胡壮麟语言学名词解释.doc

第一章 介绍Applied linguistics运用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.Descriptive描述性的：if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.Prescriptive规定性的：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what the should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Synchronic共时的：the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.synchronic study共时研究: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time is a synchronic study.Diachronic 历时的：the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Diachronic study历时研究: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeares time is a diachronic study.Langue语言：refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Langue is abstract.Parole言语：refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Parole is concrete.Competence：(N. Chomsky) defines as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance：defines as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Design features?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 设计特点是指界定性质的人类区别于其他动物的交际系统。特点：(1) arbitrariness. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For example: the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. (2) productivity生成性: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(3) duality双重性：language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures or two levels. (4) displacement移位性：language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.(5) cultural transmission文化的传播: While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.第二章 phonology音系学phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language语言的声音媒介.These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics发声语音学, auditory phonetics听觉语音学, and acoustic phonetics声响语音学 respectively.辅音分类见本子Phone音素：is a phonetic语音的 unit or segment.Phoneme音位：is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.Allophones音位变体：refers to the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. For example l and lPhonemic contrast音位对立：phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.Complementary distribution互补分布：if they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments.Minimal pair最小对：when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. For examples, pill and bill are a minimal pair.第三章 morphology形态学Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Morphemes词素the minimal units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Derivational morphemes派生词素(do not change grammatical class)：a verb, for example is formed by adding en to the adjective black, -blacken. en, -ate,-ic are thus called derivational morphemes, because when they are conjoined to other morphemes(or words)a new word is derived, or formed.Inflectional morphemes屈折词素：they are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category.第四章 syntax 句法学Syntactic categories句法范畴：a fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.Modifiers修饰语：still another kind of element we have not touched upon so far is modifiers, which specify optionally选择 expressible properties of heads.第五章 semantics 语义学Contextualism 语境论: they hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contextelements closely linked with language behaviour. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.Behaviorism行为主义：defines as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.Sense意义：is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference所指：means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.Predication述谓结构：in G. Leechs framework of analysis, the basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument变元and predicate谓语.第六章 pragmatics 语用学Pragmatics: can be defined that it is the study of how speaker of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Context语境：is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.（various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e. g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. ）Constatives叙事话语：were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable;Performatives行事话语：the idea of doing something while speaking can certainly be broadened to include non-conventional acts such as stating, promising, requesting, and suggesting.locutionary act言内行为：is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. (the act by the speaker is his utterance of all the words “you”, “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.)illocutionary act言外行为：is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something.(the act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.)Perlocutionary act言后行为：is the act of performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance.Searles classification of speech acts:1. representatives阐述类: sating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.2. directives指令类：trying to get the hearer to do something.3. commissives承诺类：committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.4. expressives 表达类：expressing feeling or attitude towards an existing state.5. declarations宣告类：bringing about immediate changes by saying something.Cooperative Principle(C P)合作原则：Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.1.the maxim of quantity数量准则。2.the maxim of quality质量准则。3.the maxim of relation 相关准则。4.the maxim of manner方式准则。第八章 language and society 语言和社会Speech community语言社区：the social group that is singled out for any special study is called speech community.Speech variety言词变化：(or language variety),refers to any distinguishable 可区分的form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.Varieties of language语言变体：the varieties of a language are the actual manifestations of the general notion of a language are the actual manifestations of the general notion of the language and they are assumed to be related both to the language user and use to which the language is put.第九章 language and culture 语言和文化SWH(Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说：He believe that language filters peoples perception观念 and the way they categorize 分类experiences.Acculturation文化互渗：we need to learn enough about the languages culture so that we can communicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also the pragmatic or communicative competence as well.第十章 language acquisition 语言习得Language acquisition: refers to the childs acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.LAD (Language Acquisition Device)语言习得装置： Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his languages structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.UG (Universal Grammar)普遍语法is a set of principles that provide parameters参数 which are given particular settings in different languages.Critical Period Hypotheses（CPH）关键时期假设：refers to a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.第十一章 second language acquisition 第二语言习得Second language acquisition (SLA): refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.Positive transfer正迁移： would facilitate使容易 target language learning, and results in correct performance.Negative transfer负迁移：would interfere干扰 target language learning, and results in errors.补充predicate谓语:A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentencecognates同源词: a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from a common sourcecreole克里奥尔语: A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole.overt thought线性思想: A term used to refer to speech when language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard speech as “overt thought.”instrumental motivation工具性动机: the learners desire to learn a second language because it is useful for some functional, “instrumental” goals, such as getting a job, passing an examination, or reading for information.right ear advantage右耳优势:linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is called the right ear advantage.free morpheme自由语素: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. For example: “help”, “table”, “room” are all free morphemes.euphemism委婉语: a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression.Brocas area布罗卡区: refers to the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere, which is vital to language. This area is discovered by Paul Broca, a French surgeon and anatomist.bound morphemes粘着词素: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. For example: “-er”, “dis-“, “-less” are all bound morphemes.deep structure深层结构: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure. (Phrase structure rules + the lexiconD-structure Movement rules S-structure)hyponymy上下义关系: refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.sound assimilation语音的同化: refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In an assimilative process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.idiolect习语: is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or anotherinterference干扰: the use of ones first language rule which leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language, because the L1 pattern is different from the counterpart of the target language.Grimms Law格林定律: Because these sound changes were so strikingly regular and law-like, they became known as Grimms Law. According to this law, the Germanic languages were subject to a rule that changed all voiceless stops into fricatives after they split off from other Indo-European languages.registers寄存器: a functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.voicing浊音: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.Voiceless清音: when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds.finite clause定式子句: a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. (A simple sentence satisfies the structural requirements of a finite clause.)epenthesis增音；插入字母: the insertion of the consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a pounding复合词: can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new ernal borrowing内部借