20120705语法讲义(动名词).doc

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。动名词由动词原形加-ing构成，其构成方法与现在分词相同，但其功能、作用与现在分词相异。动名词按照其时态和语态变化列表如下：主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done一、 动名词的动词性特征1). 动名词带宾语 I hope you dont mind my saying it? 2). 动名词带状语Are you for or against staying here? 二、 动名词的名词性特征1.做主语 Reading is an art. Climbing mountains is really fun. 动名词做主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. It was hard getting on the crowded street car. It is fun playing with children. There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。 It is no safe.It is useless. It is nice. It is good. It is interesting.2 作宾语 （1）作动词的宾语 常见的此类动词有： avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant stand, be used to, get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如： They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。 （2）作介词的宾语 We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？ （3）作形容词的宾语 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。 We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. (Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.) 4、作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如： a walking stick, a washing machine, a reading room, sleeping pills 三、动名词的逻辑主语 带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如： Her coming to help encouraged all of us. (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.) Janes being careless caused so much trouble. (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.) Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. (=Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.) 在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如： Would you mind my/me using your computer? The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语： a.无命名词 The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义 Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？ c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列 Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？ 四、动名词的时态和语态 1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如： I hate talking with such people. Being careless is not a good habit. 2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如： I dont remember having met him before. Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 3. 主动语态Youll see that my ordering you around hasnt been so bad for you. 你会明白我叫你做这做那对你并没有什么坏处。4. 被动语态动名词的被动语态也有一般式与完成式两种。1). 一般被动式 He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差一点被车压着。 Norman resented being called a fool. 诺曼对被称为傻瓜忿忿不满。 I have not the least objection to his being shot. 我对枪毙他毫无异议。 2). 完成被动式 He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess. His arm was not in a sling, and showed no sign of having been damaged. 注意：有些动名词在句中表现出主动的形式，但却体现出被动的意义，例如：The house needs repairing. Such hardships are beyond bearing. They merit praising. 接动名词主动形式表示被动含义的词以及短语结构主要包括： be worth, , deserve, need, require, want。5、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。 （1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如： I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。 （2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。 （3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如： Excuse me for being late.。 I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. Thank you for giving us so much help. （4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如： I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo.五、动名词的否定结构动名词的否定结构通常由not + 动名词构成。no +动名词也可以构成动名词的否定式，但不常用。动名词的否定式归纳列表如下：动名词的否定式主动语态否定式被动语态否定式一般否定式not doingnot being done完成否定式not having donenot having been done1 not + 动名词I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。（not going是动名词一般式的否定形式）2 no + 动名词There is no denying the fact that he is diligent. 不可否认他是勤恳的。（no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定）注意：动名词的否定式中的not要置于这一结构最前面，即使结构中出现了have或be，not也要置于它们的前面。not的这一位置与在否定句中have not及be not 结构截然相反六、动名词与不定式比较分析在实际运用中，动名词和不定式有同有异。动名词和不定式的相同点是两种都是非谓语动词形式。它们不可以在句子中作谓语，但都保留了动词性特征，即在结构内部可以带自己的状语、宾语和表语。动名词和不定式在句子中都可以作主语、宾语、补语、表语、定语和同位语。从结构意义上讲，动名词和不定式都有自己的一般式、完成式、被动态以及否定式，并可以带自己的逻辑主语。有些动词后接动名词和不定式意思基本相同。下面主要讲解不同点：1动名词可表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，而不定式则往往表具体的或一次性的动作。例如：Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。（指一具体动作）2动名词的逻辑主语可能泛指人们；而不定式的逻辑主语则常常是句子中的名词或代词。Talking for hours at a stretch is more exhausting than you seem to think. 一连讲几个小时的话会比你想像的要累。（泛指讲话）To talk for hours at a stretch is more exhausting than you seem to think. 一连讲几个小时可比你想像的要累。（指个人的感受）3动名词着重进程，不定式着重结果。感官动词,其用法有两种:see sb. do (表示看到全过程),see sb. doing(表示看到某人正在做某事,是一个场景)Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。4动名词和不定式置于同一个词后，意义不同try, regret, cant help, stop, quit, go on, remember, Exercises1. _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. For a walk D. Walk 2. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know . A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is enteringC. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering3. Its no good _ anything at such times. A. saying B. say C. being said D. to saying 4.When you find something in your writing that needs _ , you should mark it on the paper. A. to be correcting B. correct C. to correct D. correcting5. Mr. Read made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up6. _ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president will attend B. The president to attend C. The president attended D. The presidents attending 7. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting 8. The discovery of new evidence led to _ . A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 9. -What do you think of the book? -Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read 10. