初中英语语法学习.doc

区别1：must多表示主观需要或责任感的驱使有必要或有义务去做某事，多译为“必须”，而haveto多表示客观存在的环境所限，即客观要求(无奈)而为之，多译为“不得不干某事”。例：Imustcleantheroombecausetherearetoodirty。(无人强迫)因为太脏了，我必须要打扫房间。Wemustbethereontime.(责任感的驱使)我们一定准时到达。Ihavetodomyhomeworknow。(不得不做)我现在不得不做作业。Ihavetoleaveschoolbecausemyfamilyispoornow。(无奈)因为家里穷了，我不得不退学。区别2：must没有时态的变化，而haveto有时态的变化。例：Damingwashurt.Thedoctorsaidhehadtostayinhospitalforabouttwoweeks.Hisfatherhastogototakecareofhim。大明受伤了。医生说他大概得住院两周，他的父亲得去照顾他。WedonthavetogotoschoolonSundays。星期天我们不必上学。区别3：must的否定为mustnt，多表示“禁令”。例：No!Youmustntturnleft!YoumustturnrightintoTheStrand。不！你不能向左转！你应该向右转进入到strand中。由must引起的疑问句，肯定回答要用must或haveto，否定回答要用neednt或donthaveto，意思是“不必”；此用法在中考中的单选题中容易出现！例：1)MustIfinishmyhomeworkbeforeeightoclock?Yes,youmust。我必须要在8点之前完成作业吗？是的，必须。2)MustIattendthemeeting?No,youneednt/donthaveto.YoucanaskTomtogoinstead。我必须要参加这次会议吗？不。你不必。你可以让汤姆替你去。中考英语交际运用复习问候Greetings介绍Introductions告别Farewells打电话Making telephone calls感谢和应答Thanks and responses道歉和应答Apologies and responses邀请和应答Invitations and responses请求允许和应答Asking for permission and responses谈论天气Talking about the weather购物Shopping问路和应答Asking the way and responses劝告和建议Advice and suggestions禁止和警告Prohibition and warnings约会Making appointments看病Seeing the doctor语言困难Language difficulties祝愿、祝贺和应答Good wishes，congratulations and responses就餐Taking meals意愿Intentions提供（帮助等）和应答Offers and responses问时间或日期和应答Asking the time or date and responses表示肯定和不肯定Expressing certainty and uncertainty请求Requests表示同意和不同意Expressing agreement and disagreement希望和愿望Hope and wish表扬和鼓励Praise and encourage高兴Happiness, pleasure and joy焦虑Anxiety惊奇Surprise安慰Comfort满意Satisfaction遗憾Regrets同情Sympathy求救和恐惧Calling for help and fear喜好和厌恶Likes and dislikes常见标志和说明Some common signs and instructions死记硬背英语语法，往往效果不佳。只会让学生失去兴趣，更加抵触。初中科目比小学多了很多，合理分配时间高效学习才是硬道理。下面就教大家几个初中英语语法的趣味学习方法。解题：无趣是因为众多语法现象、晦涩的语法术语、冗长的规则表述太过繁琐复杂，无法激起兴趣；无味是因为一些传统英语教学过重强调单纯的语法输入，脱离情境枯燥无味。支招：这几种学语法方法很有趣顺口溜法用中文把分散的语法现象编成顺口溜、歌谣等。如，不规则形容词和副词的比较级和最高级，如果分散记忆，很难记全记牢，可以这样处理：第一步：分类汇总。把几个不规则的词按规律汇总：good/well-better-best；bad(ill)/badly-worse-worst；many/much-more-most；few-fewer-fewest，little-less-least；old-older(elder)-oldest(eldest)；far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)第二步：找规律。good和well，一对形容词和副词，比较级和最高级是一样的，它们的反义词bad，badly比较级和最高级也是一样的；many和much，意思一样，一个修饰可数名词，一个修饰不可数名词，但它们的比较级和最高级是一样的，它们的反义词分别是few和little，它们的比较级和最高级不一样，一个规则另一个不规则，为什么把规则的few也放在一起呢？主要是为了对比记忆。至于old和far，分别有两个形似意不同的比较级和最高级。第三步：创新总结。用中文编个简单的顺口溜把这些不规则形容词和副词“一网打尽”：好好坏坏，多多少少，老远老远。详见下表：good-better-best好well-better-best好bad-worse-worst坏badly-worse-worst坏many-more-most多much-more-most多few-fewer-fewest少little-less-least少old-older-oldest老old-elder-eldest老far-farther-farthest远far-further-furthest远思维借鉴法英语中有大量的同义词比较，利用数学符号和表述可节约大量记忆细胞。如each，every表“每一个”作定语时的区别，就可以用这样的符号表示：each2，every3。both，all的区别both=2，all3；neither，none的区别neither=2，none3。数学语言表述法：news不可数名词，paper不可数名词，负负得正newspaper可数名词。