虚拟语气的特殊用法学案.doc

2011-2012学年度高二英语教学活动单M6U4语法Subjunctive Mood学案虚拟语气的特殊用法一、混合式虚拟语气条件从句中的动词所表示的动作和主句动词所表示的动作发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式决定于要表示的具体时间。使用混合式虚拟语气时,注意要抓住主从句中时间的象征性词汇（如now, yesterday等）来确定是与哪种事实相反，然后再根据主从句中谓语动词的构成来确定。If you had spoken to him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天对他讲的话，你现在就知道怎么做了。If the boy hadnt been saved this afternoon, his family would not be in peace now.如果那个男孩今天下午没有被救，他的家现在就不会如此安宁。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。二、含蓄条件句含蓄虚拟条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：1.介词或介词短语，如but for(要不是), without, in case of, under more favourable conditions（在更有利的条件下）等取代了if引导的条件状语从句。Without air, there would be no life on the earth. 要是没有空气，地球上就不会有生命了。He would have failed but for.his teachers timely advice =if it had not been for his teachers timely advice 如果没有老师及时的建议的话，他可能失败了。We could have done the work better in that case. 要是那样的话，我们本可以把工作干得更好一些的。We could have done better under more favourable conditions. 在更有利的条件下，我们还可以做得更好些。2. 用but that+从句（要不是，若非），otherwise, or, but 等分句来代替if引导的条件状语从句。But that he saw it with his own eyes, he couldnt have believed it.要不是亲眼所见，她不可能相信这事的。（从句用陈述语气，主句用虚拟语气）He would have come to see you yesterday morning but he had an important meeting to attend.他昨天上午就会来看你了，可他有个重要的会议要参加。（主句用虚拟语气，分句用陈述语气）I was ill that day. Otherwise/ or I would have taken part in your birthday party.（本句省略的条件句为If I hadnt been ill that day.）（如果那天我没生病的话）我那天生病了，否则我就参加你的生日聚会了。即学即用1. If you _(follow) my advice yesterday, you _(be) better now.2. If his TV set _(steal) yesterday, he _ (watch) TV now.3. Without sunlight, peoples life _(be) different from today.4. But for your help, I _(not finish) the work last week. =_ your help, I _ (not finish) the work last week. =If it_ your help, I _ (not finish) the work last week. =_ it _ _ _ your help, I _(not finish) the work last week. =If you _(not help) me, I _(not finish) the work last week.5. He was busy, otherwise he _(come). =He _ (come), but he was busy. =He _ (come) if he _(be) busy.三、（should)+动词原形”式虚拟语气1. Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that sb (should) +do使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用should+动词原形虚拟语气。其表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形常用的形容词有： natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的), strange（奇怪的）desirable（令人向往的、满意的），essential（必要的），necessary (必要的）possible（可能的），preferable (更可取的),，important (重要的), urgent (急迫的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的) imperative(必要的，重要的，必须的)。It is strange that he ( should ) say so .他居然会这样说，真是奇怪。It is natural that a bird (should ) rest in trees . 鸟在树上安歇是很自然的。It is necessary that everyone (should) be there in time. 每个人都必须及时到那儿。It is important that we (should) pay more attention to our handwriting. 我们要多注意我们的书写是很重要的注意：在上述所列形容词做宾语补足语时，后面用that引出的真正的宾语从句中谓语动词也要用（should） 动词原形虚拟语气。I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。 2. 表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词如：一个坚持： insist 两个命令: order, command 三个建议: advise, suggest, propose 四个要求: demand , require, request, ask, 外加 desire, urge, recommend. argue, arrange ,prefer等动词后的宾语从句，其宾语从句的谓语用(should)+动词原形这些动词的过去分词所在的主语从句的谓语也用(should)+动词原形上述动词的名词形式后所接的表语从句，同位语从句的谓语也使用此类虚拟语气。名词有：advice, suggestion, order, demand, requirement, recommendation, desire, proposal ( 建议)，等。以suggest为例: My parents suggests I (should) get up earlier.我的父母亲建议我早点起床。（宾语从句）It is suggested that she（should）sing a song. 有人建议她唱首歌。（主语从句）My suggestion is that he (should) leave for London at once .我的建议是他立即动身去伦敦。（表语从句）What do you think of his suggestion that we ( should ) put on a play at the English evening?他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧,你觉得怎么样？（同位语从句）注意： suggest表示“暗示，表明”，insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”时，其后宾语从句用陈述语气。即学即用1.Her pale face suggested that she _(be) ill and we suggested that she _(send) to hospital at once. 2.He insisted that he _(do) nothing wrong and that he _(set) free at once. 即学即用1. The bus driver insisted that he _(drive) at normal speed.2.He insisted that more doctors _(send) to the earthquake-stricken area.3. Do you know the order that you _ (keep) watch？