5. The sounds of language.doc

5 The sounds of language5.1 Phonetics5.2 Articulation: Voiced & Voiceless5.3 Consonants5.3.1 Place of articulationBilabialsLabiodentalsDentalsAlveolarsAlveo-palatalsVelarsGlottals5.3.2 Manner of articulationStopsFricativesAffricatesNasalsApproximantsGlottal stopFlap5.4 Vowels5.4.1 Monophthongs5.4.2 Diphthongs5.1 PhoneticsPhonetics 语音学 -the general study of the characteristics of speech soundsuArticulatory phonetics 发音语音学 -the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated.vAcoustic phonetics 声学语音学-deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air.wAuditory/Perceptual phonetics 听觉语音学-deals with the perception, via the ear, of speech soundsxForensic phonetics 法律语音学-has applications in legal cases involving speaker identification and the analysis of recorded utterances5.2 Articulation : voiced & voicelessArtitulatory phonetics we investigate how speech sounds are produced using the fairly complex oral equipment we haveu When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded unimpeded 未受妨碍的; 未受阻止的not interrupted or delayed. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless.v When the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration vibration vabren 颤动; 震动; 振动; 摆动a continuous slight shaking movement effect. Sounds produces in this way are described as voiced.5.3 Consonants5.3.1 Place of articulation-the place of articulation of the sound, that is, the location, inside the mouth, at which the constriction takes placej Bilabials 双唇音 - sounds formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia) p b m w Labiodentals 唇齿音 sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. f v Dentals 齿音 sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teethInterdental 齿间音 sounds formed with the tongue tip between (=inter) the upper and lower teeth Alveolars 齿龈音 sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge (alveolar ridge is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth)alveolar齿龈音的，齿槽音的Linguistics Formed with the tip of the tongue touching or near the inner ridge of the gums of the upper front teeth, as the English t, d,and s. 【语言学】用舌尖接触或靠近上前牙龈内侧边缘而形成的发音，如英语语音 t, d, 和 s alveolar ridge牙槽 t d s z n l r Alveo-palatals 齿龈后音/腭龈音 sounds produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate (If you feel back behind the alveolar ridge, you should find a hard part in the roof of your mouth. This is called the palate.)palate颚The roof of the mouth in vertebrates having a complete or partial separation of the oral and nasal cavities and consisting of the hard palate and the soft palate. 脊椎动物口腔的顶，由全部或部分分开的口腔和鼻腔的各结构组成并由硬颚和软颚组成腭是口的顶盖，用以分隔口腔与鼻腔。前部的三分之二，即硬腭，是一片覆盖着黏膜的骨头。它给舌头一个顶层，与它顶撞，可以发出话音，咀嚼时可调整食物，同时可以通过闭塞鼻腔通道保持口腔内的压力。后面的那片灵活的软腭由肌肉、结缔组织组成，止于悬雍垂一段肉质突出部分。向上可以将鼻腔和上咽挡在口腔和下咽外，以便吞咽食物或饮水时造成口腔真空。 t d Palatals 硬腭音 sounds produced with the tongue in the middle of the palate jVelars 软腭音 sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum (Even further back in the roof of the mouth, beyond the hard palate, you will find a soft area which is called the soft palate/velum.)Velum/Soft Palate 软腭 k g Glottals 喉音 the sound produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth h5.3.2 Manner of articulation- the manner of articulation, that is, in the way they are pronouncedj Stops/Plosives 爆破音 sounds resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstreamSounds produced by some form of complete stopping of the airstream (very briefly) and then letting it go abruptly p b t d k g Fricatives fricative摩擦音A consonant, such as for s in English, produced by the forcing of breath through a constricted passage. Also called spirant 英语的一种辅音，例如f 或 S ，通过使气流穿过狭窄音道而发出 也作 spirant 摩擦音 sounds resulting from a friction as the air is pushed throughSounds produced by blocking the airstream, and having the air push through the narrow openingf v s z Affricates affricate塞擦音A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. Also called affricative 由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如child 和 joy的第一个音 也作 affricative 破擦音 sounds resulting from combining a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction t d Nasals nasal 鼻音的Linguistics Articulated by lowering the soft palate so that air resonates in the nasal cavities and passes out the nose, as in the pronunciation of the nasal consonants (m), (n), and (ng) or the nasalized vowel of French bon. 【语言学】由软腭下降发言以致气流在口道某处阻塞因而使鼻道张开的，如鼻辅音(m)(n)和(ng)或法语中的鼻元音bon 的发音 鼻辅音 sounds produced when the velum is lowered and airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose m n Approximants approximant 无擦通音A speech sound, such as a glide or liquid, produced by narrowing but not blocking the vocal tract, as by placing an articulator, such as the tongue, near another part of the vocal tract. 因声道变窄但未封闭而发出的声音（如滑音或流音），如将发音器官（如舌头）靠近声道的另一侧发出的声音 the articulation is strongly influenced by the following vowel sound w y l r hvSemi-vowels/Glides Semivowel/Glide 半元音A sound that has the quality of one of the high vowels, as (e) or (oo), and that functions as a consonant before vowels, as the initial sounds of yelland well, Also called glide 具有某种高元音，如(e)或(oo)，的性质，作为元音之前的辅音，功能与yell 和 well 的词首语音一样的语音 也作 glide 半元音/滑音 sounds produced with the tongue moving, or gliding, to or from the position of a nearby vowelw yvLiquids liquid流音Linguistics A consonant articulated without friction and capable of being prolonged like a vowel, such as English l and r. 【语言学】能够清晰发出没有摩擦并能象元音一样延长的辅音，例如英语中的 和 流音-The l sound is formed by letting the airstream flow around the sides of the tongue as it makes contact with the alveolar ridge-The r sound is formed with the tongue tip raised and curled back behind he alveolar ridge The glottal stop and the flapGlottal stop glottal stop 声门塞音 A speech sound produced by a momentary complete closure of the glottis, followed by an explosive release. 由声门短暂的完全闭塞，然后突然放开而发出的声音 声门塞音/喉擦音 the sound occurs when the space between the vocal cords (the glottis) is closed completely, very briefly, and then released This sound is considered to be characteristic of Cockney (London) speech, but it is also used by Scottish and New Yorkers.Flap 触音 “触音 ”是当舌对齿龈进行一次触及，发生一次颤动。在美国英语中，像t d n 等音常常发成触音，如citys 和letterle 等。 the sound D/ is produced by the tongue tip being thrown against the alveolar ridge for an instantCharting consonant soundsPlace of articulationBilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlveolarAlveo-palatalVelarGlottalManner of articulation-V+V-V+V-V+V-V+V-V+V-V+V-V+VStopspbtdkgFricativesfvszAffricatestdNasalsmnApproximantswl, rh5.4 Vowels consonant sounds are mostly articulated via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract; vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air; they are all typically voiced;- the tongue influences the shape through which the airflow must pass- the space inside the mouth as having a front ve