Warmingup、Pre-reading、Reading、Comprehending.doc

Unit 2 Sailing the oceansJames Cook was born in 1728 in Marton，England.His father，a Scottish migrant farm worker，allowed James to work on coalcarrying boats at eighteen.Cook spent his free time learning math and navigation.This led to his appointment as mate (大副)Searching for something more adventurous，in 1755 he volunteered for the British Royal Navy and took part in the Seven Years War and played an active part in charting St.Lawrence River，which helped England Navy capture Quebec from the French.The First Voyage.Following the war，Cook was given the mission to lead an expedition to observe the rare passage of Venus across the face of the sun in order to determine the accurate distance between the earth and sun.He set sail from England in August,1768 and stopped at Tahiti where he did the observation.He proceeded to the West Indies and across the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.The Second Voyage.The Royal Navy promoted James Cook to Captain following his return and had a new mission for him，to find the Unknown Southern Land.Cook led two ships and headed to Cape Town in July,1772.He proceeded south from Africa and turned around after encountering large amounts of floating pack ice.Actually he came within 75 miles of the Antarctica at that time.But he found no habitable southern continent and arrived back in Britain in July,1775.The Third Voyage.The Navy wanted Cook to determine if there was a Northwest Passage，a mythical waterway between Europe and Asia across the top of North America.Cook set out in July of 1776 and rounded the southern tip of Africa and headed east across the Indian Ocean until his navigation of the Bering Sea was stopped by the impassible Arctic ice.Upon yet again discovering that something did not exist，he continued his voyage.His last stop was in February,1779 at Hawaii where he was killed in a fight with islanders over the theft of a boat.Cooks explorations greatly increased European knowledge of the world.As a ship captain and skilled cartographer，he filled in many gaps on world maps.His contributions to eighteenth century science helped further exploration and discovery for many generations.True (T) or False (F)：1James Cook led the British Royal Navy and captured Quebec from the French.()2The aim of Cooks last voyage was to find a Northwest Passage between Europe and Asia.()3Cook was named Captain after his first voyage.()4Captain Cook died in a conflict with the Hawaii local people.()答案：1.F2.T3.F4.TSection_Warming_Up_&_Reading.高频单词点击1exploration n探险；探测explorer n探险者；勘探者；考察者explore v勘探；探索；调查研究exploratory adj.探索的；探究的2horizon n地平线；视野horizontal adj.水平的；与地面平行的；横的horizontally adv.水平地；与地面平行地；横地3.accelerate vt.加速；促进acceleration n加速accelerator n加速器；油门4secure adj.安全的；可靠的securely adv.安全地；可靠地security n安全；可靠5random adj.任意的；随便的randomly adv.随便地；任意地randomness n随便；任意randomize vt.使随机化6awkward adj.难使用的；笨拙的awkwardly adv.笨拙地；尴尬地awkwardness n笨拙；尴尬7simplify v使简化；使简易simplification n简化，简化的事物simplicity n简单；质朴；方便8portable adj.便携式的；手提的portability n轻便9tendency n趋向；倾向；偏好tend v趋向；走向tendentious adj.倾向性的10reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的；可依靠的reliably adv.可靠地reliability n可靠reliance n依赖；依靠；信任rely v依靠；信赖.重点短语必记1at the mercy of受支配；任处置2work out 计算出；制订出3as well as 也4rather than 而不是5in relation to 与有关；涉及.常用句型必备1How do_you_think seamen found their way before mordern accurate methods of navigation were invented?2We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made_it_possible_to_plot_a_ships_position_on_a_map.3This seems to_have_been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk.4Nobody knew that the earth moved westwards 15 degrees every hour，but sailors did_know an approximate method of calculating longitude using speed and time.