应试写作学与练.doc

应试写作学与练（第一期）原因篇分析原因是英语议论文写作的一个常见题型。 例如：Why do todays young people have difficulty in reading and writing?Why is the world getting smaller and smaller? Why has the divorce rate in China increased in recent years? 作文要求考生对这类社会现象或社会问题进行解释。 先给大家归纳这种类型的作文的基本结构模式如下：Paragraph1. Sentence(1) Problem(general)S(2) problem (specific)Paragraph2S(3) ThesisS(4) Cause1.S(5) Detail 1.S(6) Detail 2.S(7) Cause2S(8) Detail1.S(9) Detail2.Paragraph3S(10)Conclusion第一段中的S(1)、S(6)是引出文章要进行解释的某一现象或问题。 第二段中的S(3)是作者对这一现象或问题的基本看法，也即文章的论点句。S(4)、S(5)两个句子是揭示这一现象的两个主要原因。这两个原因可以是并行的第一、第二原因， 也可以是客观的和主观的原因，或间接的和直接的原因。其中S(5)、S(6)时详细阐述S(4)第一个原因的；S(8)、S(9)则具体说明S(7)第二个原因的。第三段S(10)是总结句。一般说来，这句是提出解决问题的一些建议或方法。本模式可供大家参考使用，也可选择自己的写作方式写作。本期写作题目：A Boom in Adult educationDirections: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic A Boom in Adult Education. You should write no less than 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese )below:1.现在许多成年人都利用业余时间去大学或夜校读书2。出现这种成人教育热的原因是。3。结论给大家列出一些在原因作文里的常用句型，最好能记住多用噢！ 用于开头的句子：In the last few years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of.In recent years, China has experienced a growing tendency in 引用调查资料等依据时说： According to a recent/new survey/study/research, the number/percentage of has almost doubled/tripled/ increased/ jumped from 5% to 8%/ decreased compared with .列举原因时说：A number of / Several causes might contribute to/ lead to/ account for the phenomenon/ problem/ sudden rise.Part of the explanations for it is that One of the most common factors/ causes is that.is also responsible for the problem.Another contributing factor/ causes is that.Perhaps the primary/fundamental factor/cause is that用于结尾的句子：S(10) We might do more than identify the causes/ factors; it is important to take action to .The significance of .is far-reaching; it might exerts a profound influence on .范文：A Boom in Adult Education Every Tuesday and Friday evening sees Miss Li, my neighbor and a secretary in a company rush home after a hard days work, gulp down her meals and then hurry out to catch the bus for her English class. Miss Lis case is not unique, and now more and more city adults spend their leisure time trying to improve themselves at school or college.There are a number of reasons for people to go back for their education. Some people, like Miss Li, are doing it to acquire another degree or diploma to impress the society. To them more knowledge, or rather, more credentials means more opportunities for better jobs and quicker promotion. Other people, especially those who are laid off or out of employment go to vocational school to prepare to return to the job market. They are eager for new skills so that they can be qualified for the jobs in retail trade, administration, education and other service categories to which they are strange because most of them were blue-collar workers in the factory. There are also people who come to take such courses as Chinese traditional medicine, painting, calligraphy and photography. As their working weeks decline people begin to have time to fulfill their old dream of their hearts desire.Out of necessity or out of interest, people go back to school for the common goal-to improve themselves, and this boom in adult education, in turn, helps to raise the intellectual standard of the whole country.应试写作学与练（第二期）理由篇叙述理由的文章需要先对某观点表明自己的态度和立场，然后再解释为什么要这么做，列举理由。例如：Why do I prefer to spend most of my time reading?Why teaching is the job I like best?Why is it a good place for you to live in?这种类型的作文基本结构如下：Paragraph 1S(1) TopicS(2) Thesis: My attitude towards itParagraph2S(3) Thesis(more specific)S(4) Reason1S(5) Supporting detailS(6) Reason 2.S(7) Supporting detail.Paragraph3Conclusion第一段中的S(1)引出文章要讨论的主题， 如职业选择、交友、娱乐等等。S(2)则是作者对这个主题的基本态度，如选择A事情， 不要B事情，赞成或反对等。第二段中S(3) 是一个承上启下的句子，即更具体的重复S(2)论点的内容，有简略的点一下为什么吃这样态度的一般理由。之后是几个具体的理由。可以用事实依据和数据等作论据解释理由。最后一段是全文的总结，可以再次声明自己的态度，也可提出某些建议等等。