现在完成时态用法全面总结(个人原创 绝对好用).doc

现在完成时用法小结一、 现在完成时的构成：助动词have（has）+ 过去分词否定式have（has） not+ 过去分词疑问式：havehas not+主语+过去分词；havehas +主+not+过去分词二、 现在完成时态的用法1、表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。这时，谓语动词一般为延续性动词。例如：I have been a teacher for 5 yearssince 5 years ago.（五年前是个时间点。一直持续到现在的的状态，一直在做老师，以后还是老师。） They have lived here for 7 years.（第一层含义，到说话这一刻，一直住在这里，这是一个持续状态。第二层含义，如果他们正在搬家时候说这句话，则说明live这一事实不再持续，到此为止，他们可能要搬去别处住。）u 这一用法的特点：谓语动词为延续性动词；动作发生在过去，持续到现在，并有可能继续下去；和“一段时间”的状语连用。l since+时间段：I have worked in this place since 1990. I have lived in Xian since I left schoolsince 5 years agol for+ 时间点: I have worked in this place for 20 years. I have lived in Xian for 5 years ago.“到目前为止”：until now, ,up to tilluntil now,so far Until now,I have been a monitor for 3 years.(放在句末亦可) Our country has until now, ,up to tilluntil now,so farWon 20 golden medals.l “在最近几个世纪、年、月以来”in over during the past few years,for the last few century,through centuries,throughout the past decades.For the last few decades, great changes have taken place in Beijing.2.表示过去某时发生或完成的某一动作，谓语动词是短暂性动词(对现在造成的影响或结果)。（这一用法对中国学生来说是比较难理解的一种，因为它使用的是短暂性动词和一般过去时态有着比较容易混淆的关系。）例如：（1）I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。（“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）（2）He has broken his leg.他的腿跌断了。（言外之意：现在也许在医院，可能不能参加郊游或者集体活动什么的了）He broke his leg.他过去摔伤过腿。(单纯表示跌断过腿。一种过去的经历，现在腿是好的。)l 注意，现在完成时态不能与明确指出时间的状语连用，比如yesterday,last year,3 days ago.但是可以与不明确表示时间的状语连用。与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：already （”已经” 用于肯定句的中间和末尾处）He has already arrived.often（常常，经常）I have often thought that I were a bird.never (“从不” “从未发生过”用于中间处)I have never seen such a good movie.ever （”曾经” 用于疑问句和肯定句的中间处）She has ever done this.just (“刚刚” 用于中间处) -Would you like something to eat?-No,thanks.I have just had dinner.yet (“已经” 用于疑问句的句末 / “还” 用于否定句的句末)Has he arrived yet?No,he hasnt.I have not returned the book yet.由于这一用法中的谓语动词通常是短暂动词（即动作在短时间或者瞬间终止不再延续），所以不能和“sincefor+一段时间”连用. 这些短暂性动词有：come go leave kill die lose buy give marry join bring heard错例：Mary has bought a new backpack since yesterday.(从昨天起一直在买书包？)X I have bought this backpack for a day.（买书包不可能买了一天，难道一直在讨价还价，废寝忘食的讨价还价么？）X正例：Mary has bought a new backpack.（现在用的是新书包） Mary bought a new backpack yesterday.（昨天买的新书包，买这一动作于昨天发生并结束，没有强调是否现在用着新书包这一感情色彩，只陈述了昨天买书包这一事实）。错例：I have left my home for 3days.（离开这一动作发生了三天吗？）正例：I left my home 3 days ago.（我三天前离开家的。离开这一动作三天前发生并结束了。） I have been away home for 3 days.三天没在家了。但是，短暂性动词的否定式可以用完成时，表示一种尚未发生的持续的状态。比如：I havent seen a beautiful girl for a long time. She hasnt bought a pair of shoes since last year. He hasnt heard from his son since 2005.三、现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去并且有可能结束在过去。试比较：例如：He lived in Beijing for 2 years and then moved to Shanghai（曾在北京住过两年，后来搬去上海了）He has lived in Beijing for 2 years.（在北京住了2年了，还可能住下去或者不住下去，不得而知。除非你看到他正在搬家。）My dad smoked for 2 years.（我爸爸抽过两年烟，现在戒了。抽烟的习惯这一事件动作发生在过去结束在过去）My dad has smoked for 2 years.(我爸爸已经有两年的抽烟史了，现在仍然保佑抽烟这一习惯。)I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年。（表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教了）再利用一个对话对现在完成时态和一般过去时的区别进行一番感受：-Have you seen the movie FINDING NEMO?（询问对这一电影是否看过？强调的是对电影内容是否了解）-Yes,I have.（已看过，知道内容是什么）-When did you see it?（看电影的具体时间）-I saw it last Sunday.（给出具体看电视的时间点 是上周天）-Did you see it alone?-No,I saw it with my parents.(看的时间是一般过去时 昨天看的 并且看这一动作已经结束在昨天)练习：I翻译下列句子：你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？我刚刚丢了我的化学书。我以前从来没去过那个农场。他已经吃过午饭了。你已经看过这部电影了吗？我哥哥还没回来。我上星期看过这部电影。在1992年他住在这里。II 用过去时或现在完成时填空：1. “_ you _ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.” “When _ you _ (have) it?” “I _ (have) it at 12:00.”2. “_ you _ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?” “Yes, I _. I _ (write) one last week.”3. “_ he _ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”4. “_ they ever _ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”5. Your father _ just _ (finish) his work.6. Your father _ (finish) his work just now.7. Last term I _ (learn) many English words.8. They _ (not read) the interesting books yet.9. He _ never _ (go) to the science museum.10. _ you ever _ (drink) coke?11. “_ you _ (buy) a dictionary? “ “Yes, I _ .” “Where _ you _ (buy) it?” “ I _ (buy) it in a bookstore.” “When _ you _ (buy) it?” “ Yesterday.”u have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法1.have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。此外还有这些搭配： have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm / abroad。2.have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。例如： I have just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次例如：I have been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。3.have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。例如：-Where is Tom? -He has gone to the bookshop. 汤姆在哪里？他到书店去了。Jack has gone to London. 杰克到伦敦去了。练习：I. 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。