课文大意理解1When did early sailors have a practical method of measuring longitude?AThe 12th century.BThe 17th century.CThe 15th century. DThe 16th century.答案：B2What does seaweed look like when it is near land?AIt looks nice. BIt looks small.CIt looks fresh. DIt looks dark.答案：C3Where are we now when the North Star is along the horizon?AAt the equator. BAt the North Pole.CAt the South Pole. DAt sea.答案：A4From the reading we have learned_.Awhy early seamen wanted to sail the seven seasBthat there is useful information in an encyclopediaCthat early sailors went exploring the seas using their skills and simple instrumentsDwhy latitude and longitude are important to plot a ships position答案：C5The main idea of this passage is about_.Athat keeping alongside the coastline is first and most useful form of explorationBthe skills and navigational aids early seamen used while sailing the oceansCthat finding longitude and latitude is a must to plot a ships position on a mapDhow the early sailors used their skills and simple instruments答案：B.根据课文改错1We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made possible to plot a ships position on a map._答案：made后加it2There is a special cloud formation which indicates there is land close._答案：close后加by3Sailors often saw seamen in the sea and could tell through the colour and smell how long it had been there._答案：through改为by4Sea birds could be used to showing the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen._答案：showing改为show5An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tying to a log over the side of the ship._答案：tying改为tied.课文缩写填空This reading explains how seamen_1_the oceans and what kind of navigational _2_were used to sailors before the seventeenth century when they were_3_the open seas without seeing land.The _4_of travellers before the 17th century show that they were not at the _5_of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.The seamen could use _6_bodies，wildlife，the weather or the sea to keep _7_the coastline.They could also use the _8_to help find the direction that the ship needs to go.They could use the _9_circle to measure the suns position and tell if they were sailing on their correct rather than a random course.While the astrolabe，the quadrant and the sextant could help give the seamen the local time and allowed them to find their _10_at sea.答案：1.pass9.Bearing10.latitude单词点击1voyage nC航海，航行The voyage from England to India used to take six months.过去从英国航行到印度要用6个月。go on/make/take a sea voyage去航海旅行voyager n. 航海者，航行者This ship will make an aroundtheworld voyage.这艘船要做一次环球航行。trip，journey，travel，tour，voyage(1)trip是一个用得极为广泛的词，多指短距离的旅行，也可表示“远足”，make a tripmake a journey表示“旅行”。have a trip也是“旅行”，be/go on a trip表示“在旅行”。The boat trip down the Amazon was great.沿亚马逊河乘船而下的旅程感觉真棒。(2)journey多指远距离陆上旅行。come/go on a journey来/去旅行send sb. on a journey 送某人旅行We had a long journey ahead of us.我们前面的旅程还很长。(3)travel“旅行，游历(用单数形式，不加定冠词)”。指“(国外的)游历、游记”时常用复数形式，但前不加many或数词修饰。它也可以用作动词。Foreign travel never really appealed to him until he retired.他到退休后才真正对出国旅行产生了兴趣。(4)tour“周游，旅游，观光”，指周游若干地方，有一定的旅行路线，最后又回到出发地点。We went on a 10day tour of central Africa.我们到中非游玩了10天。(5)voyage强调较远距离的水上、空中旅行。This is a voyage of exploration.这是一次探索之旅。“旅游”妙辨口诀长途陆路用journey，短途短期用trip；观光游玩用tour，海上航行用voyage；travel用法最普遍，特别用于指“游记”。 用voyage，trip，tour，journey与travel填空 (1)Do you like a days_？(2)Well make a sightseeing_next week.(3)They went on a long train_across India.(4)The novel is based on his_along the Silk Road.(5)The Titanic sank on its maiden_.答案：(1)trip(2)tour(3)journey(4)travels(5)voyage2mercy(1)n.U仁慈；宽恕They showed no mercy to their hostages.