高中英语时态语法知识详解.doc

动词的特征有四点：时态、语气、语体、语态。1. 时态指动作发生的时间，最基本的时间莫过于：现在、过去、将来（wiki上说将来也没有，因为用will+原型表示，实则是一种虚拟)2. 语气指说话时表达的说话者的语气，最典型的莫过于命令语气，听者可以明显地感受到语气的变化（所说我们主要关注于动词自身的变化，少关注说话的物理特性）。虚拟和直陈也属于语气，直陈指陈述事实的语气，虚拟指做出虚拟，或委婉说话的语气。3. 语体是描述动词所描述的运动、事件、状态和“时间流”之间关系的语法范畴。(语体主要描述动作持续与否、完成与否、强调动作本身与否)4. 语态指动词和主语的关系，分别可以是：主动，主语施动；被动，主语受动。 体（aspect）1. 未完成（一般态）指一个针对于被描述的时间仍然持续着的动作。在英语中，可以参考这句： When I was young, I used to draw on the walls. 这里老师会讲：used to表示一种常常发生、习惯做的事。可以理解它为未完成的动作，你没有停止画画，你以后（针对过去）也会画。2. 进行体，本质上还是从属于未完成体的，算是一个细分。表达的含义也十分明确，就是在明确的时刻确实在持续发生的动作。3. 完成就相对于未完成。英语这里说的很清楚：现在完成时，它到头还是现在时，描述的是现在的事，但这个动作是完成的。4. 完成进行体，两者结合起来时，强调一个持续动作已经完成的一部分。I have been working for 8 hours. work这个动作：持续，可能还要再继续，但已经完成了8小时的那部分。 一般体、进行体、完成体的含义一般指某动作既不正在进行又不确定完成与否的一种广泛意义上的方式。进行指一种持续性的、未完成的动作。动词的进行时还伴有其他一些意义，如：有限度的延续性、感情色彩、同时性、描述的生动性、强调性等。完成则表示动作发生在某个时间以前，但动作发生的时间总是未经明确指出的。通过例句体会它们的含义差别：The teacher writes his own notes. （现在习续性动作）The teacher is writing his notes now. （暂时的还在进行的动作）The teacher has already written his notes. （现在已经完成的动作）Xiao Wang comes late often. （现在经常性的动作）Xiao Wang is always coming late. （带有不满的色彩）I read a book yesterday evening. （在过去时间的动作）I was reading a book yesterday evening. （过去时间未完成的持续动作）I have read the book. （现在已经读完那本书了）She is always finding fault with others. 她总是挑剔别人的毛病。He is constantly leaving things about. 他总是丢三拉四。I am hoping you can come and have supper with us. 我正希望您能来和我们一起吃晚饭。（比如I hope语气更委婉）She has been saying that twenty times. 这话她已经说了20遍。 英语语法新思维：初级教程走进语法1、延续动词+进行体: 合乎进行体的本义，表示“动作有限的持续性”，也就是我们所说的“正在进行”“进行”，What are you doing recently.Im working on a project these days .2、短暂动词+进行体： 短暂动词不具有延续性，或者延续性较差。与进行体的核心“动作有限的持续性”语义上有些矛盾，所以在连用的时候语义发生转变，表示“反复（repetition）”，表示一系列重复的事件。He is nodding his head in agreement .它不断地点头表示同意。Someone is coughing 有人在咳嗽（反复地在咳，咳了又停，停了又咳）。3、静态动词+进行体：静态动词表示一个稳定的状态，进行体“动作有限的持续性”相矛盾,所以如果要用，含义又发生改变。1、系动词+进行体，表示主体有意识的动作。The doctor was feeling her pulse医生证试着给他把脉。（强调过程，医生把脉是个过程）I feel we should do it 我感觉我应该做这件事（强调结果，我感觉到的结果）2、一些特殊的含义：1）加强动词表达的感情：Im loving it 我就喜欢，麦当劳的广告2）加强随时间流逝而而发生的程度上的变化，表明状态的变化。Im understanding less and less about life ,the older I get.年龄越大,对生活越来越不能理解了。3) 表示有意识的参与：what we are seeing is a red darf star，我们（正努力）现在看到的是一颗红矮星。4）表明生动性：one night in the middle of the night , Im hearing dripping.有一天半夜里，我听到滴水声（我清清楚楚地听到滴水声 滴滴滴滴滴滴滴）。5）使批评变得缓和：I like the piano notes， but Im not liking where the strings come in. 我喜欢前面的钢琴曲，但是后面的弦乐我不大喜欢。6）与一般的描述不同，表示当前的行为（暂时的表现）。He s being rude .他此刻的样子跟粗鲁。 Hes rude .他这人一向粗鲁。（be+adj+ing）此类用法很多：Hes just being polite 他那么做只是出于礼貌而已，给你面子。Fred is being silly 弗雷德现在正犯傻。Fred is silly 弗雷德一向傻里傻气。She is being careful at the moment此刻她非常地小心。She was being stupid. actually she has already knew the whole story。他在装傻其实他早就知道事情的经过。You are being a fool 你这是在装傻。You are a fool.你真笨，你就是大傻瓜。 