4. It is required that nobody _ (smoke)here. 5. Its important that we _ (take) good care of the patient. 6. Its suggested that the plan _ (carry) out. 7. All of us are for the advice that the chemical factory _(close) down.3lest（惟恐，生怕）, for fear that（惟恐，生怕）和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但也可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry.我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。 The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。4.在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。四、“动词的过去式”的虚拟语气 如：wish，if only, as if /though, even if/though，would rather后接从句中的虚拟语气后接宾语从句中谓语动词的形式表示的时间Did/were表示现在未能实现的愿望、意愿（与现在相反）Had done/been表示过去未能实现的愿望、意愿（与过去相反）Could/would do表示未来不大可能实现的愿望、意愿（与将来相反）1. wish-clauses1）I wish I were as young as you.2）I wish that I had not met him yesterday.3）Isnt it your wish that you could buy a car like that? 如果wish的形式是过去时，则从句的谓语动词的虚拟形式不变He wished he knew the answer.他希望他懂答案。（其实当时他不懂）注意：I wish和I hope都表示“希望”。但I hope并不表示假设意义，随后的动词形式除表示婉转口气外很少用过去形式。 I hope youre coming to our party. We hope you will be very happy.即学即用1. I wish I _(be) as tall as you.2. He wished that he _ (not do) it yesterday.3. I wish I _ (fly) to Hainan for a trip one day.2. If only 要是就好了If only I had another chance. 要是我再有一次机会就好了。If only I had taken mothers advice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。 I dread the coming exams. If only I could have time to review my lessons. 我对即将到来的考试非常担心。如果我有时间复习该有多好啊。即学即用1. Tom was sent to Australia for further study last week.Really? If only I _（有一天有此机会）2. Eric hasnt passed the examination. If only he _（早听史密斯先生的建议）!3 . as if ,as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中虚拟语气1) She always talks to me as if she were my sister.2) He walks slowly as if he had hurt his leg.3) She looks as if she would cry.注意：在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去式。 1) It looks as if it is going to rain. 2) The fish smells as if it has gone bad.4. even if, even though引导的状语从句中虚拟语气Nothing could have saved him even if he had been tended without delay.They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是多年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。即学即用1. Even if he _ (be) here, he could not solve the problem.2. She looked after the boy as if he _ (be) her own son.3. He talked as if he _(be) to the USA before.5. I would rather (that) you / he / they did/were(与现在或将来相反，用过去时)。I would rather (that) you / he / they had done(过去相反用过去完成时)表示宁愿让别人做某事 Im told they are going by bus, but I would rather they went by train. He didnt attend the meeting. I would rather he had been present. Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.注意：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形 I would rather stay at home today would ratherthan中用动词原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today 即学即用1. I would rather you _(pay) me now.2. Id rather I _ (not go) to see the film. It was boring!6在It is (high/about) time (that)句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式或should+动词原形,should 不可省略Its about time you began (should begin) your work. 该你开始工作的时候了。It is high time that we had (should have) our lunch. 该是我们吃午饭的时候了。It is time that he made (should make) up his mind. 该是他作出决定的时候了。即学即用 You have been working for nearly an hour. Its time for you to have a break. =You have been working for nearly an hour. Its _ time that you _ _ a break.虚拟语气练习1. Everything _ if Albert hadnt called the fire brigade.A. will be destroyed B. will have been destroyed B. would be destroyed D. would have been destroyed2. If you hadnt gone with Tom to the party last night, _.A. you would meet John already B. you wont have missed JohnC. you will have met John D. you would have met John3. Supposing this ship _, do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?A. was sinking B. has sunk C. were to sink D. sunk4. The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if _ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.A. it is not B. it were not C. were it not D. they were not5. The teacher suggested that each student _ a plan for the vacation.A. made B. make C. makes D. will make6. Frankly, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.A. do B. dont do C. didnt do D. will not do7. After the