本期写作题目： A Letter to the University President Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A letter to the university president about the canteen service on campus, you should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:假设你是李伟，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写了一封信，内容涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之应试写作学与练第二期参考范文： January 11th, 2003Dear Mr. President, As a regular student at our college, I have some complaint to make about the canteen service on campus. Firstly, the canteen environment is very bad. Actually, it is becoming more and more crowded and noisy with an ever larger presence of vocational students every term. Secondly, the canteen workers are bad-mannered. Far from being warm and kind-hearted, they always seem to be cold and rude to us students. Thirdly and most importantly, the dishes at our canteen are too expensive, though they are by no means good quality or delicious. The survey the Student Union carried out last week reveals that on average a student will spend 10 to 12 yuan on meals every day. This is for more than the food expenses of students in the neighborhood colleges. Nutritious and delicious meals well within the students means are very important for young students. I really wish measures could be taken to improve our canteen service. Sincerely yours, Li Ming此类理由型的文章还有以下一些典型题目：1The most unforgettable person I ever knew2The job I like best3A letter of application4Why I like learning English应试写作学与练（第三期）比较篇比较型议论文通常是运用比较手段阐述自己的观点。例如：Where to live-in the city or in the country?Do you prefer to independently after marriage or continue to live together with your parents?Which is your pastime-watching TV and listening to music or taking part in sports and games?这种类型的作文在具体写作时，要根据自己的观点对赞成的事物，其优点要多写详写，而对其缺点要少写，甚至略过；而对反对的事物，其优点要少写略写，一笔带过，对其缺点则要不惜笔墨，大写特写。这样处理，作者的观点才能得以体现。我们可以从两种结构模式来学习比较型作文的写作。一种是A1A2A3-B1B2B3整体比较法：Paragraph 1S(1) Topic: The subjects to be comparedS(2) Thesis: Your preference for B over AParagraph 2S(3) Concede As advantageS(4) But As disadvantage 1S(5) As disadvantage 2.S(7) Illustrate Bs advantage 1S(8) Bs advantage 2.Paragraph 3Conclusion文章开头引出要比较的两个事物，点明作者的观点：赞成哪一个，反对哪一个。第二段中先承认所反对的事物也有优点，然后着重揭示其缺点。评完所反对的事物后，转去评论所赞成的事物。主要是详写其优点或作者赞成的理由，也可用半句或一句承认他也有不足之处。另一种结构是A1B1-A2B2-A3B3 的分项比较法。Paragraph 2S(3) Concede As advantagesS(4) But As disadvantage 1S(5) Bs corresponding advantage 1S(6) As disadvantage 2S(7) Bs corresponding advantage 2S(8) As disadvantage 3S(9) Bs corresponding advantage 3这种类型的典型例句列举如下：用于文章开头的句型：1. With the advent of /development of / the improved standard of .plays an important role/part in our daily life.( increasing attention is drawn /called to)2. While it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/accepted that A., I believe B用于进行比较时使用的句型:3. Studies/Researches/Experiments show/ demonstrate/ reveal that.4. On the contrary/ On the other hand, the advantages of B.5. far outweigh/ carry more weight than advantages of A.6. Although B fails to / can not , few things can be compared with/ match/ equal B in terms of 7. The advantage /significance of B is more than 应试作文学与练第三期作文题目(1)： Large Companies and Small CompaniesDirections: Write a composition on the topic Large Companies and Small Companies in thirty minutes. You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese )below.1.大学毕业后有的人希望在大公司工作。2.有的人则认为在小公司工作更能锻炼人。3.我的看法。参考范文： Large Companies and Small Companies Upon graduation from college, young men and women face the first choice in their career life: to go to a large company or a small one? Although many graduates are attracted by the prestige of large companies, I believe the small one will afford more chances of success and more opportunities to develop your ability.There are two basic differences between the large and small enterprises. First, working in the small company you operate primarily through personal contacts; you have more chance to develop your communication ability and the ability to handle various kinds of personalities. In contrast, in the large company there are established policies and fairly rigid procedures. Even the man at the top is only a cog in a big machine: you neednt make any decision and cant see the effect of your work. Second, in a small business you are normally exposed to all kinds of experiences and expected to do a great many things without too much help or guidance. Thus, you may acquire much more skills and experience, and develop the ability to handle different, complicated things. But in the large corporation, since you are normally taught one thing and limited to one procedure, you may become the man who knows more and more about less and less.if you want to gain more experience and ability needed in business organizations and to become an excellent manager or executive in your future career, working in a small company is your best choice.