练习1. I _ a meal when you _ me. BA. cooked, were ringing B. was cooking, rangC. was cooking, were ringing D. cooked, rang2.He said he _ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time. CA. tries B. tried C. was trying D. will try3.While she _ TV, she _ a sound outside the room.DA. was watching, was hearing B. watched, was hearing C. watched, heard D. was watching, heard4.They _ a football game from 7 to 9 last night.AA. were watchingB. watch C. watched D. are watching5.What book _ you _ when I _ you at four yesterday afternoon?CA. did, read, was seeing B. did, read, saw C. were, reading, saw D. were, reading, was seeing6.It was Friday evening. Mr and Mrs. Green _ ready to fly to England.CA. are getting B. get C. were gettingD. got7.Lei Feng _ always _ of others when he _ in the army.DA. is, thinking, was B. was, thinking, is C. did, think, is D. was, thinking, was8. A girl _ my pen fall off the table when she _ me.AA. saw, passed B. was seeing, passed C. was seeing, past D. was seeing, was passing9.We _ for Tom at ten last Sunday. He often kept us _.AA. were waiting, waiting B. were waiting, wait C. waited, waiting D. waited, wait10.He _ his father on the farm the whole afternoon last Saturday.CA. helpsB. would help C. was helping D. is helping11.While mother _ some washing, I _ a kite for Kate.CA. did, made B. was doing, made C. was doing, was making D. did, was making12.“_ you angry then?” “They _ too much noise.”BA. Are, were making B. Were, were making C. Are, made D. Were, made13.He _ some cooking at that time, so he _ me.DA. did, heard B. did, didnt hear C. was doing, heard D. was doing, didnt hear14.This time yesterday Jack _ his bike. He _ TV. DA. repaired, didnt watch B. was repairing, watchedC. repaired, watched D. was repairing, wasnt watching15.His parents wanted to know how he _ on with his new classmates.AA. was getting B. gets C. is getting D. will get1.What_ you_this time tomorrow? DA. willdo B. willhave done C. willbe done D. willbe doing2.The street lights_on when night falls.CA will have gone B will have been going C will be going D will be gone3.Joe_the piano in a few minutes.CA shall be played B will have been playing C shall be playing D will have played4. I _ my grandmother at three this afternoon.AA shall be visiting B shall have visited C shall be visiting D will visit5.“Can you attend the party tonight?”C“No,_ the boss about something urgent.”A I see BI shall have seen C Ill be seeing D I can see6.You cant miss him.He-a dark green suit and a yellow tie waiting for you. D A.is wearing B.will wear C.wears D.will be wearing 7.”Could you give these books to Mr .Black?”DAbsolutely,-him at five oclock this afternoon.” A.I will have a talk B.I have a talk with C.I can have a talk with D.I will be having a talk with8.Im afraid I wont be available. I D a friend off at oclock this afternoon. A.see B.am seeing C.will see D.will be seeing9.Next Friday I will go to another concert .They B