我国企业项目管理团队建设问题研究.docx

项目管理团队是为了共同的目标、保障项目的有效协调实施而建立起来的团队，团队成员只有围绕共同明确的目标同心协力、分工明确、组织有序，形成合力，才能成为有效协作的团队。由于项目管理内容涵盖了项目范围、时间、费用、质量、风险、人力资源等很多方面;项目团队的具体职责、组织结构、人员构成和资源配备等方面的具体内容会根据项目的任务、难易程度、规模大小和周期长短而有所不同。因此，企业项目管理团队建设是一件非常有难度的工作，它需要把独立性很强的个体塑造成一凝聚力很强的项高效目团队。一、企业项目管理概述“项目管理”是一种通过项目领导和项目团队的共同努力，运用系统的理论和科学的方法，为实现项目目标，对项目及其资源进行计划、组织、协调、控制的特定管理方法体系。项目管理具有三个基本的特点：一是复杂性，项目管理作为一项复杂的和高系统风险的工作，有多个部分和环节构成，其工作涵盖多种职能，需要运用多学科的知识和技能来完成任务。二是创造性。体现在积累和继承前人的知识、经验和成果基础上，综合多种技术和多学科成果，实现飞跃式发展。问题解决方案和新的构思能够贮备企业经验和能力，在不断探索的过程中，企业应对外界风险和变化的能力也随之增强。三是目标管理。项目管理是一种多层次、可分解的任务目标管理方式。由于项目涉及的专业领域非常广泛，没有人能够成为每一个知识领域的专家，项目管理需要综合协调，授权与被授权，其实现方法具有很大灵活性。二、我国企业项目管理团队建设存在的主要问题（一）组织机构臃肿，效率低下项目管理组织机构庞大臃肿，盲目扩张。企业项目管理机构过于庞大臃肿，虽然也多次精简，但是收效甚微，导致了虽然精简，但有增无减的局面，没有必要设立的职位和人员大量出现。（二）权力集中缺乏制约权力过多地集中在职能管理层面，而相关的职能部门缺乏应有的监督制约机制，导致一些企业管理人员的官僚主义观念和思想仍然存在，没有务实和创新的精神，严重影响着决策民主化、科学管理的进程，在很大程度上制约了企业项目管理团队建设的积极性，使企业项目管理缺乏活力和效率。（三）体制和制度执行不够健全项目管理效率低下的根本原因在于官本位而不是以人为本，有些制度虽然已经制定，但没有很好的执行。现代企业需要建立起科学的项目管理体系和项目团队和全面规范的项目管理规则。因此，项目管理体制不全，组织结构设置不合理，规章制度不科学不完善，以及对现代社会新的科学技术方法推广力度不足也是不可忽视的原因。（四）项目团队运转效率低下由于项目执行部门和执行环节过于复杂，造成某些职能和环节运转不灵。项目团队往往因扯皮推诱等内部矛盾导致效率低下，导致己具备客观解决条件的问题久拖不决，因为小集团利益拒不执行项目决策等重重阻力。（五）任务目标模糊、考评流于形式“如何建立有效的绩效考评系统”是困扰企业项目管理团队建设的一个难题，具体问题体现在绩效目标难以衡量;管理者缺乏相关的训练、疲于应付;碍于情面;考评标准不同;结果与过程脱节等等方面。很多项目管理团队往往以偏概全的把绩效管理等同于绩效考核，只看到了对部门和员工表现考核的一面，而忽视了激励和持续改进等更为重要的本质目的。绩效管理是团队领导和成员间持续不断的双向沟通的过程，在此过程中，不仅要通过充分的交流达成绩效目标内容的共识，还要在团队工作中以目标作为导向，通过持续的交流和反馈，不断提高团队和个人的工作绩效，实现共同的目标。（六）只注重短期利益，忽视长期可持续发展目前很多企业项目管理缺乏正确的科学发展观，只重视短期的经营利润和盈利状况，忽视人的长期培养和发展。企业项目管理人员的选拔、录用、培训、考核、奖惩、升降、淘汰和辞退等人事制度不健全，缺乏合理的竞争激励机制和合作交流机制。一些项目管理团队成员知识能力素质不强，遇事怕承担责任，做事“和稀泥”，只干对自己有利益的事，项目团队人员素质不能适应项目管理的要求，直接影响着项目效率的提高。多数企业项目管理团队只关注与短期目标，缺乏对长远目标的规划，具体项目没有与企业发展战略目标形成统一。过于片面追求短期规模扩大，速度增长，业绩提升等短期利益，往往忽视会质量效益和平衡发展，使企业缺乏持续增长能力和核心竞争力。三、企业项目管理团队建设的发展对策（一）创建学习型组织学习型组织是二十一世纪全球企业组织和管理方式的新趋势。学习型组织作为一种新的组织模式，具有以下特点：“共同的愿景、持续不断的学习过程、开放式新角色、倡导知识管理等”。随着科学技术发展的日新月异，企业的发展需要不断紧跟时代步伐，项目团队在日趋激烈的竞争环境中需要充分释放潜能。这就要求项目团队转变为学习型组织，全面提高自己的素质，更新原有的知识结构，改善行为方式，优化组织体系，以获取更高的预期效益。建立团队学习制度体系，综合利用多种学习的途径，如开展组织培训、内部学习、外部咨询、行业学习和客户学习等，并将多种学习途径有机地整合，从技术到管理、从安全到质量、从思想到行为，多层次、全方位地提高团队成员综合素质，在项目团队内部营造学习氛围，系统地促进组织学习，形成教全面的教育和组织学习机制，增强团队学习能力即“新知识、新观念、新事物的理解能力、吸引能力和整合能力”。团队学习能力的整体提升能更有效地帮助项目团队思考学习、解决问题、培养情商和从容地应对各类风险，有更多的机会获得成功。 （二）增强创新能力没有创新能力的团队不能称其为优秀团队。项目团队建设的内容不仅要涵盖高效和弹性，还要体现团队的创新能力，使每一位团队成员都习惯于改变并清楚意识到改变是任何改善和提高的前提，面对发展的世界唯一不变的就是“改变”。只有观念改资，行为才会改变，只有习惯改变，结果才会改变。高度的创造力是需要通过团队成员发挥出来的，它体现在提高生产作业水平、新产品和服务开发、市场拓展等各个方面。任何领域都会存在创新的空间，从不同的侧面思考问题，自由讨论的艺术可以激发和富于团队创新的精神，让创新的观念伸展到所涉及的每个领域。不断提高团队对外界环境变化的调适能力是体现和培养创新的关键。如果当团队已意识到外界环境的变化，却难以采取必要的行动应对，其主要原因在于团队缺乏对环境的调适能力，这就要求提高团队的调适能力以增强其接受和运用新知识、新观念和新事物的能力。在创新的过程中，要协调好稳定与创新的关系。创新型工作团队的稳定不仅涉及内部团队成员的稳定性，还包含团队整体素质的相对稳定性。采用各种合理有效的激励措施提高团队高素质成员的认同感和归属感是保持团队素质稳定性的关键，同时，在团队的协调合作的基础上，团队内部成员的组成必须不断更新，以促进创新持续发展，从而在保持项目竞争优势的同时，也为自主创新奠定良好的基础。任何创新都可能存在风险和代价，但是不能因为害怕承担任何风险就错失创新和发展的潜在机会。创新能够给项目带来特殊的附加价值，所以对待创新需要有包容的态度和原则，在权衡创新带来的机遇与风险，收益与成本的关系，创新与发展之间的关系同时，鼓励和支持自主创新。（三）营造和谐人际关系，充分释放团队建设的功效要营造和谐环境，首先要创建和谐的企业项目团队。创建和谐的企业项目团队要体现人与人的和谐。充分的沟通交流、相互信任、合作协调是人与人的和谐关系的前提，而制度体系的完善，角色分工的明确，则能从根本上减少矛盾和冲突，使得各个层面都能够按照规则和谐运行。人与环境的和谐主要依靠长期和持续的团队建设，项目团队要围绕远景，营造好的企业工作环境和文化氛围，让大家形成归属感和向心力。在项目管理团队中形成和谐的人际关系，还要树立团队统一感，避免“圈内人”、“圈外人”、“你们”、“我们”的划分，不能过分夸大不同部门和职能单位的差别，忽视共同之处，否则会引起彼此无谓的争端，甚至纠缠于资源争夺，无法把精力和时间投入到项目工作中。只有在项目团队中建立起友好、互助的人际关系，才能充分释放团队建设的功效。（四）加强沟通与合作，树立统一的价值观、增强凝聚力核心价值观是决定每一位团队成员的态度和行为的价值观，并与团队的目标保持一致。核心价值观能帮助项目团队发掘其核心竞争力，使团队在激烈的市场环境中形成无法比拟的竞争优势，有助于提高企业核心竞争力。这是因为核心价值观有助于团队产生累加的积极效应，团队精神可以激发成员的共同努力，使得团队的工作成果远远高于单个成员的工作成果。共同的目标和期望不仅是形成团队的首要条件，而且也是企业文化的重要组成部分。