2016年考博英语语法重点总结.doc

考博英语语法重点总结独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装 一、独立主格特征 1.充当句子的状语。 2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。 3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+分词 4.With+名词（代词）+分词(形容词） 例：a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome. b)Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted. c)heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen（holdingarifle). (1995)45cliffsnolongercrumbling,thebeachesare46ofthematerialwhichwould47feedthem. 45.A.ForB.AsC.WithD.Because 练习：Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf_7_fromthedoor,theworld_8_yourthesisadviser,teamleader,orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,perhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo_9_youreallywanttodo. 8.A.isB.havingC.beingD.be 二、虚拟语气 1.（should）+动词原形 It+be动词+形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable)+that从句 It+be动词+名词(pity,shame)+that从句 It+be动词+过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved)+that从句 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等)+that从句 2.Its(high,about)timethat+动词过去式 wouldrather+动词过去式 (1997)IwouldntbetruthfulifI47saythatteachingishardwork. 47.A.doB.didC.dontD.didnt (1993)TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration52,andthey53thattheprofessorbesenthome. 53.A.orderedB.pleadedC.decidedD.demanded Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimethatwe_15_thismessagetoheart. 15.A.tookB.wouldtakeC.willtakeD.shouldtake(2003.3)Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersatisfactioneven_54_otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappointing. (evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.) 54.A.shallB.willC.wouldD.should 三、非谓语动词 动名词、分词、不定式。 主动或被动。(doing/done,todo/tobedone) 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen)To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。 真题剖析 (2000)IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies60intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers. 60.A.droppedB.todropC.droppingD.drops (2001.3)Aheroinaddict,forinstance,leadsa59life:hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosespreventshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways. 59.A.destructiveB.dissatisfiedC.damagedD.derivative 四、主谓一致 1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。 Howyougottheredoesntconcernme. Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering. 2.表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。 Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon. 3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。 4.“分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。 Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded(theareaisunderwater). 5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等)作主语，谓语用单数。 Everyoneknowsthatyouvecomehere. Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.(-thing的情况例外) 6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等） HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature. 7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notbut,partlypartly等) Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming. 8.each,every,manya,no+主语，谓语用单数。 ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall. (2000)MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCalcuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfricascitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,54ofurbanizationeverrecorded. 53.A.noneB.fewC.anyD.some 五、倒装 （一）全部倒装 1.“There(Here)+be+主语” Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict. Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks. 2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如itblewup.) Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.3.介词短语作状语位于句首 Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy. 4.表语位于句首 Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose. Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity. 5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文 Shewasntangry,andneitherwasI. Peterdoesntlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother. 6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语） Goneforeverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeignoil. （二）部分倒装 1.疑问句 2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly)位于句首（作形容词时例外） NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents. 3.“only+状语”位于句首 Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave. 4.“hardlywhen”,“scarcelywhen”,“nosoonerthan”,“notonly(butalso)”位于句首 Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclassbegan. 5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(innoway,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount) Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules. Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties. 6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首) 7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词” Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople. Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse. (2000)Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban46. 46.A.wayB.lifeC.areaD.people 限定词的用法 1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个) 2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上) 3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数) 4.Much,(a)little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数) eg.“Gotanymoney?”“Noneatall.” eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.” 从句为考察重点 (1999)Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe. 51.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that (1998)Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving53,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,52.A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If (1993)IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded. 46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthat omittingthesubject Ratherformaluse 让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。 Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse. Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse. Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如：Itwasanunequalmarriage,althoughastableandlong-lastingone. Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour. WHILE 1.HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith. 2.IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV. 3.WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar. AND 1.oftenusedtolinkclauses Icameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince. 2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone. Gobytrainandyoullgettherequicker. Doasyouretoldandyoullbeallright. WHERE 1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow. 2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived. 3.Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely. 4.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree. 5.Now,wherewerewe?Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn. 6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.(difference) WHICH (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面) 1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday? NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed. 2.分割句子，补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase. Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewontarriveforanotherhour. THAT多用于同位语从句和thing的定语从句中。 WHAT (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句) 1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened. 2.Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared. 3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthatswhatyouwant. 4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection. 5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs. AS 1.比较 Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo. 2.作为，正如Wedbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive. David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately. 3.看作，看待 Theresultoflastweekselectionwillbeseenasavictory. 4.当时候=whileorwhen IsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus. 5.原因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome. 6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldntgetthedooropen. Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand. IdbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum. Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee. IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied(=notgiven)theopportunity. Theopportunitywasdenied(to)meatschool. Theprestigeisdenied(to)theclassroomteacher. Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige. 过去分词与形容词的语义差： 1.Destructive:causingdamagetopeopleorthings thedestructivepowerofmodernweapons Damaged:beinginabadstate emotionallydamagedchildren 2.Respected:admiredbymanybecauseofachievements Hesoneofthemostrespectedmanagersinthegame. Respectful:feelingorshowingrespect Theylistenedinrespectfulsilence. 3.Preferred:Herownpreferredmethodsofexercisearehikingandlongcyclerides. Preferable:Abigearthquakealongwayoffispreferabletoasmalleronenearby. Preferential:Bankofficialsdeniedgivingthesenatoranypreferentialtreatment. 4.Unimagined:Othersseeanewgoldenageofbusinessandtechnologythatwillliftthemarkettounimaginedheights.Unimaginative:Thatmeansthetraditionalofficelayoutoflined-upcubiclesandworkstationsisseenasrigidandunimaginative. 5.Loving:Shewasadevotedwifeandaverylovingmother. Lovable:asweetlovablechild Lovely:Wehadalovelyholiday. 6.Tolerated:WhilePatchesaregenerallywelltoleratedtheyarenotalwayssuitableforeveryone. Tolerant:treesthataretolerantofsaltseawinds Tolerable:Allinall,itwasbettertohaveatolerabletenementthantheidealwhichnoonecouldafford. 虚拟语气 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smokingisprohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbingmountainsisinteresting爬山很有趣。(经验) Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob. 2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither-次做两件事等于未做。 WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.我的建议是立刻开始干。 2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。 Toworkmeanstoearnaliving工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 ThefunctionofLouisSullivansarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior. Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Ourworkisservingthepeople我们的工作是为人民服务。 Hishobbyiscollectingstamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled，fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake. HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected (3)分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebodyisinterestedin.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.isinteresting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的 Travellingisinterestingbuttiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 Theargumentisveryconvincing他的论点很令人信服。 Theywereveryexcitedatthenews听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： (1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视afford负担得起demand要求long渴望arrange安排destine注定mean意欲，打算 begin开始expect期望omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得determine决定manage设法cease停止hate憎恨，厌恶pretend假装ask问dread害怕need需要 agree同意desire愿望love爱swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望bear承受endeavor努力offer提供 beg请求fail不能plan计划 bother扰乱；烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备 decide决定learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫profess表明 claim要求hope希望promise承诺，允许start开始undertake承接want想要 consent同意，赞同intend想要refuse拒绝 decide决定learn学习vow起contrive设法，图谋incline有倾向propose提议 seek找，寻觅try试图 2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请get请，得到prompt促使allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布force强迫press迫使 bride收买inspire鼓舞request请求assist协助hate憎恶pronounce断定，表示advise劝告exhort告诫，勉励pray请求authorize授权，委托help帮助recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍implore恳求remind提醒beg请求induce引诱report报告compel强迫invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤command命令intend想要，企图show显示drive驱赶mean意欲，打算train训练cause引起instruct指示require要求deserve应受leave使，让tell告诉direct指导like喜欢tempt劝诱entitle有资格order命令warn告诫enable使能够need需要urge激励，力说encourage鼓励oblige不得不want想要condemn指责，谴责lead引起，使得teach教entreat恳求permit允许wish希望 (2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 acknowledge承认，自认cease停止mention说到，讲到 admit承认tolerate忍受dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张complete完成dread可怕 appreciate感激，欣赏confess坦白endure忍受 avoid避免contemplate细想enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受defer拖延envy嫉妒 canthelp不禁delay延迟escape逃跑，逃避cantstand受不了deny否认excuse借口consider考虑detest嫌恶fancy幻想，爱好 favor造成，偏爱mind介意repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算miss错过resent怨恨 finish完成，结束不得pardon原谅，饶恕resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅permit允许resume恢复 imagine设想postpone延迟，延期risk冒险involve卷入，包含practise实行，实践suggest建议hate讨厌prevent阻止save营救，储蓄 keep保持quit放弃停止stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶recall回想 例如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。 (3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 1）forgettodo忘记要去做某事（此事未做） forgetdoing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生） 2）stoptodo停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事 3）remembertodo记住去做某事（未做） rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做) 4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾 regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5）trytodo努力、企图做某事 trydoing试验、试一试某种办法 6)meantodo打算，有意要 meandoing意味着 7）goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情） goondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情） 8）proposetodo打算（要做某事） proposingdoing建议（做某事） 9)like/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为；+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念 （注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow 10)need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。 Dontyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow你可要记着是明天动身。 IdontregrettellingherwhatIthought我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过) Iregrettohavetodothis，butIhavenochoice我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做) Youmusttrytobemorecareful你可要多加小心。 Letstrydoingtheworksomeotherway让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。 Ididntmeantohurtyourfeeling我没想要伤害你的感情。 Thisillnesswillmean(your)goingtohospital得了这种病(你)就要进医院。 4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别 (1）不定式作定语 1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系 Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。 2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Gethimsomethingtoeat给他拿点儿东西吃。 Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning早上他有很多工作要做。 3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith我需要一支笔写字。 Thereisnothingtoworryabout没有什么值得发愁的。 4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如： ability能力，本领drive赶，驾驶movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心effort努力，尝试need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动failure失败，不及格opportunity机会chance机会force力，压力，要点promise许诺，希望 courage勇气intention意向，意图reason理由，原因 decision决定method方法，方式light光，光线，亮光 determination决心，决定motive动