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 11. Joes_ in the get-together surely brought us a lot of pleasure as he is a man with a strong sense of humour. A. joining B. having been joined C. joined D. had joined12. Taking physical exercise regularly is an effective way to avoid _ with the flu.A. to infect B. infectingC. to be infected D. being infected13.I regret _ more time with my grandma before she passed away.A. not spendingB. not to spendC. not spendD. not have spent14. Would you consider lying to a good friend to avoid _ your friends feelings？If so, what kinds of things would you lie about? A. hurtingB. to hurtC. being hurt D. hurt 15. _ more about Participant Service of Expo 2010, Shanghai China, call Hotline +86-21-962010. A. To find outB. Finding outC. Find outD. Having found out16.The cause he had devoted himself to _ a perfect success.A. provingB. provedC. was provedD. has been proved17._ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide difference between the two schools of thought. A .To have reviewed B. Having reviewed C. ReviewingD. Being reviewed18. Sometimes children have trouble _ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist. A. to separateB. separating C. for separatingD. of separating19. That young man still denies _ the fire behind the store. A. start B. to start C. having startedD. to have started20. Although a teenager, Fred could resist _ what to do and what not to do. A. being toldB. telling C. to be toldD. to tell21. No one had told Smith about _ a lecture the following day. A. there beingB. there be C. there would beD. there was22. I have no objection _ your story again. A. to hearB. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard23. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay makingB. your delaying making C. your delaying to makeD. you delay to make24. _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A. The girl was educatedB. The girl educated C. The girls being educatedD. The girl to be educated25. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play26. -I must apologize for _ ahead of time. -Thats all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know 27. Everybody says he is a _ boy. A. promised B. promising C. to promise D. promiseExercises1I dont allow _ in my drawing room. I dont allow my family _ at all. A. smoking；to smoke B. to smoke；smoking C. to smoke；to smoke D. smoking；smoking2Your clothes need _. A. washed B. to be washed C. to wash D. being washing3This bike is not worthy _. A. to be repairedB. of repairing C. to repair D. repairing4_ provides us with essential nutrients, while _ provides us with oxygen. A. To eat；breathing B. Eating；to breathe C. Eating；breathing D. Eaten；breathed5Rebecca was unhappy for _ the first chance to go abroad. A. not having been given B. not having given C. not givingD. having been given6. Theyre not very good, but we like _.A. anyway to play basketball with them B. to play basketball with them anywayC. to play with them basketball anyway D. with them to play basketball anyway7Ive got the loaf； now Im looking for a bread knife _. A. cutting it by B. cutting it with C. to cut it with D. to cut it by 8Im glad _ by him yesterday. A. not be seen B. to not have been seen C. not to have been seenD. not to have seen 9He would rather stay at home than _ out with you.A. go B. to go C. going D. goes 10Im considering _ your offer.A. to have accepted B. being accepted C. accepting D. to accept 11-Whats made Ruth so upset?-_ three tickets to the folk music concert.A. Lost B. Losing C. Because of losing D. Since she lost 12Before _ to the college, he had to go through an examination.A. admitting B. to admit C. being admitted D. having been admitting 13She pretended _ me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 14The story was so funny that we _.A. couldnt help laugh B. cant but laughC. couldnt help laughing D. couldnt help but laugh 15Dont forget _ this book to John when you see him.A. to return B. returning C. return D. to returning 16-Its getting very late. Maybe we shouldnt go.- No, lets go. Getting there late is better than _ at all.A. we dont arrive B. to arrive not C. not to arrive D. not arriving 17Only one of these books is _.A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worth of reading D. worth reading 18We are both looking forward to _ next week.A. going on vacation B. go on vacationC. be going on vacation D. have gone on vacation 19Remember _ the newspaper when you have finished it.A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back 20He had no difficulty _ the problems.A. working outB. having worked out C. to have worked outD. to work out 21The sentence wants _ once more.A. to explainB. explaining C. being explainedD. to be explained it 22I regretted _ that to her.A. having said B. to have said C. to say D. / 23Our monitor suggested _ a discussion of the subject.A. to have B. should have C. have D. having 24I cant understand _ at her.A. you laugh B. you to laugh C. why laugh D. your laughing 25In order to reach the top of the hill in six hours, they try _.A. to climb the mountain hardly B. hard to climb the mountainC. to climb hardly the mountain D. to climb the mountain hard 26I happened _ the article when he asked me about it.A. having read B. to have read C. to be readD. reading 27He is said _ to London already.A. having sent B. to be sending C. to have been sent D. being sent 28The little boy insisted on _ with a cake.A. being served B. to be served C. serving D. serve 29Mr. Crossett seemed _ the visitor somewhere before.A. meeting B. to have met C. to be meeting D. to meet 30He asked who was the man _ on.A. to be operating B. operating C. to operate D. being operate