图示法：other，another，the other，the others，others的区别： onethe other, oneanother , onethe others, somethe others , someothers.母语迁移法进行英、汉语言对比分析迁移，是学语法的有效方法。如，形容词修饰名词这个概念，就可以这样表述：“美女”，“帅哥”这两个大家最爱听的词就是形容词修饰名词，英语也一样beautiful girls, handsome boys，副词修饰动词这个概念呢？“跑得快，跳得高run fast，jump high”结构也一样，动词在前副词在后。佳句格言法正所谓：“语法语法，熟悉句型就得法”，“一个句子学一个语法”。如，以下每个佳句或者谚语格言都包含一个或几个语法结构：The more，the better.(比较级)，He who knows most speaks least.(定语从句，最高级)。Do in Rome as the Romans do.(状语从句)。Once bitten，twice shy(非谓语动词)。Its not the beard that makes the philosopher(强调句)。对比学习法Go for it教材的词汇量大，记忆单词的同时还要辨析应用同义词。此类题型除单选题中常出现，写作时也免不了要用。这些同义词在语言表达方法和使用场合上不尽相同。如hard和hardly是考点，大家只要记住一句话就可以辨别两词：I hardly believe that it rains so hard.(我无法相信雨会下得这么大)其他仿句：There are many differences between different people.(不同的人有不同的差别)。We are interested in the interesting movie.我们对这部有趣的电影很感兴趣。点亮中考英语作文的15个经典句型中考英语作文想拿高分使用什么样的句子非常重要，如何让这些句子最快速的映入阅卷老师的眼帘呢？今天英语网小编就为大家提供15个经典的英语句型，只要使用的准确、时宜，相信一定会为你的写作加分不少！1 主语+is + the + 最高级+ 名词 +(that)+ I have ever seen (known/heard/had/read)Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen。海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had。张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。Yao Ming is the tallest basketball player that I have ever seen。姚明是我所见过的最高的篮球运动员Liu Xiang is the most hardworking sportsman that I have ever seen。刘翔是我所见过的最勤奋的运动员。2Nothing is more important + than + to do sth.没什么比做某事更重要的事。例句：Nothing is more important than to keep fit。没有比保持健康更重要的事。Nothing is more important than to potect our environment。没有什么比环保更重要的事。Nothing is more important than to gain knowledge。没有什么比学习知识更重要的事。3There is no denying that + S + V (不可否认的)例句：There is no denying that Nothing is more important than to potect our environment.不可否认的，没有什么比环保更重要的事。There is no denying that Lin Zhiling is the most charming actress I have ever seen.不可否认，林志玲是我所见过的最有魅力的女演员。4An advantage of doing sth. is that + 句子(干某事的优点是)例句：An advantage of taking exercises is that it can make us keep healthy.锻炼身体的优点是它可以让我们保持健康。5.The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子(的原因是)例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air。我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。6.The + 比较级 + S + V, the + 比较级 + S + V (愈愈)例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make。你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become。我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。7.By +Ving, xx can xx (通过，能够)例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy。通过做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。By reading, we can get more knowladge. 通过阅读，我们可以获得更多的知识。8.Those who xxx + V（那些的人)例句：Those who break the law should be punished。违法的人应该受处罚。9.That is the reason why xxx (那就是的原因)例句：Summer is hot.That is the reason why I dont like it。夏天很炎热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。10.be closely related to xxx (与息息相关)例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health。 