2013同等学力英语技巧提高翻译课程.doc

2013同等学力英语技巧提高_翻译课程第一部分 考试综述1第二部分 翻译的方法与技巧精讲1第一讲 翻译定语从句2第二讲 增词与减词4第三讲 主谓搭配6第四讲 被动语态的翻译方法8第三部分 翻译实例8第一部分 考试综述 1、考试变化：2013年取消了汉译英的部分 考试题型_英译汉2、考试大纲要求： 具有用书面英语表达思想和见解的基本能力。所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语言错误。英译汉 本部分要求考生把一段100词左右的英语短文翻译成汉语，共10分，考试时间为20分钟。要求译文意思准确，文字通顺。3、翻译原则： 忠实 通顺4、同等学力的英语翻译考试范围：主要是以教育、文化、环境保护、科技为主；5、英汉翻译的考点： 常见的翻译技巧：选词用字、词序调整、词性转换、增词法、省略法 具体句型的翻译步骤和方法：定语从句、状语从句、并列结构、否定 结构、倒装结构、插入结构、被动结构、比较结构等等第二部分 翻译的方法与技巧精讲第一讲 翻译定语从句一、定语从句的种类定语从句可分为非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和限定性定语从句。e.g.: They dont like that person who is noisy. 他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。*限定性定语从句和先行词关系紧密，不可省略。e.g.: They dont like that person, who is noisy. 他们不喜欢那个人，因为他太吵闹了。*非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和先行词关系疏松，用逗号和主句隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。二、定语从句的翻译1. 如果是限定从句，通常把定语从句前置。 原则： 中文的所有定语都是前置的。 中文的状语从句关联词一定要双双出现。 限定性定语从句翻译方法： （1）前置译法 （完全置于被修饰词之前） （2）后置译法（完全置于被修饰词之后） （3）句首译法短前长后汉字大于等于8后置，小于8前置 非限定性定语从句翻译方法： 只有一种方法：顺序译法注意：英译汉的过程中： 原则1：首先断句 汉译英的过程中： 原则1：找谓语技巧：1、前边是一群人，后边是一动词，动词后边是一宾语从句，动词一定会翻译成“认为”。 2、当非限定性定语从句，如果出现了一个关系词叫which，我们通常把它翻译成“这”。 3、方面在中文中是范畴词，范畴词是不翻译的。 4、如果有两个或者三个以上的定语从句循环了，我们要不把定一和定二放一起翻译，要不把定二和定三放一起翻译。如果定一、定二和定三一样长时，把定一盒定二放到一起，定三单放。在过去的五年当中，我国国民经济进一步发展，人民生活水平进一步提高，这一切都是归功于中国共产党的领导。参考译文：In the past five years, our national economy has been development very rapidly, which was attributed to the leading of Communist Party of China.1 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 参考译文：希腊人认为语言的结构与思维的过程之间存在着某些联系，这在人们意识到语言的多样性之前，就已经在欧洲植根很久了。2 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development. 参考译文：行为主义者认为，孩子生长在有许多刺激环境里，这些刺激又促进其适当反应能力的发展，他（她）又会经历更大的知识发展。3 Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.参考译文：二十世纪以前，小说中的妇女都是这样一个模式，她们缺少了任何让他们成为独立个体的特征，也屈服于由男性主导的文化所强加给她们的种种限制。Prior只有比较级 superior to （比。高级） inferior to (比。低级) junior to (younger than )Senior to (other than)分词翻译：1、现在分词和过去分词位于句首。2、分词位于被修饰词的后面。4They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.参考译文：对于以往几代人来说，使用旧时的体力劳动作为手段来摆脱贫困，而旧时的体力劳动被科技进步所摧毁，所以穷人们是首先体会到科技进步之苦的。技巧：如果只有两个定语从句，中心句被定一修饰，定二修饰定一。要全部分开翻译。5The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.参考译文：在美国，没有阅读能力的年轻人的数量大约有四分之一，这一点简直令人难以置信。（同位语从句的翻译方法） 或者：在美国，大约有四分之一的年轻人没有阅读能力，这一点简直令人难以置信。（同位语从句的翻译方法）技巧：1、状语在前拿到后面翻，状语在后拿到前面翻译 2、先出主语和先出评论的关系：中国：先事实，后评论。 英文： 先评论，后事实。6Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 参考译文：古特曼尽管认为，由于买卖造成的被迫分离甚为频繁，但是他仍然认为，奴隶们的偏好，在买卖并不是十分频繁的种植园当中最显露的揭示出来，在很大程度上赞成一夫一妻制。7This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 参考译文：古特曼认为，这种对于外族通婚的偏好可能起源于西非的制约着婚姻的规定，这些规定尽管在一个部落和另一个部落之间不尽相同，但是，这一切都包含了某种对于近亲结婚的禁止。West Beijing 西北京Western Beijing 北京西部In the west of Beijing 在北京的西边8同等学力（在职硕士）英语水平统一考试翻译1994年真题在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起到所希望起的作用，必须接受必要的教育。随着科学的进步，在中小学开设了越来越多的课程。与过去的教育相比，现代教育更重视实用性。参考译文：In our times，anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education定语从句With the development of science，more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schoolsCompared with the old education，modem education places its stress on practicality9. 同等学力（在职硕士）英语水平统一考试翻译1996年真题在过去的几十年里，可能没有任何话题比领导艺术更受到管理研究者的关注，在管理人员的培训和开发方面，领导艺术也是最热闹的话题之一。这表明专业管理人员对探索卓有成效的领导艺术的奥秘很感兴趣。参考译文：Over the past few decades，perhaps no topic has drawn more attention from management researchers than the art of leadershipIt is also one of the hottest topics in the management training and development，which shows非限定性定语从句 that professional management are interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership第二讲 增词与减词一般来说，英译汉增词，汉译英减词。增词的主要种类有： 评论性词（只出现在文学作品中）1 He wished that he had asked her to dance, and that he knew her name. 参考译文：他是多么希望，自己当时请她跳了舞，现在又知道了她的芳名。2 我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色的制服，别的没有印象了。 参考译文：I went there to have a look, I just remembered that the guards at gate were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.3 Their galabias （长袍）and turbans stained by the sweat and dirt of a long days work, they sat in front of a wayside shop, enjoying three of the best things in life along the Nile - tea, conversation, and the water pipe. 