他们对人质丝毫不讲仁慈。(2)n.C幸运；恩惠Its a mercy that the explosion happened after the theatre.爆炸发生在散戏以后，真是不幸中之大幸。at ones mercy在某人的支配和摆布之下 宽恕或怜悯某人without mercy 毫不留情地Its a mercy that . 真是幸运We had no choice and had to be at the mercy of the sea.我们别无选择，只好任由大海的摆布。She treated her stepson without mercy.她毫不留情地对待她的继子。 (1)We were_(拿天气没办法)(2)_(幸运的是)she wasnt seriously hurt.(3)We show_(决不怜悯)the enemies of the people.答案：(1)at the mercy of the weather(2)Its a mercy that(3)no mercy to3minimum(1)n.C最小量，最小数，最低限度，最小值You must get a minimum of 40 questions right to pass the examination.你最少必须答对40道题才能通过考试。The minimum pass mark in the examinations is 60 out of 100.考试的最低及格分数是100分中答对60分。(2)adj.最小的，最少的，最低的a minimum charge/price最低收费/价格最大值与最小值数字上面两词的复数是变um为a或直接加s。 (1)The work was done with_(没费什么劲)(2)The class needs_(最少6名学生)to continue.(3)As_(绝对最低要求)，you should spend two hours on the evening studying.答案：(1)the minimum amount of effort(2)a minimum of six students(3)an absolute minimum4horizon nC地平线；(常pl.)视野，眼界，见识The sun sank below the horizon.太阳落到了地平线下。on the horizon很可能即将发生；已露端倪broaden ones horizons 开阔某人的眼界She wanted to travel to broaden her horizons.她想旅行，以开阔眼界。 (1)He was sent to America _ (为了开阔视野)(2)A financial crisis is_(即将爆发)答案：(1)to broaden his horizons(2)on the horizon5nowhere adv.无处，任何地方都不；无目的；无结果He is nowhere to be seen.任何地方都见不着他。That will take (get) you nowhere.你那样做不会成功的。(那会使你一事无成)。nowhere near离很远be nowhere 一无所得，一事无成nowhere为否定副词，放于句首时，句子要用倒装语序。I regret to tell you that nowhere is the book to be found.我很遗憾地告诉你这本书在任何地方都找不着了。 Nowhere_policy more apparent than in agriculture.Ais the effect of governmentBthe effect of government isCare the effect of governmentDthe effect of government are解析：选Anowhere为否定副词，放于句首时，句子要用倒装语序，此句子的主语为the effect of government policy，所以句子的谓语要用单数。6secure(1)adj.安全的，可靠的；无忧虑的，安心的(from)Its lucky that our house is secure from flood.很幸运我们的房子没有被淹的危险。At last they were able to feel secure about the future.他们终于觉得不必为将来而担忧了。(2)vt.使安全，保卫(from)Some measures are needed to secure the bank from a flood.这道堤防需要采取一些措施，免得被洪水冲坏。securely adv.牢固地，稳固地security n. 保护措施，保安部门 (1)安装了锁和防护栏后，窗户很安全了，能避免小偷偷东西。The windows_thieves with locks and bars.(2)Shed allowed herself into_(一种虚假的安全感中)答案：(1)were secured from(2)a false sense of security7precise adj.准确的，精确的，明确的，细致的，认真的Can you give a more precise definition of the word?你能给这个词下个更确切的定义吗？Doctors found it hard to establish the precise nature of her illness.医生们难以判定她的确切病因。to be (more) precise(更)确切地说，(更)准确地说precisely adv. 准确地，恰好地more precisely 更确切地说，更严格地说This room is about 20 sqmswell,19.5 sqms，to be more precise.这个房间约20平方米，嗯，更确切地说，19.5平方米。accurate，precise，exact(1)accurate准确的，无误的(correct，free of mistake)。We need to get more accurate information.我们需要得到一些更准确的情报。(2)precise精密的，精确的(exact in form，detail，measurements，time，etc)。There is no precise definition of a storm.对暴风雨没有确切的定义。(3)exact确切的，准确的correct and without mistake (of things that can be measured)。She led rescuers to the exact spot where the injured climber was lying.她把援救人员领到受伤的登山者所躺的准确位置。注意：precise，correct，exact都不用来形容天气预报。 The shelf is about a metre long.Well,98 cm，_.Aprecise BpreciselyCto be precise Dto be precisely解析：选Cto be precise为一固定搭配，意为“确切地说，准确地说”。 8simplify v使简化，使简易The application forms have now been simplified.申请表格现已简化了。I hope his appointment will simplify matters.我希望他被任命以后事情会好办一些。simplification n简化，简化的事物simplicity n简单(性)，质朴，简单之处，方便形simple简单的complicated复杂的动simplify简化complicate使复杂化形simple单一的complex复杂的，合成的名simplicity简易性complexity复杂性 (1)Complaints have led to_(规则简化)(2)This is a kind of_(故事简写本)for young children.答案：(1)(a) simplification of rules(2)simplified version of the story9update v使现代化，更新，向提供信息Its high time we updated our software.