做运动与健康息息相关。11.Get into the habit of + VingWe should get into the habit of previewing and reviewing。我们应该养成预习和复习的习惯。12.Thanks to + N/Ving, xxx(因为，由于) Thank sb. for (doing) sth. 因为感谢某人例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream。因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。Thank you for helping me a lot. 谢谢你帮了我那么多。Thanks to Miss Qins help, I passed the examination。多亏秦老师的帮助，我通过了考试。13.have a great influence on xx (对有很大的影响)例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health。抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。14.In my opinion，就我的看法例句：In my opinion, playing copmuter games not only takes much time but also is harmful to health.就我的看法玩电脑游戏既花费时间也有害健康。15As we all known 众所周知例句：As we all known that Hangzhou is a beautiful city. 众所周知杭州是座美丽的城市。名师指导：如何提高英语完形填空？完形填空是把一篇完整地道的英语文章挖掉其中一些空，然后添加一些容易混淆的选项来混淆学生的视听。完形填空既考查学生阅读理解的能力，又考查他们综合运用英语的能力。要做好这一题目，一方面要具有扎实的语言能力，特别要积累常见的词语搭配，如名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语搭配和习惯用法。同时也要十分注意思维的逻辑性，善于根据不完整的上下文，推断出文段的发展走向。答题时还需能采用正确的解题方法和技巧。学生应在平时的学习过程中，仔细阅读文段，把握主旨大意；再逐个理解每个选项的具体含义和用法，充分利用上下文，从四个选项中选择最佳答案。要提高完形填空能力，我们可以从以下几个方面入手：1.掌握完形解题方法-三遍完形法第一遍：跳读全文，领会大意跳读全文之前，细读首句，预测主题非常重要。完形填空题所选的短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，熟悉语言环境，建立正确的思维导向。细读首句，重视文章的第一、二句，也就是在理解方向上迈出了正确的一步，为把握主题，准确理解整篇文章奠定了基础。细读首句后，学生要借助首句所给的启示，跳过空格，快速把短文从头到尾通读一遍，进一步从整体上理解短文大意。切忌急于求成，看一句填一空。因为完形填空题主要考查对语境的理解，若是在没有弄清短文大意的情况下就去选择填空，可能会因备选项的干扰而偏离主题，从而一错到底。第二遍：细读全文，试选答案根据群文大意，以全文为背景，把所给的四个选项分别套入空格所在句子试填，初步完成空格。试填选项时，一定要在语境理解上下功夫。要特别关注连接词、代词、插入语、转折语如however，but，while，yet，so ，so that，therefore，as a result 等的作用。因为这些词往往是改变语境的关键词，会给你一些信息，令你的思路也跟着发生转变。第三遍：复读全文，调整答案在完成空格后，要把全文再通览一遍，仔细检查一下所选选项是否能使文意上下连贯、前后照应，逻辑顺畅。对于一些经过分析后的摸棱两可的答案最好尊重第一印象。2.坚持每天训练一篇每天坚持做一篇完形填空，控制在10分钟内做完。难度由适中到偏难，逐步过渡。这个过程中，最重要的是坚持，一定不要三天打鱼两天晒网。经过一段时间的训练，就会发现自己完形填空的分析判断能力有相应的提高。3.坚持每周精细分析一篇每周坚持分析一篇本周做得最差的一篇完形填空。精细分析不是去分析文章中的每个词或者语法，而是要分析每道题的四个选项，分析每个选项为什么对，为什么错，然后把分析的结果写出来。分析结果一定不能停留在口头上，要落实到笔头上，要写出来。只有写出来了，你才真正弄明白了每个选项到底为什么对或者错。4.注意错题总结，避免重复出错在一个地方跌倒一次不可怕，可怕的是在同一个地方跌倒两次甚至更多次。学习英语也是一样的，我们一定要注意错题总结。这个方法不仅适用于英语完形填空的学习，它可以推广到任何一门课程的学习。每做完一篇完形之后，都应该对错题进行分析，总结出错误的原因，找出正确的解题思路，避免下次再出错，逐步养成良好的解题习惯。2011中考英语必背100条重点短语1. down: put down放下 shut down把关上cut down砍掉 come down下来、落下slow down 减缓、放慢 sit down坐下write down写下 get down下来,降落2. after : after all毕竟.终究 after that于是.然后day after day日复一日地one after another相继.挨次soon after不久以后the day after tomorrow后天name after根据命名run after追赶3. up (with): come up with找到、提出、赶上catch/keep up with赶上 wake up弄醒、醒来send up发射 open up开设、开办grow up长大 pick up拾起、捡起hands up/put up (raise)ones hands举手eat up吃光 clean up打扫干净give up doing sth.=stop doing sth.放弃做某事4.到达：arrive at/in + n. (地方)=get to +n. (地方)=reach + n. (地方)=arrive / get +adv. (地方)5. back: getback退还,送回去.