8年级下语法词汇重点1-4.doc

新课标第一网不用注册，免费下载！Period Six(八年级下Units 1-4)一、大纲要求词汇单词robot, use, less, fewer, fly, get, find, alone, able, dress, however, everywhere, possible, seem play, argue, wrong, surprise, either, except, fail, until, land, while, follow, shout, happen, earth, ever, suppose, nervous, own, thin, decision, influence 短语call up, take off重点解析There will be more people /fewer trees/ less pollution. No one will want to see actors talk. For example, its easy for a child to wake up and know whey they are. I dont want to surprise him. 二、重点解析单词:1. argue argue v. 意为“争论，争吵”，它常用于句型argue with sb. (about/over sth.)意思是“与某人争论（某事）”。 eg: I often argued with him over the matter. 我常常和他在那件事上争论。2. get (1) get v. 意为“接到，收到”，相当于 “receive”。 eg: I got a letter from my sister this morning. 今天早晨我接到了妹妹的来信。另外，句型get sb. to do sth. 意为“使/让/叫某人做某事”，其中to不可以省略。 eg: The teacher got the students to finish their homework at once. 老师让学生们立刻完成作业。(2) get 还可作连系动词，意为“变得，成为”。 eg: Our country is getting stronger and stronger. 我们的国家变得越来越强大。3. land (1) land v. 意为“降落”，“着陆”。 eg: He plane landed safely. 飞机安全地降落了。 (2) 它还可用作名词，意为“陆地，土地，田地”。 eg: He owns 100 acres of land. 他拥有一百英亩土地。4. compare compare v. 比较，对照。 eg: Compare the style of the two poems. 将这两首诗的风格加以比较。 If you compare her work with his, youll find hers is much better. 要是把他俩的工作比较一下，就会发现她的好得多。5. find find 后可接名词、代词、作宾语，还可以接复合宾语，用形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、副词、不定式作宾语补足语。 eg: I found the book on the bed. 我发现书在床上。 I found the key lost. 我发现钥匙丢了。 She hurried there, but found them all out. 她赶到那里，但发现大家都出去了。短语：1. call (sb.) up call (sb.) up意为“给（某人）打电话”，相当于give sb. a call, ring sb. up, give sb. a ring, phone/telephone sb. eg: I will call you up tomorrow. 我明天给你们打电话。2. take off (1) take off 意为“起飞”，其反义词为land. eg: The plane takes off at 3 pm every day. 那班飞机每天下午3点起飞。 (2) 它还可以表示脱去（衣服、鞋等）。其反义词为put on。 eg: He took off his shoes and put it behind the door. 他脱下鞋子，并把它放在门后。 注与take有关的短语有： take away 拿走，取走 take back 收回，取消 take care of 照顾 take it easy 不要急，别紧张 take medicine 服药 take part in 参加 take place 发生 take photos 拍照 take a rest 休息一下 take a walk 散步3. run away run away 意为“跑开，迅速离开，逃走”。 eg: The girl ran away at once. 那个女孩立即跑走了。 注与away有关的短语有：right away 立即，马上 go away 走开 be far away from 离远put away 把收起来，放好 take away 拿走词语辨析:1. be able to & can be able to 和can 都表示“能”，但两者有以下区别： (1) 表示现在或一般能力时，be able to与can可以互换使用。 eg:Nobody can/is able to solve the problem. 没人能理解这个问题。 (2) can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to 有较多的时态变化。 eg:He has not been able to come. 他来不了了。 They will be able to do it well. 他们能把这件事情办好。 (3) be able to的过去时表示“经过努力能做成某事”，而could没有这种意思。 eg:He worked hard at his lessons and was able to pass the exam. 他努力学习，考试及格了。 (4) 在表示猜测时，用can而不用be able to. eg:That cant be his book. My name is on it. 那不可能是他的书。上面有我的名字。That man cant be your headmaster. He has gone to Australia. 那个人不可能是你的校长。他去澳大利亚了。 (5) be able to 可以与不定式以及shall, will, would连用，用在现在完成时态中，而can则不能。 eg: I hope to be able to pass the exam. 我希望能通过这次考试。 You will pass the exam if you work hard. 如果你学习努力，你就会通过这次考试。 We have been able to read English novels. 我们已经能够读英文小说了。2. in & after in 和 after 是介词，都表示“在之后”，但两者用法不同。in指以现在为起点，句子多用将来时。after 指以过去某一时间为起点，句子多用过去时。after 如后接钟点时，指以现在为起点，句子用将来时。 eg: He will come back in an hour. 一个小时后他将回来。 After half a year, they built another factory. 半年后，他们建了另一家工厂。 He will finish the work after two oclock. 两点后他将完成这件工作。