我们的软件应该更新了。update sb.on sth.向提供最新信息update on sth. 关于的最新情况up to date 最新的I called the office to update them on the days developments.我给办公室打电话告诉他们当天最新的发展。 He wrote a letter to me and updated me_the recent activities of himself.Awith BtoCof Don解析：选Dupdate sb.on sth.为一固定表达，意为“向提供最新信息”，符合语境。短语精析1work out算出，制定出，处理，解决，锻炼Itll work out cheaper to travel by bus.算起来还是乘公共汽车旅游便宜些。Can you work out the problem?你能处理这个问题吗？I couldnt work out where the music was coming from.我弄不清这音乐是从哪里传来的。I have worked out a new way of doing it.我想出了做这事的一个新方法。out of work失业at work 在工作；上班He has been out of work for months.他失业已经好几个月了。work at，work on，work out(1)work at“从事于，致力于”，强调从事创新活动，可与hard搭配。(2)work on“从事于，致力于”，强调恪守不变的持续性；一般只用于进行时或完成时。(3)work out“解出，算出”，强调结果。 (1)She was working_her hair in front of the mirror.(2)You should work_a plan for study as soon as possible.(3)If he goes on working hard_his lessons，hell surely make progress.(4)They are working_a report of the experiment.(5)I will have to work_till the report is ready.答案：(1)on(2)out(3)at(4)on(5)on2be used to do sth. 被用来做某事Cloth is used to make clothes.布料被用来做衣服。get/become used to (doing) sth.逐渐习惯于(做)某事used to 过去常常(做某事)There used to be. 过去常常有be used for. 被用于be used as 被当作来用This room is used for reading.这个房间用于阅读。Dont be used as a tool by others.别让他人把你当作工具而使用。There used to be an old bridge over the river.以前在这条河上有座古老的桥。used to do，be used to，be used to do(1)used to do表过去习惯化的动作或经常存在的状态。I used to go to office on foot.过去我步行去上班。(2)be/get/become used to.表示“习惯于”，to为介词，后接(动)名词。Ive got used to living in the countryside.我习惯于住在乡下。(3)be used to do为被动语态，表示被用来干某事。This big box is used to hold all her books.这个大箱子用来盛她所有的书籍。 The country life he was used to_greatly since 1992.Achange Bhas changedCchanging Dhave changed解析：选Bhe was used to在句中作定语，修饰life，to的宾语是引导宾语从句的that，省略了，所填答案是句子的谓语。3in relation to关于，和相比I have some comments to make in relation to this matter.关于这件事我有几点看法。Its brain is small，in relation to its body.和它的身体相比，它的大脑很小。have good relations with与保持着良好的关系bear no relation to 与没有关系be related to 与有关They have good relations with their neighbours.他们与邻居关系融洽。 (1)I have nothing further to say_ (关于)this matter.(2)The conference _ (与有关) environmental protection.答案：(1)in relation to(2)is related to句型归纳1How do_you_think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented？你认为在现代准确的航海技术发明之前水手们是怎样航行的？本句是含有do you think的双重疑问句；其结构为：特殊疑问词do you think其他成分。Which do you think was easier to work out；latitude or longitude？你认为经度和纬度哪一个更容易算出来？(1)用该句式结构的动词除think外，还有believe，suppose等。(2)do you know后接特殊疑问句时不需要把特殊疑问词提前。 _ difficult in learning English?AWhat do you think is BWhat you think isCWhat is you think DWhat is do you think解析：选A在含有I think为插入语的句子变为特殊疑问句时，其结构为：疑问词do you think其他成分。2We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made_it_possible_to_plot_a_ships_position_on_a_map. 我们很可能感到奇怪，在经纬度被用来在地图上标出船只位置之前，海员是如何对海洋进行探索的。句中make后的it为形式宾语，代替不定式to plot a ships position on a map；possible为宾语补足语；不定式为真正的宾语。类似用法的动词还有find, consider, think等。Sometimes he considers it very hard to get along with Fellows.有时他觉得很难与弗洛斯相处。She soon found it possible to do this regularly.很快她发现经常干这事是有可能的。 你所做的使得我能从容地提前完成此事。What you did_ for me_ it ahead of time.答案：made it easy；to finish3This seems to_have_been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk.这似乎已是最早的、最有用的探险方式，所冒的风险也最小。to have done为不定式的完成时态，表示发生在谓语动词所表达的动作之前的动作。动词不定式的完成时态的被动式为to have been done。We were proud to have found the cave carvings.我们为我们发现了岩洞雕刻而感到骄傲。Its not like her to have missed two days of classes.缺两天课这样的事不像是她干的。He is said to have been appointed to go to Africa.据说他已被派往非洲。 Robert is said_abroad，but I dont know what country he studied in.Ato have studied Bto studyCto be studying Dto have bee