? 一般疑问句语序。 I dont know if /whether we can drink water before the medical examination. 引导词后为陈述语序。Does this nation like swimming or horseriding？选择疑问句语序。 The question of the interviewer is whether this nation likes swimming or horseriding. 引导词后为陈述语序Why should we learn English well? 特殊疑问句语序。 Why we should learn English well doesnt need any further explanation.引导词后为陈述语序。名词性从句使用陈述语序。 同位语从句与定语从句有何区别？1. The news that our team has won the game is true. 2. The news that he told me yesterday is true. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别主要有三方面： 1. 从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词主要是idea，fact，news，hope，belief，suggestion，proposal，word，thought，doubt，truth，possibility，promise，order等名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是任何名词，甚至部分代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句，定语从句的先行词逻辑关系上在从句中充当一定成分，同位语从句的名词在从句中不充当任何成分。同位语从句和定语从句的区别主要有三方面： 2. 从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句表达前面抽象名词的具体内容，属于名词性从句的范畴，从句与前面的名词是对等关系，可以在彼此间加上连系动词be(是)。同位语从句和定语从句的区别主要有三方面： 3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别 (1)有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。同位语从句和定语从句的区别主要有三方面： 3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别 (2)引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语，表语或宾语指物时还可以用which代替；指人时还可以用who(m)代替，并且作宾语时常常省略。that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用其他词语代替。主语从句与强调句型有何区别？1. It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 2. It happened hat nobody was on wattch when the electricity was cut off. 3. It is at dawn that the murder took place. 4. It is important that we should arouse the awareness of self protection5. It occurred to me that he had informed me of the dos and donts in the examination画线部分为主语从句的句子为：1,2,4,5。 共同特点是，从逻辑角度，句中it均可用that从句代替。改写后的句子结构完整，句子意思通顺。含有it作形式主语，而that从句作真正主语的句子中，使用it主要为平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，而在强调句型用法中，it无实际含义，纯为固定结构用词。主语从句与强调句型的区别1主语从句中的it可以用that从句代替，强调句型不可以。如：It is necessary that we should attend the meeting on time.That we should attend the meeting is necessary.2强调句型中It is/was和that之间的部分叫被强调部分，当把It is/was和that三个单词去掉时，被强调部分可以还原到句子适当位置，而在含有主语从句的句子中It is/was和that之间的部分叫表语，不可 置于其他位置。怎么区别名词性从句中的whether 和if?用whether 或if填空1. _ the meeting will be held in the meeting room or in the open is not known to us. 2. The problem is _the students can understand the teacher speaking English all through the class.3. Their doubt _Chinas economy will keep advancing at high speed is worth considering. 4. The decision depends on _ we can collect enough money5. I do care _ or not the assessment is objective.6. If you dont know_ your colleague is reliable or not, try to believe in him or her first.在名词性从句中whether 和if 含义均为“是否”，但用法有区别，主要区别如下：1主语从句只能用whether引导；2表语从句只能用whether引导；3同位语从句只能用whether引导；4和or not连在一起时只能用whether引导；5和or not隔开使用时既可用whether也可用if引导。6一般情况下，宾语从句既可用whether也可用if引导；但是作介词的宾语只能用whether引导。名词性从句中引导词that省略的情况有哪些？1. That money has no smell is accepted by average people. 2. The possibility is that one out of ten can be admitted into key universities.3. The vast majority of students hold the view that parents should have faith in their children.4. It is amazing that the 160cmtall basketball player should play in NBA.5. I sincerely hope that youll make greater progress in your driving.6. I promise that I will keep my promise and that if I break my promise, Id be ready to accept any form of punishment.7. She may tell you, for example, that she is interested in Chinese. 名词性从句中引导词that是否省略的情况如下：1that引