取回 give back归还come back回来 at the back of在的后面on the way (back)home在回家路上6. at: at least至少 at breakfast早餐时at once立刻,马上at school在上学 at the doctors在医务室at work在工作 at night在晚上 at noon中午be good at=do well in 善长 be bad at不善长laugh at嘲笑 notat all一点也不at the age of在岁时 at first起初at last=in the end=finally最后、终于at the beginning of (the 21st century)在21世纪初 at the end of 在终点、结尾at Christmas在圣诞节 at the foot of在脚下at the moment= now现在at any moment任何时候at times(sometimes)有时,偶尔at the same time同时7. for:for example例如 for ever永远be good for对有益 be bad for对有害for long=for a long time长期for short简称 be short for是的简称(be short of缺少)8. come : come true实现 come down下来come from=be from来自,出生于come in/into进入,进来 come on赶快,加油come over过来 come along走吧,过来,快点come up上来come out出来，(花)开，(照片)冲洗出来9. even ：even though=even if即使、虽然、尽管10. be with/ of :be pleased with对感到满意be covered with被覆盖be expected to do sth.被期望做某事be proud of 以自豪 be afraid of害怕speak highly of 称赞hear of听说 / (hear from sb.收到某人的来信)of cause=certainly当然可以plenty of= a lot of许多(后面接可数或不可数名词)11.by : by the way顺便说 (all) by oneself/on ones own/alone单独,独自by the end of到为至 one by one依次by the time=when(引起时间状语从句)到的时候by air/plane乘飞机by bus/train/car乘公共汽车/火车/轿车(相关：catch a bus赶公交车get on/off the bus上/下车take a bus to=go to by bus乘车去)by mistake错误地 by chance /by accident偶然12.do : do/try ones best to do sth尽力做do ones homework做家庭作业do (the/some) shopping购物do the cooking烹饪 do some cleaning打扫do the/some washing洗衣服do sports做运动do with sb / sth.处理(=deal with) well done干得好13.early : in the early morning一大早in the early spring初春 catch/miss the early bus赶上/错过早班车in my early days我幼年时期14. to: make a contribution to doing sth贡献给、捐献make a telephone call to sb.=ring sb. up=give sb. a call=phone sb.给某人打电话connect A to B把A与B连接起来be close to靠近(某地) give birth to生(孩子)lose to sb输给sb .15.either :eitheror或者或者.on either side of the street街道任何一边(on each side of the street街道每一边on both sides of the street街道两边)16. doing sth.: keep doing sth.不停地做某事(不间断的连续) keep on doing sth.坚持做某事(有间断的连续) practise doing sth.练习做某事enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事finish doing sth.做完某事go on doing sth.继续做某事(同一件事) avoid doing sth避免做某事have some trouble/difficulty /problems (in) doing sth做某事有麻烦suggest doing sth 建议做做某事mind doing sth 介意做某事17.go : go on to do sth.接着做某事(另一事)go straight along 沿着一直往前走go up/down上升/下降 go for a walk/ride去散步/骑车go over复习 go shopping买东西go to the cinema去看电影 go well进展顺利go off to=leave for动身(出发)前往go to work去上班 want a go 想试一试18. about: talk about谈论 worry about担心How / What about? 怎么样? think about考虑(相关：think of 认为、想起、考虑、想到think over仔细考虑 think out想出)19. from: from door to door挨家挨户from time to time时时from now on从今以后 from then on 从那以后be different from与不同learnfrom向学习borrowfrom 从借(相关：lendto把借给)20.get : get dressed穿衣 get into进入get/be lost丢失 get off/on下/上车get on well with sb.与某人相处得好get out of从出来 get warm 变暧get ready for +n.为做准备get ready to do sth.