团队成员要在项目团队中扮演好自己的角色，就要能够从别人的成功中获取满足感，同时能通过自己的思想和行动去影响和改变他人的观点、态度、决定;并学会用正确的态度对待个体差异，理智地解决冲突，进行平等坦诚的沟通，不能只局限在个人目标上，还应该更多的考虑团队的利益。项目团队成员之间的相互帮助支持、相互理解和容忍，可以促进成员之间的合作，提高团队士气，鼓励成贾创造卓越工作，创造一种增加工作满意度的氛围，增强项目团队的凝聚力。（五）形成团队建设规范有序的推进机制IBM咨询公司曾对世界500强企业进行过一次调查，结果表明这些企业的成功得益于技术创新、体制创新和管理创新的深度融合和优秀文化，这些世界500强企业的团队理念中不仅包含了以人为本、服务社会等核心价值理念，而且包含了平等对待员工、平衡相关者利益、团队精神和鼓励创新等精神财富。推进企业项目管理团队的建设，要从多方面多角度出发。面对组织间激烈的竞争和科技时代发展，现代项目需要项目团队及成员具备更全面的素质，如应变的意识和能力、沟通的意识和能力、认知能力、专业专长能力、创新意识和能力、科学决策意识和能力、持续学习意识和能力、领导管理的观念和能力、合作意识和能力等多方面的内容。以人为本的全面、协调、可持续的发展是实现企业科学发展观的核心内容。在变化的环境中保持稳定不变的核心价值观和基本目标，形成团队规范有序的推进机制是保持企业长期发展的关键。Project management team is a guarantee for the common goal, effectively coordinate implementation of the project and to build a team, team members only around a common clear goals are of one mind, a clear division of responsibilities, organized, mix, can become effective collaborative team. Due to the content of project management covers the project scope, time, cost, quality, risk, human resources and so on many aspects; The specific duties of the project team, organization structure, personnel structure and resources with specific content will be according to the project task, ease, size, and the cycle length. Therefore, the enterprise project management team building is a very difficult job, it requires the independent individual item as a cohesive force strong and efficient team.An overview, enterprise project managementProject management is a project leader and the joint efforts of the project team, using the system theory and scientific methods, to achieve project objectives, the project and its resources to plan, organize, coordinate and control system of specific management methods. Project management has three basic characteristics: one is the complexity of the project management as a complex and high risk work, have more than one part and link form, its work covers a variety of functions, the use of multidisciplinary knowledge and skills are needed to complete tasks. 2 it is creative. Embodied in the accumulation and inheritance based on previous knowledge, experience and results, comprehensive multiple technologies and achievements of multiple disciplines, realize the leap type development. Solutions to problems and new idea to reserve enterprise experience and ability, in the process of continuously explore and risk of enterprises to cope with the outside world and the ability to change also will increase. Three is the target management. Project management is a multi-level and decomposable mission objectives management style. Because the project has a very wide range of professional fields involved, no one can become experts in every field of knowledge, comprehensive coordination, project management requires authorization and authorized, the flexibility of its implementation method.Second, the main problems of our country construction enterprise project management team(a) the organization overstaffed, inefficientProject management organization is bloated, blind expansion. Enterprise project management organization too bloated, although also streamline for many times, but to little effect, caused the while streamlining, but continued to grow, there is no need to set up a spate of positions and personnel.(2) power concentrated in the lack of restrictionToo much power concentrated in the functions of management level and the relevant functional departments of the lack of proper supervision and restriction mechanism, lead to some corporate executives still exists, the concept of bureaucracy and thought no pragmatic and innovative spirit, the serious influence the decision-making process of democratization, scientific management, to a great extent, restricts the construction enterprise project management teams enthusiasm, make the enterprise project management lack of energy and efficiency.