英语词汇学chapter1.ppt

ModernEnglishLexicology Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed LecturedbyLvBing ReferenceBooks ReferenceBooks 现代英语词汇学 新版 陆国强编著上海外语教育出版社英语词汇学教程张维友编著华中师范大学出版社现代英语词汇学概论张韵斐周锡卿编著北京师范大学出版社 Warm upActivities Questionsi Whatdoyouknowaboutthiscourse ii Whatdoyouexpecttolearnfromthecourse iii Thecontentofthecourse iv Howtolearnthecourse Linguistics Lexicology I IntroducinglanguageSound PhoneticsPhonologyForm MorphologySyntaxMeaning SemanticsPragmatics II IntroducingLexicology Lexicology itdealswithwordsandword formingmorphemes namely withsignificantunits Itfollowsthattheseelementsmustbeinvestigatedintheirformandintheirmeaning Lexicologically awordisacombinationofform phonological andmeaning lexicalandgrammatical andawordactsasastructuralunitofasentence Chapter1AGeneralSurveyofaWord 1 1DefinitionofawordItiscommonlyagreedthatawordisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofspeechthatcanstandinisolation andthatitistheunityofformandmeaning 1 2Sound meaning Twoschools TheNaturalists TheConventionalistsTheNaturalistsarguethattheoriginoflanguageliesinonomatopoeia thatpeoplebegantalkingbycreatingiconicsignstoimitatethesoundsheardaroundtheminnature Thereisanaturalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning TheConventionalists TheConventionalistsholdthattherelationsbetweensoundandmeaningareconventionalandarbitrary Valid meat English 肉 Chinese thesamephonologicalforms differentmeanings sight site cite 1 3Meaning concept Word concept referentThisdiagramillustratesthatWORDreferstoREFERENTthroughCONCEPT 1 4TwoaspectsofMEANING Aspect1 Denotation theprocessbywhichthewordreferstothereferent Aspect2 Connotation itreferstotheemotionalaspectofaword 1 5Lexicalwords grammaticalwords Contentwords largeandopen noun verb adjective adverb Functionalwords closedset pron prep conj au v determiners someadverb 1 6Lexicalitem vocabulary WordlexicalitemvocabularyLexicalitem aunitofvocabulary dictionary Vocabularyusuallyreferstoacompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage andthewordsandphrasesusedinthevariantsofalanguage e g dialect register terminology 1 6Lexicalitem vocabulary Activevocabulary vocabularythatoneuses Passivevocabulary vocabularythatoneunderstands TheEnglishvocabularyischaracterizedbyamixtureofnativewords whicharemostlyofAnglo Saxonorigin andborrowedwords loanwords 1 7SourceandgrowthofEnglishvocabulary i ViewedfromthehistoricalperspectiveThreeperiodsofdevelopment OEMEME Threeperiodsofdevelopment OldEnglish Anglo SaxonEnglish 449 1100AD MiddleEnglish 1100 1500AD ModernEnglish 1500 present TheOldEnglish 449 1100 ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngles Saxons andtheJutesfromabout450AD ThelanguagetheyspokewasAnglo Saxon whichreplacedtheCelticspokenbytheformerinhabitantsCelts TheOldEnglish 449 1100 ThevocabularyofOldEnglishwaschieflyAnglo SaxonwithasmallmixtureofOldNorsewordsasaresultoftheScandinavianortheDanishconquestsofEnglandintheninthcentury suchas cake call egg knife take give etc TheEnglishcontinuedtoadoptwordsfromLatinduringtheOldEnglishperiodduetotheAnglesandSaxons variouscontactswiththeRomans suchas candle kettle mountain school cup etc TheMiddleEnglish 1100 1500 MiddleEnglishischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066 SincetheFrench speakingNormansweretherulingclass Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters butthemassescontinuedtospeakEnglish ThelanguagethatemergedatthattimeshowedvastandsignificantchangesintheEnglishvocabulary thelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishwordstockandtheadoptionofthousandsofFrenchwords TheMiddleEnglish 1100 1500 TheNormanConquest William theConqueror theDukeofNormandy invadedandconqueredEnglandandtheAnglo Saxonsin1066AD TheMiddleEnglish 1100 1500 TheFrenchloanwordswerefoundineverysectionofthevocabulary lawandgovernmentaladministration judge jury justice country government parliament state militaryaffairs conquer sergeant victory religion baptism confess divine sermon food beef pork dinner mutton art beauty image design literature chapter poet prose rime andsoon TheMiddleEnglish 1100 1500 TheMiddleEnglishliteraryculturewasmostlyanoralone andliteracylevelswerestilllowatthistime MiddleEnglishpoetryisaparticularlyoralgenre andisoftenstructuredsoastomakeiteasytoremember eitherthroughrhymeorthroughalliteration GeoffreyChaucer TheModernEnglish 1500 present Intheearlystagesofthisperiod theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary Inthisperiod thestudyofclassicswasstressedandtheresultwasthewholesaleborrowingfromLatin Fromthesixteenthcenturyonward Englishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguages themajoronesbeingthethreeRomancelanguages French Spanish andItaly EnglishalsoadoptedwordsfromotherEuropeanlanguages Attheturnofthe19thand20thcenturies asaresultofexploration colonizationandtrade manywordscameinfromnon Europeanlanguages TheModernEnglish 1500 present Sincethebeginningofthiscentury particularlyafterWorldWarII