3. find, look for & find out find意思是“发现，找到”，强调找的结果；而look for 意思是“寻找”，强调找的过程；find out意思是“查出；查明”，指经过努力查出了事情的真相。 eg: The woman looked for her son everywhere, but she couldnt find him. She was very sad. 这位妇女到处找她的儿子，但是她没有找到。她非常难过。 Can you find out when the plane will take off? 你能查一下飞机什么时候起飞吗？4. when & while (1) when 与 while 都可以做从属连词，引导时间状语从句，意思是“当时候”。当从句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，二者可以互换；若从句的谓语动词是终止性动词时，只能用when. eg: When/While we were talking, the teacher came in. 当我们正说话时，老师走了进来。 He was listening to English when the telephone rang. 当电话响时，他正在听英语。The light went out suddenly while we were watching TV. 我们正在看电视，灯突然熄灭了。While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside. 玛丽写信时孩子都在外面玩儿。 (2) when 和 while 两词还可以作并列连词，但意思不同。when 相当于at that time或just then, 意为“在那时”；而while则相当于but,意为“而；但是”，表示对比关系。eg: He was just falling asleep when there was a knock at the door. 他就要睡着，就在这时有人敲门。My mother was sweeping the floor while my father was reading a report. 我母亲在拖地，而我父亲在看报告。 5. in front of & in/at the front of in front of指在某一范围外的前面，其反义词为behind。 in the front of指在某一范围内的前面，其反义词为in /at the back of。 eg: There is a tree in front of my house. 我家房子前面有棵树。 The driver sits in the front of the car. 司机坐在汽车的前部。6. alone, lonely &all by oneself alone 作形容词意为“单独的”，只能作表语；作副词意为“单独地”、“独自”。lonely 作形容词，意为“孤独的，寂寞的”。all by oneself 独立，单独，有“全靠自己”的意思，有时可与alone互换。 eg: He is alone/all by himself, but he doesnt feel lonely. 他独自一人，但他并不孤独。 He finished the work alone/all by himself. 他独自完成了那件工作。 注He finished the work himself. 他亲自完成了那件工作。I have to learn to use the computer all by myself. 我不得不靠自己学会使用电脑。=I have to teach myself to use the computer. 我不得不自学使用电脑。句型:1. There will be more people /fewer trees/less pollution. 将会有更多的人/更少的树/更少的污染。(1) 此句属于There be句型的一般将来时，表示“将来存在”。该句型的否定式为：There will not be.疑问式为：Will there be?肯定回答用Yes, there will. 否定回答用 No, there wont. eg:There wont be any fish in the river. 将来河里就不会有鱼了。Will there be less pollution? 将会有更少的污染吗？Yes, there will./No, there wont. There will be more pollution. 是的，会用更少的污染。/不，将来会有更多的污染。 (2) more, fewer, less都是比较级。more 是many/much 的比较级，故more既可以修饰可数名词的复数也可以修饰不可数名词。fewer是few的比较级，所以fewer只能修饰可数名词的复数，而less是little的比较级，只能修饰不可数名词。 eg: There will be fewer animals in China. 在中国将会用更少的动物。 There will be less money. 将会有更少的钱。2. Predicting the future can be difficult. 预测未来可能很困难。 v-ing形式、动词不定式或疑问词+不定式作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。 eg: Getting up early is good for your health. 早起对身体有好处。 To be late for school isnt a good thing. 上学迟到不是件好事。 When to start is still a problem. 何时出发仍然是个问题。3. No one will want to see actors talk. 没有人想看演员们谈话。 (1) no one 想当于nobody, 只能用来指人，不能指物，并且后面不能接of；常用来回答who开头的问句。 eg: Who is in the classroom now? 现在谁在教室里？ No one. 没有人。 (2) none 意为“（三者或三者以上中）一个也没有”，它既不可以指人，也不可以指物；后面可以接of短语；谓语动词用单数、复数均可；常用来回答how many 或how much 引导的疑问句。 eg: None of them has/have come back get. 他们谁也没回来。 How many books are there on the desk? 桌子上有几本书？ None. 一本也没有。4. For example, its easy for a child to wake up and know where they are. 例如，让孩子醒来并且知道他们在哪里很容易。 在句型Its+形容词+of/for sb. to do sth. 中，当形容词描述不定式行为者的性格、品质时，用介词of，在逻辑上sb与该形容词是主语和表语的关系。形容词若是描述事物的性质时，用介词for。 eg: Its very clever of you to answer the difficult question. 能答出这个难题，你真聪明。It isnt good for animals to stay in cages. 动物总待在笼子里不好。5. That may not seem possible now, but computers, space rockets and even electric toothbrushes seemed impossible a hundred years ago. 