(3) and imperfect system and system of executionProject management is the root cause of the low efficiency of ranking rather than with the person this, though some system has been set, but without good execution. Modern enterprises need to set up scientific project management system and specification of the project team and project management rules. Therefore, the project management system is not complete, set unreasonable organization structure, imperfect rules and regulations is not science, and the new approach is the promotion of science and technology in modern society is also cannot be ignored.(4) project team operation low efficiencyDue to the complexity of project execution department and perform link too, cause some functions and link not working. Project team, often because of the dispute, and push internal contradictions such as lead to inefficient to have the objective conditions of solution dragged on, because of the small group interest refused to carry out project decisions such as heavy resistance.(5) task for examination and assessment of target fuzzy, become a mere formality how to establish an effective performance evaluation system is a difficulty in enterprise project management team building, concrete problems reflected in the performance target is difficult to measure; Managers lack of relevant training, struggling to keep up; Because of the show; Different assessment standards; Disconnected result and process, etc. A lot of project management team often biased equate performance management with performance appraisal, and only see the department and employee performance appraisal, and ignore the essence of the incentive and continuous improvement is more important. Performance management is a continuous two-way communication between team leaders and members of the process, in the process, not only to reach performance goals through sufficient communication content of the agreement, but also in the team work on target as guidance, through continuous communication and feedback, and constantly improve the working performance of the team and individuals, achieve common goals.(6) only focus on short-term interests, ignoring the long-term sustainable developmentAt present many enterprise to lack the correct scientific concept of development, project management, only pay attention to short-term business profits and earnings, ignoring the long-term training and development of human beings. Enterprise project management personnel selection, hiring, training, assessment, rewards and punishments, lift, elimination and fire personnel system is not sound, lack of reasonable incentive mechanism of competition and cooperation mechanism. Some members of the project management team knowledge ability quality is not strong, he was afraid to take responsibility, work muddle, only do their own interest, the project team personnel quality can not adapt to the requirement of project management, directly affects the efficiency of the project.Most enterprises only focus on the project management team and short term goals, the lack of long-term goal planning, with no specific project enterprise development strategic objective form is unified. Too one-sided pursuit of short-term scale, growth, performance improvement of