参考译文：他们干了一天的活，袍子上头巾上又是汗又是土，坐在路边的一家商店的门口，享受着尼罗河沿岸人生最美好的三件事：喝茶、聊天、抽水烟。4The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil. 参考译文：从不同的深度采集的土壤样本，进行检测，为了寻找油的踪迹。5For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the worlds eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further. 参考译文：对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最显著的结果就是，中国已经成为了世界上第十一大经济体，以后会发展得更好。Our national spirit 我们民族的精神 the spirit of our nation the +名词+of 其中的名词叫抽象名词，注意在翻译时，如果有动词词根，要把它翻译成动词形式，如没有从此词根，要给它增一个动词， the spirit of our nation 我们民族所具有的精神61998年是联合国确定的国际海洋年，中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业发展的情况。 参考译文： 1998 was designated by the United Nations as the International Ocean Year,and the Chinese Government would like to take this opportunity to introduce the development of Chinas marine career.7中国有12亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。 参考译文：China has population more than 1.2 million, and its land natural resources per capita is lower thanworlds average.国际合作：International cooperation8目前，中国的粮食单产水平与世界粮食高产的国家相比还是比较低的，中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大，但是经过努力是完全可以实现的。 参考译文：At present, the per unit area yield of grain in china is relatively low compared with countries with high grain yield, it will be difficult for china to reach the level of countries with high grain yield, but the goal can be achieved through the efforts.9. 在播种面积相对稳定的前提下，只要1996年到2010年粮食单产年均递增1%，2011年到2030年年均递增0.7%，就可以达到预期的粮食总产量目标。 参考译文：Given the relatively stable sown area, desired grain output target can be achieved, if the annual average growth rate of per unit area yield of grain from 1996 to2010 is 1%，and there are 0.7%from 2011 to 2030.在.下given, consider, considering 年均递增率the annual average growth rate of 10. Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen. 参考译文：1760年以前，标准方式是农民们把活带回家干去。到了1820年，标准方式是把工人们雇到工厂去，并且让他们在监视之下工作。11. Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nations basic occupation. 参考译文：在工业方面，尽管取得了巨大的成就，但是，农业仍然是这个国家的基础产业。12. The resounding success of the Cucarao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve（消除） them of the scourge（祸害） of screw-worm. （螺旋锥蝇） 参考译文：库拉索岛上的实验取得了巨大的成功，这引起了佛罗里达州牲畜养殖者的很大的兴趣，他们运用相同的技术来消灭螺旋锥蝇这一祸害。13. The first day was crossed out, and the last thought which went through my mind at the end of this important day was: After all - I do not belong here; I am just loaned.参考译文：今天已经从日历上划掉了，在这个重要的日子结束的时候，我脑海中出现的最后的想法就是： 毕竟，我不属于这里，我只是在这里暂住。Loan 借款、租借14 同等学力（在职硕士）英语水平统一考试翻译2000年真题文化是不同国家的人们互相理解的最佳媒体。通过举办文化节，许多中国城市在世界上的知名度提高了。已经证明，对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民之前的交流来说，这是最好的途径之一。这种交流不仅仅限于文化方面，还扩大到了经济和其他领域。参考译文：Culture is the best medium for different people of different countries to understand each other Through holding cultural festivals，many cities in China have become better known to the world It has been proved that this is one of the best ways to promote the exchange between the Chinese people and people from other parts of the worldThe exchange has not only been confined to culture范畴词 but extended to the economic and other fields我国先秦的思想家就提出了 “亲人善邻，国之宝也”的思想.Chinese thinkers in the pre-Qin days (over 2000 years ago) put forward though of “loving people and treating neighbors kindly, are most valuable to a country.”增词与减词对象或范围词汇总结：第一类 增减评论性词 一般是英译汉增词，汉译英减词。第二类：增减动词：第一种是宾语前面少动词，称为动宾的分配原则。 第二种抽象名词位于某位置上，少动词，来增一个动词。第三类：增减范畴词：根据情况进行增减第四类增减对象或者范围词，是让别人理解的更加清楚。除了这些还有很多，增加物主代词。第三讲 主谓搭配一般来说，汉语的主语较长，谓语和宾语较短。而英语则是主谓宾分配比较均匀。1 合营企业的形式为有限责任公司。参考译文：An equity joint venture takes the form of a limited liability company.主语：合营企业的形式 谓语：为 宾语：有限责任公司。2合营者的注册资本如果转让必须经过各方同意。参考译文：If a venture wishes to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of each party to the venture. 我们加快建立社会主义市场经济体制。We will speed up the establishment of socialist market economic system我们努力建设社会主义民主政治。We will make efforts (work hard) to establish socialist democracy.英译汉时能看出来的有些词没有意义，不翻译。英译汉时能看出来的有些词本身就表示副词加动词，就把它翻译成动词加名词。3合营企业的有关外汇事宜，应遵照中华人民共和国外汇管理条例办理。参考译文：Equity joint venture handles its foreign exchange transactions according to regulation on foreign exchanges of Peoples Republic china 4合营企业所需要的原材料、燃料、配套件等，应尽先在中国购买，也可由合营企业自筹外汇，直接在国际市场上购买。