准备做某事get well康复 get a chance 有机会、得到机会get/go to sleep(fall asleep)入睡(相关：be asleep睡着)21. look : look for 寻找 wait for等候look after=take care of照看look like看起来像 look the same看起来一样look over检查,复习 look through温习,检查look out小心,从里向外看 look up向上看,查(单词、电话号码等)look around环视 look forward to doing sth期望22. off: set off出发、动身 put off推迟 turn off关take off脱(衣),(飞机)起飞 jump off跳离keep off避开、不靠近 drop off放下(某物)23. half : half a kilo半千克 half an hour半小时in half分成两半one and a half hours=our hour and a half一小时半a year and a half(one and a half years)一年半24. exercise：do eye/morning exercises做眼保健/早操take (more) exercise(多)参加体育锻炼an exercise book练习本25. in: take part in参加 hand/turn in上交in hospital住院 in surprise吃惊地in the sun在阳光下(under the sun 天下，世界上;到底，究竟) in trouble处于困境in a minute/moment马上26. on: feed on以为主食 live on继续活着base on以为根据 carry on坚持、继续下去and so on等等on the other hand另一方面on foot步行28.be 介词：be famous for以.著名 be born出生be excited about +n./V-ing对感到兴奋be interested in对感兴趣be amazed at对.感到惊讶be busy with sth.=be busy doing sth.忙于29.move : move away移开 move to(搬)移到30.上网：search the Internet上网31.make : make sure 确信 make a dialogue编对话make a mistake犯错误(by mistake由于疏忽)make a noise吵闹 make faces做鬼脸make friends (with)和.交朋友make room for给.让地方 make tea沏茶make money赚钱 make a decision作出决定32.used : used to do sth过去常常做某事be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事be used for doing sth.用作be used to do sth被用作be used as 被当做使用33. 丢三落四：leave sth+介词短语(in some place) 把落在某处(此句型不能用forget)34. to do sth.: forget to do sth.忘记去做某事encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事,decide to do sth.决定做某事allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事35.hear : hear sb. to do sth.=hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人(正在)做某事36. with sth.: help sb.(to)do sth.=help sb.with sth.帮助某人做某事 with ones help在某人的帮助下with pleasure非常乐意37. 值得：be worth + money 值钱be worth + doing sth. 值得做38. into: step into走进 pour into倒入39. first: for the first time第一次at first起初 a first language母语first of all首先40. message: leave a message for sb.给某人留条give/take sb. a message给某人捎口信41. take : take photos/pictures 照像 take away拿走take out取出(work out算出) take care当心take medicine服药 take place发生take ones temperature量体温take ones time别着急 take a walk散步42. learn ：learn by oneself=teach oneself自学learn by heart背熟43. 国家：more developed countries发达国家less developed countries不发达国家developing countries发展中国家44. have : have a try尝试,努力(try out尝试、试验)find out/about找出,查明 have no idea不知道have a good/wonderful/great time玩得开心have a (bad)cold(重)感冒have a meeting/walk/watch开会/散步/比赛have sports进行体育活动have nothing/sth. to do with与.无(有)关have/take ones medicine服药45. 提供：offer sb sth.给某人提供某物provide sb with sth/provide sth for sb提供给某人某物46. 获奖：win first prize获一等奖47. 全世界：all over the world= around the world= throughout the world48. 各种各样的：all kinds of 各种各样的different kinds of不同种类的 a kind of 一种kind of 有点49. 既不也不：neither nor50. 表示“并列”：not only but also ,不但而且both and 和都 either or 或者或者whether or 不论还是51. 越越：the more , the better 越多越好the taller, the better 越高越好52. 一生：all ones life53. as as