short-term interests, will tend to ignore the quality benefit and balanced development, make the enterprise lack of sustained growth ability and core competence.Three, enterprise development countermeasures of construction of the project management team(a) to create a learning organizationLearning organization is the 21st century global new trend of enterprise organization and management mode. Learning organization as a new kind of organization mode, has the following characteristics: the common vision, continuous learning process, open a new role, promote knowledge management. With the progress of science and technology development, the development of enterprises need to constantly keep up the pace, in the increasingly fierce competitive environment of the project team needs to fully release the potential. This requires the project team into a learning organization, improve their own quality, update the original knowledge structure, improve the behavior, optimize the organization system, in order to get the higher expected benefits. Build system of team learning system, the comprehensive utilization of a variety of ways to learn, such as training organization, external and internal learning consultation and industry and customer learning, etc., and will study a variety of ways organically integrated, from technology to management, from safety to quality and from mind to behavior, multi-level and comprehensive to improve team members comprehensive quality, create a learning atmosphere within the project team, system to promote the organization learning, form teaching comprehensive education and organizational learning mechanism, strengthen the ability of team learning - that is, the new knowledge, new ideas, new things understanding ability, ability to attract and integrate ability. Team learning ability can more effectively help the project team of the ascent of the whole thinking about learning, problem solving, cultivate eq and easy way of dealing with all kinds of risks, have more opportunity to succeed. (2) strengthen innovation abilityNo innovation team cant call it the best team. Content of the construction of the project team to cover not only high efficiency and flexibility, but also reflects the teams ability to innovate, to make every team member is used to change and clearly aware of is the precondition of any improvement and improve, in the face of the development of the world the only constant is change. Only change idea, behavior will change, only habit change, the result will be changed. High degree of creativity is need by team members to play out, it is embodied in raise the level of production and the development of new products and services, market development, and other aspects. Any field exists innovation space, thinking from different sides, free discussion of art can inspire and good team spirit of innovation, make innovative ideas spread to the involved in every field. Constantly improve the team to the external environment change adjustment ability is the key to embody and cultivate innovation. If the team has realized the change of external environment, it is difficult to take the necessary action to deal with, the main reason lies in the teams lack of adaptation to the environment ability, it requires to improve the team adjustment ability to enhance its acceptance and use new knowledge, new ideas and new things. In the process of innovation, to coordinate the relationship between the stability and innovation. The stability of the innovative work