A: Where _ Li Fei _?B: He _ to Hainan Island.A: How long _ he _ there?B: He _ there for three days.A: When will he come back , do you know?B: Im afraid he wont come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _ never _ there.A: How many times _ Li Fei _ to that place?B: He _ there only once. II. 用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。Where is Jack? He _ his country.David _ the park just now.John _ England since he came back.How long _ have _ this village?The Smiths _ Beijing for years._ you ever _ America? - Yes, I _ there many times.I _ this school since three years ago.Where is Jim? He _ the farm.When_ he _? He _ an hour ago.Would you like to _ the zoo with me? -Yes, but I _ there before.Where _ you _ now? - I _ the zoo.He often _ swimming._ you _ there last year?_ they often _ skating in winter?III.翻译下列句子：他已经来中国三年多了。他们出国两个月了。我从来没去过长城。你曾经出过国吗？他已经去图书馆了。他来这儿五年了。昨天他去了公园。“你要去哪里？” “我要去学校。”他常常去游泳。综合练习: I. 用never, ever, already, yet, for, since填空I have _ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.Jack has _ finished his homework _ an hour ago.Mr. Wang has taught in this school _ ten years.“Have you _ seen the film?” “No, I have _ seen it.”“Has the bus left _?” “Yes, it has _ left.”II. 翻译下列句子：他们已经打扫了教室吗？我们已经认识有二十年了。打那以后，她一直住在这。“你曾经到过那里吗？” “不，我从来没到过那里。” III. 用适当的时态填空：1.Shes _ (live) here ever since she was ten.2.Both of them _ (be) in Hongkong for ten days.3.Both of them _ (come) to Hongkong ten days ago.4. Half an hour _ (pass) since the train _ (leave).5. Mary_(lose) her pen. _ you _ (see) it here and there?6. _ you _ (find) your watch yet?7. -Are you thirsty?-No I _ just _ (have) some orange.8. We _already _ (return) the book.9. _ they _ (build) a new school in the village?10. I _(not finish) my homework . Can you help me?11. My father _ (read) the novel twice.12. I _ (buy) a book just now.13. I _ (lost ) my watch yesterday.14. My father _ (read) this book since yesterday.III句型转换：1. He has already gone home.He _ _ home _.(否定句) _ he _ home _? (疑问句)2. He has lunch at home.He _ _ lunch at home. (否定句)_ he _ lunch at home? (疑问句)3. He has been there twice. _ _ _ _ he been there? (划线提问)4. I have lunch at school._ _ you _ lunch. (划线提问)l 其他使用现在完成时的结构：1、Thisthatit is+the+序数词+名词+that+现在完成时态例:This is the third time that Ive come to Beijing. It is the fifth cup of tea that Ive drunk this evening.2、Thisthatit is+the+最高级或only修饰的名词+现在完成时态例：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.That is the only job that he has done.注意，如果is换成was，现在完成时则要换成过去完成时。 u Since 和 for 的用法表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。Since+过去点的时间，for+一段时间（数词+量词），此划线部分用how long提问。1. since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。 如：Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。Hes learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。2.for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。 如：We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。I havent seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。练习：用since和for填空1) _ two years2) _ two years ago3) _ last month 4) _ 19995) _ yesterday6) _ 4 oclock7) _ 4 hours8) _ an hour ago9) _ we were children 10) _ lunch time11) _ she left here1. He has lived in Nanjing _ the year before last.2. Ive known him _ we were children.3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _ three years.4. She has been away from the city _ about ten years.5. Its about ten years _ she left the city.2.短暂性转换延续性arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw. be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be thereHe got to Beijing five minutes ago.He _ _ _ Beijing for _ _.I moved to the USA last year.I _ _ _ the USA since _ _.I went home yesterday.I _ _ _ home for _ _.They came here last week.They _ _ here since _ _.come/go back, return be backcome/go out be outHe came out two years ago.He _ _ _ for _ _.We return to Fuzhou yesterday.We _ _ _ to Fuzhou since _.become beI became a teacher in 2000.I _ _ a teacher for _ _.The river became dirty last year.The river _ _ dirty for _ _.close be closed open be openThe shop closed two hours ago.The shop _ _ _ for _ _.The door opened at six in the morning.The door _ _ _ for six hours.get up be up die be deadleave sw. be away from sw.fall asleep/get tot sleep be asleepfinish/end be over marry be marriedI got up two hours ago.I _ _ _ since _ _.He left Fuzhou just now.He _ _ _ _ Fuzhou for five minutes.My grandpa died in 2002.My grandpa _ _ _for _ _.The meeting finished at six.The meeting _ _ _ for six hours.I got to sleep two hours ago.I _ _ _ since _ _.They married in 1990.They _ _ _since _.start/begin to do sth. do sth.begin be onI began to teach at this school in 1995.I _ _ at this school since _.The film began two minutes ago.The film _ _ _ for _ _.borrow keep lose not havebuy have put on wearcatch/get a cold have a coldget to know knowThey borrowed it last week.They _ _ it since _ _.I boug