way she treated you, if I _ in your place.A. be B. am C. was D. were8. The idea is that the nation _ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.A. sent B. sends C. send D. must send9. Its high time you _.A. start to work B. would start to work C. started to work D. had started to work10. “If I hadnt practiced when I was younger,” the musician says, “I _ able to play so well now.”A. wouldnt be B. wont be C. wouldnt have been D. couldnt have been11. It is imperative that you _ there in person.A. are B. were C. be D. will be12. The atomic structure is, _, a miniature solar system.A. as it was B. as if they were C. as it were D. as if are13. We required that the machine parts _ cast iron.A. is made of B. be made from C. be made of D. is made by14. The management urged that the cost of production _.A. to be further reduced B. was further reduced C. be further reduced D. should further reduced15. The business is risky. But _ we would be rich.A. should we succeed B. we should succeed C. might we succeed D. would we succeed16. I wish our teacher _ to give another test. I havent got prepared yet.A. isnt going B. werent going C. will not going D. could have gone17. I wish I _ to the movies with you last night.A. went B. did go C. could go D. could have gone18. Id just as soon _ rudely to her.A. that you wont speak B. your not speaking C. you not speak D. you didnt speak19. If I _ in the twenty-first century, I _ my vacation in a very different way.A. should live would spend B. will live should spendC. are living should have spent D. will be living would have spent20. It is required that the machine _ as frequently as necessary.A. be oiled B. must be oiled C. is oiled D. will oil21. His English teacher recommends that he _ a regular degree program.A. begins B. begin C. will begin D. is beginning22. We prefer that the plan _ before being put into practice.A. is fully discussed B. must be fully discussed C. be fully discussed D. will be fully discussed23. What do you think of his proposal that improvements _ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?A. be made B. will be made C. would be made D. will have to be made24. The doctors advice is that the patient _ about his real physical condition.A. be not told B. not be told C. will not be told D. must not be told25. _, we could not have finished the work on time.A. If they do not help us B. Was it not for their helpC. Should they offer to help us D. But for their help26. If we had been more careful, we _ much better results now.A. got B. had got C. would be getting D. would have got27. Henry _ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.A. would be B. is C. will be D. was28. They thought it desirable that an armed guard _ in readiness.A. stands B. stand C. stood D. would stand29. _ , I would teach you how to send emails. A. Have I timeB. If I have timeC. If I will have timeD. If I had time30. Sally cant have written to me, or _ the letter by now.A. Ill get B. Ill have got C. Id have got D. Id get31. I should very much like to have gone to the party but I _.A. am not invited B. was not invited C. shall not be invited D. am not being invited32. There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention _ to the companies that are expected to bring in highest profit. A. is given B. gives C. should be given D. must be given33. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material _ to its burning temperature.A. be heated B. is heated C. would be heated D. to heat34. “Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”“No. I didnt feel well, but I would have gone if I _.”A. did B. have C. would D. had35. If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we _ her at the bus station.A. may have met B. might meet C. may meet D. might have met36. Were safer in a train than we would be if we _ any other way.A. traveled B. had traveled C. travel D. have traveled37. He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I _ of hunger and cold.A. would be died B. would have died C. would die D. will have died38. _ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Was he leaving B. If he is leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves39. Had electroni