team is not only related to the stability of the internal team members, also contains the relative stability of the whole quality team. Used in a variety of reasonable and effective incentive measures to improve high quality team members sense of identity and sense of belonging is the key to keeping the team quality stability, at the same time, the coordination and cooperation in a team, on the basis of the composition of the members of the team must be constantly updated, in order to promote the sustainable development of the innovation and to keep the project of competitive advantage at the same time, also to lay a good foundation for independent innovation.Any innovation are likely to have risk and cost, but is unable to bear any risk for fear of missing innovation and development of potential opportunities. Innovation can bring special additional value to the project, so the attitude of innovation need to be inclusive and principle, weighed in on the opportunities brought about by the innovations and risk, the relationship between income and cost, the relationship between the innovation and development at the same time, encourage and support independent innovation.(3) to build a harmonious interpersonal relationship, the full release of the effectiveness of team buildingTo create a harmonious environment, the first to create a harmonious enterprise project team. To create a harmonious enterprise project team should reflect the interpersonal harmony. Good communication, mutual trust, cooperation, coordination is the precondition of the interpersonal harmonious relations, and the improvement of the system, the role of division of labor is clear, can radically reduce the contradiction and conflict, makes every level can be in accordance with the rules of harmonious operation. The harmony of man and environment relies mainly on the long-term and sustainable team building, project team around vision, build good enterprise working environment and culture atmosphere, let everybody form a sense of belonging and centripetal force. In the project management team to form the harmonious interpersonal relationship, to establish the sense of team unity, avoid insiders, outsider, the division of you and we, not exaggerate the differences of different departments and functions, ignored in common, otherwise it will cause unnecessary disputes, each other even obsessed with competition for resources, cant put the time and energy into the project work. Only if the project team to establish friendly and mutual relationship, to fully release the effect of team building.(4) strengthen the communication and cooperation, and establish a unified value, enhance the cohesionCore values are decided to every team members attitude and behavior of values, and consistent with the teams goals. Core values can help the project team to discover its core competitiveness, make the team in the competition in the market environment form the incomparable advantage, to improve enterprise core competitiveness. This is because the core values helps the team to produce the positive effects of additive, the joint efforts of the members of the team spirit can stimulate the teams work is much higher than that of the individual members of the work. Common goals and expectations are not only the first condition of group formation, but also an important part of enterprise culture.Team members to play their roles in the project team, will be able to get satisfaction from the success of others, at the same time can through