比较篇写作题目（2） Which Mode of Travel Do You like?Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Which Mode of Travel Do You like? You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有的人喜欢参加旅行社旅游（package tours)2. 有的人喜欢自己独立行动（travelling on ones own）3. 比较这两种旅游方式，我喜欢的是.本期范文：With the general standard of living improving and the working weekbecoming shorter, more and more people are able to make a holiday trip to places of interest. While many like to join package tours fro convenience, I prefer to travel on my own.I like travelling on may own not only because it costs much less but because it gives a great degree of independence and freedom. Travelling on my own, Im my own boss; and can decide when to start on my way, where to linger a little longer and which spot can be skipped over to save energy or time for another spot. I can always adjust my plan. On the contrary, in a package tour youre deprived of as much freedom as in a military base. At the sound of the whistle, you have to jump up from a sound sleep and, with heavy-lidded eyes, hurry to the gathering place where you are collected and counted to board a coach. At the sight of the little flag waving, you must immediately take yourself away from the scenes you are marveling at and follow the guide whose sole interest is to cover all spots according to him strict schedule, regardless of the weather or your health condition. True, you may encounter inconveniences if you travel individually, for instance, getting accommodations for the night and finding a place for meals. But nothing can be compared with the freedom which is vital to a person who takes a holiday trip mainly to escape from constraints of his routine life.应试写作学与练（第四期）分析篇分析型议论文主要是判断和分析所讨论的事物或观点的性质。具体地说就是阐述其重要性，正确性，必要性或荒谬性，危害性等。例如：The benefits of making friends of different kinds;The importance of making cities greener;The harmful effects of heavy exposure to TV.此类论文基本结构如下：Paragraph 1S(1) TopicS(2) Thesis(my attitude towards it)Paragraph 2S(3) Thesis ( more specific)S(4) Benefit (or effect)S(5) Detail S(6) Benefit (or effect)S(8) Detail S(9) Benefit (or effect)Paragraph 3Conclusion第一段引出要讨论的主题，如离婚率上升、体育锻炼热等，然后提出对这些问题的基本态度和看法，是赞成还是反对。第二段S(3) 把为什么赞成或反对的基本理由先扼要的提一下。接着从几个方面来阐述赞成或反对的理由，即阐述事物的重要性或危害性。S(5)S(7)S(9)则用具体的实例来论证之前提出的重要性或危害性。最后一段是总结。有时分析不一定从同一方向进行，也可以从正反两个方向进行。例如：在一篇提倡体育锻炼的文章中，当中一段可以先说体育锻炼的重要性，然后说如不进行体育锻炼可能带来的后果。此时的第二段结构为：Paragraph 2S(3) Thesis( more specific)S(4) Importance ( with it)S(5) Detail 1S(6) Detail 2S(7) Consequence ( without it)S(8) Detail 1S(9) Detail 2此类作文的常用句型如下：1。One of the benefits derived from / harmful effects on . is2。To have a better/ full understanding/ appreciation of , we may look at / turn to 3。Theres hardly a man or woman who doesnt .4。Another benefit/ effect is concerned with/ relates to.5。A good case in point / typical example of this is6。Of all the benefits resulting from, none has been / nothing is more significant than/ as significant as.7。Thus, it can be seen that.分析篇-1 写作题目： My Views on Examinations Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My Views on Examinations. You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below:1.我们现在都用考试来衡量学生的成绩。2.考试可能到来的副作用3.我对考试的看法范文：In most schools and colleges the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject. Although it does the job quite efficiently, its side effects are also enormous. The most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits. As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively. Examinations do not motivate a student to seek more knowledge, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to study consistently throughout the semester, but to induce cramming during exam week. Examinations also lower the standards of teaching. Since teachers themselves are often judged by examination results, they are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques. And no subjects can be taught successfully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations.Actually, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students academic development. If thats the case, why cant we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations?优秀作文：My Views on ExaminationsSince school comes into being, the test standard has been used to appraise performance of students. So far it is still being used, which may suggest that actually there are some advantages in it. However, it is also highly possible that the test standard is a not ideal way to find out what students have learned and what they havent. Most school is still using it just because there is no better method to replace it.In my opinion, the following three points are the critical flaws in the test standard. One of the most harmful effects on the test method is that it will force us to study just for passing tests, not for acquiring knowledge especially in China. Obviously the final object of education is making us intellective by learning more knowledge. While the test is only a way to examine the level of students studies, it has been deteriorated to a sifter deciding the fate of students. Why can it be called a terrible sifter? Now in the tests, which decide who can enter a higher school, thousands of poor students, who want a splendid future, must prepare for the tests by finishing a great deal of practices. Those practice tests are heavy-laden to them. So in this case, how can they be expected to study to obtain knowledge? To them that are enough if they can reach the level which tests need. In the end what our nation will get, genuine persons with ability or just test robots? Secondly, tests will bring the examinees great pressure, which can affect their lives. A typical example of this is that most young students have worn glasses even though some of them are still children. For preparing for tests, they must spend a lot of time on doing their home works so that their eyesight become worse and worse. And the more time they spend on those, the less time they have for playing and relaxing. Consequently, there is a bad influence on their health. Thirdly, in fact, test system itself can not veraciously estimate who is better than others because there are many factors impacting the results of test. For instance, someone cheated in test so that his score would be higher than others. Or someone who was too nervous to perform well fell in the test. Only in spare time and no pressure of tests existent, students can study simply for the fun, for obtaining knowledge and for the things that they are really interested in. But now the test system is the only way to select which one is better, who can reach better school and who can get good job. Then what we can do is to improve the test system or hope that something better will be invented and replace the test system.分析篇-2 作文题目：Beliefs Direction: In this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Beliefs. Your composition should be at least 120 words and contain the following information.Outline:1.importance of having belief;2.Different beliefs will lead to different results.3.Conclusion优秀作文兼范文：Belief, a creation of humans wise(wisdom), always plays an important role in humans society. As a say(saying) goes: If ones mind is full, it wont be filled in(with) any bad idea. Anyone who has strong beliefs can enjoy a colorful life. Otherwise, he will lose himself in his way of life. Beliefes are so important that it can change ones fate. Two little mice fell in a bucket of cream. The first mouse quickly gave up and drowned. The second mouse wouldnt quit. He struggled so hard that eventually he churned that cream into butter and crawled out. Obviously, the latter mouse is the one who has his own beliefs. There are always hopes in his eyes that encourage him to fight, and fight, and fight. He never gives up when he is in some difficulty situations. Because the optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty, while the pessimist