参考译文：In its purchases of required raw materials, fuels, and auxiliary equipments etc, equity joint venture takes first priority to purchase in china, it may purchase directly on the international market with foreign exchange raised itself.原材料raw materials 燃料 fuels配套件 auxiliary equipment5正副总经理（或正副厂长）由合营各方分别担任。 参考译文：The office of manager and vice manager(s)(factory manager or deputy factory manager(s)are assumed by each party to the venture respectively.分别respectively担任 assume6合营企业的一切活动应当遵照中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例的规定。参考译文：Equity joint venture engages in all activities according to the provision of laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the peoples republic of China.7鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品。参考译文：Equity joint venture is encouraged to sell its products outside China.8鼓励外国合营者将可汇出的外汇存入中国银行。参考译文：A foreign venture is encouraged to deposit foreign exchange which can be remitted abroad in the Bank of China.deposit 存入 remit 汇钱中国主席 Chinese president9同等学力（在职硕士）英语水平统一考试翻译2001年真题过去50年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。从1900年到1950年，改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机当然还有核武器和计算机。而近50年来，只有为数不多的发明。难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？答案并非如此。事实上，发明的新时代刚刚开始。参考译文：Actually the last fifty years was not the golden age of invention and innovationFrom l 900 to 1950，human life was transformed by such inventions as cars，airplanes，telephones，radios and television sets换主语，not to mention nuclear weapons and the computersIn the recent 50 years only a few inventions have been madeHas the wellspring of invention been drying up? Not likelyIndeed，a new age of invention is just beginning第四讲 被动语态的翻译方法1. Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective system. 现在宝贵的泥沙由水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood. 然而现代的人却让尼罗河发生了变化，不过就连他们自己也不完全了解尼罗河究竟发生了什么变化。3. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. 因为它非常润滑，所以可以用作润滑剂。4. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. 植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。5. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refinery to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heating, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporized. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel. 油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。最普通的处理就是加热。石油经过加热，最先冒出来的蒸 汽冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩为煤油。最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油了，可以用作燃料。6It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly co genetic. 现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。第三部分 翻译实例Part VI Translation(20 minutes，10 points)Directions：Translate the following passage into ChineseWrite your answer on the Answer Sheet Physicists were thinking far ahead of their time in a very intelligent wayThey saw what was going to happen before it actually didThey thought about modern computing in the 1950s，they imagined a lot of the technological progress that we would see only decades later in the real worldThey were asking very theoretical questions because these ideas were still so far removed from practiceAnd they asked very moral questions as well，because the things they conceptualized could be used for great good or for great evilIt could go either way，so moral judgments had to be made参考答案： 物理学家才思敏慧，所思所想远超他们所处的年代。他们能洞见即将发生之事。他们预见了20世纪50年代的现代计算技术，并想象到了我们几十年以后才看到的许多技术进展。他们提出实际生活中还未见端倪的理论性很强的问题，同时也提出了道德性很强的问题，因为在他们头脑中形成的概念性东西其用途不分善恶。既然善恶两可，这些概念性东西就需要道德来对它们进行评判。实例（二）Part VI Translation(20 minutes，1 0 points)Directions：Translate the following passage into ChineseWrite your answer on the Answer SheetMany say that the transition to a low carbon economy offers the greatest economic opportunities ever knownAt the start of the information revolution，few would have guessed at just how widespread and profound the effect would be on society：today we can barely imagine life without modern information technologyCompanies likeGoogle，Yahoo! and Amazon are some of the most successful companies in the world. We are now at the start of the low carbon re