theworldhasseenbreathtakingadvancesinscienceandtechnology Asaresult thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas inventions andscientificachievements Althoughborrowingremainedanimportantchannelofvocabularyexpansion yetmorewordsarecreatedbymeansofword formation CommentontheHistoricalDevelopment InfactEnglishhasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguageinthecourseofitshistoricaldevelopment ThishasmadetheEnglishvocabularyextremelyrichandheterogeneous Englishissupposedtohavethemostcopiousvocabularyofallthelanguages estimatedatmorethanamillionwords Itisalsonotedforitswealthofsynonymsandidioms afactnodoubtduetoitssharingsomanycommonwordswithotherlanguages ii ClassificationofEnglishvocabulary 1 Byorigin nativewords loanwords 2 Bylevelofusage commonwords literarywords colloquialwords slangwords technicalwords 3 Bynotion functionalwordsandcontentwords NativewordsandBorrowedwords NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermantribes theAngles theSaxons andtheJutes Nativewordsdenotethecommonestthingsinhumansociety theyareusedbyallpeople inallplacesonalloccasions andatalltimes Theyarenotstylisticallyspecific Theyareneutralinstyle Begin E commence French brotherly E fraternal F answer E replay F fall E autumn F Borrowedwords loanwordsorborrowings ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary Borrowedwordsaredividedintofourkinds Denizens同化词 theyarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage Eg change changier F pork porc F Aliens 非同化词 theyarewordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeigninorigin Eg Decor 装饰blitzkrieg闪电战kowtow磕头bazaar集市statusquo现状intermezzo幕间剧 Translation loans译借词 translationloansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage Eg mothertongue linguamaterna L longtimenosee CH surplusvalue mehrwert G masterpiece meisterstuck G blackhumour humournoir Semanticloans借义词 Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform buttheirmeanings Semanticborrowingsalsorefertowordswhichhaveacquiredanewmeaningundertheinfluenceofotherlanguages Eg dream originallymeant joy and music modernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse Pioneer oncesignifying explorer onlyor persondoingpioneeringwork hasnowtakenonthenewmeaningof amemberoftheYoungPioneer fromRussian Fresh hasadoptedthemeaningof impertinent sassy cheeky undertheinfluenceoftheGermanword frech Frenchloanwords connectedwithgovernment government administration state crown authority courtconnectedwithreligion religion theology prayer dean lesson clerk devotionWordsconnectedwithLawJustice judgment crime evidence proof blame arrest Wordsconnectedwitharmy Army peace enemy arms captain defense soldier guardWordsconnectedwithfashionandfoodDress cloak collar button boots diamond beef pork mutton bacon biscuit cream sugar orange lemon Wordsconnectedwitharts literatureArt painting learning beauty color figure image tragedy title story pen GreekloanwordsMyth geometry gymnastics tragedy Philosophy prologueLatinloanwordsFormula inertia memorandum area geniusSpainloanwordsGalleon cannibal embargo plaza cargo parade vanilla cigar ItalianloanwordsFresco pedestal sonata colonnade opera quartet costumeGermanloanwordsDock carouse plunder zinc quartz cobalt ArabicloanwordsSultan sheikh fakir harem hookah yashmak bintAustralianloanwordsDingo wombat boomerang billabongJapaneseloanwordsTycoon sushi zen judo karate hara kiri ChineseloanwordsLichi ketchup typhoon loquat sampan kaolin tong iii RapidgrowthofEnglishvocabulary 1 Science technology 2 Socio economic politicalandculturalchanges 3 Theinfluencesofotherculturesandlanguages Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology Explorationofspace moonfall moonwalk moonquake moonscape spacesuit spaceshutter spacestation lander blackhole Ecology environmentalist ecocide ecocrisis airpollution noisepollution thermalpollution visualpollution culturalpollution spiritualpollution graffitipollution eco friendly environment friendly greenproduct greenwealth Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology Computerscience software hardware input output memory online toprocess internetcafeteria onlinecommunication e mail cyberspace database programming virtualcommunities Others transgenicproducts clone nanotechnology behaviourscience bulletintrain instantcoffee bionics sociolinguistics containership greenrevolution Socio economic politicalandculturalchanges incomegap incomeinequality economicinequality wealthdisparity economicpolarization downsizing layoff secondcareer knowledgeworkers crossfunctional Euro creditcard globalizationWatergate apoliticalscandal Irangate Camillagate computerspeak netspeak artspeak biz speak college speak newspeak oldspeak Clintonspeak Socio economic politicalandculturalchanges TVdinner megavitamin soymilk discotheque soulmusic rockmusic folkmusic talkshowsCD compactdiscs VCD videocompactdisk openclassroom openuniversity distanceeducationChairperson chairwoman spo