现在那好像是不可能，但是电脑，太空火箭，甚至电动牙刷在100年前好像（也）是不可能的。 seem v. 好像，似乎。用法如下： (1) seem+形容词 eg: My grandmother seems ill. 我奶奶好像病了。 (2) seem +to be+形容词 eg: The story seems to be very interesting. 这个故事好像很有趣。 (3) seem +to do sth. eg: He seems to study well. 他似乎学习很好。 (4) It seems +that从句 eg: It seems that she has read this book. 好像她已经看过这本书了。6. I dont want to surprise him. 我不想让他感到吃惊。 (1) surprise v. 使（人）惊讶，常用被动结构be surprised. eg: When I heard the news, I was very surprised. 听到这个消息时，我很吃惊。 (2) surprise n. 惊奇，诧异 to ones surprise 使某人感到惊奇的是 eg: To my surprise, the plan succeeded. 我感到惊奇的是那计划竟然成功了。 in surprise 惊奇，惊讶，在句中作表语或状语。 eg: She looked up in surprise when I shouted. 我叫喊时，她吃惊地抬起头来看。 (3) surprising adj. 惊人的。 eg: Its surprising they lost. 他们竟然失败了。7. Parents see other children doing a lot of things, and they feel their own children should do the same. 父母看到其他的孩子在做许多事情，他们觉得自己的孩子也应该这样做。 see sb. doing sth. 意为“看到某人正在做某事”，强调动作正在发生。 see sb do sth. 意为“看到某人做了某事”，强调动作的全过程。 eg: I saw her entering the classroom. 我看见她正在进入教室。 I saw her enter the classroom. 我看见她进了教室。 注hear, listen to, watch, look at, find, feel, notice 与see 的用法相同。8. I hope you are in good health. 希望你身体健康。 hope作动词用时,有以下用法： (1) hope+从句 eg: I hope he will come. 我希望他会来。 (2) hope to do sth. eg: I hope to pass the exam. 我希望能够通过考试。 (3) hope for+ n. 希望得到什么 eg: I hope for his letter. 我希望能接到他的来信。语法：陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。1. 人称的变化 He said, “I like it very much.” 他说：“我非常喜欢它。” He said that he liked it very much. 他说他非常喜欢它。 He said to me, “I broke your CD player.” 他对我说：“我把你的CD 播放器摔坏了。” He told me that he had broken my CD player. 他告诉我说他把我的CD 播放器摔坏了。2. 时态的变化 直接引语间接引语一般现在时过去时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时3. 指示代词、时间和地点状语的变化直接引语时间引语指示代词this, thesethat, those时间状语now, today, tonight, this week, yesterday, last week, three days ago, tomorrow, next weekthen, that day, that night, that week, the day before, the week before, three days before, the next day, the next week地点状语herethere动词bring, cometake, go注直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。 eg: He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.” He said that light travels much faster than sound. 三、巩固练习1. I dont know the day after tomorrow. A. what he will do B. what will he do C. what he did D. what did he do (2005. 北京)2. Did your parents go to the film yesterday evening? No, we stayed at home watching TV. A. both B. all C. either D. none (2005. 江苏)3. It rained heavily yesterday, but of the students was later for school. A. both B. all C. none (2005. 长沙)4. We should keep our eyes while doing eye exercises. A. close B. closed C. open D. opened (2005. 吉林)5. Today computers in both cities and towns. A. were using B. are used C. were used D. are using (2005. 陕西)6. Please give me a when you arrive. OK. Ill tell you everything as soon as I get there. A. ring B. present C. hand D. ride (2005. 安徽)7. Do you know ? A. what time would the train leave B. what time does the train leave C. what time will the train leave D. what time the train leaves (2005. 浙江)8. I dont know if it tomorrow. If it _, I will stay at home. A. will rain, rains B. rains, will rain C. will rain, will rain (2005. 哈尔滨)9. I called you at 7:30 yesterday evening. But there was no reply. Sorry. I dinner with my friends at a restaurant. A. had B. was having C. have had D. had had (2005. 福建)10. We find impossible to get there before 8:00 oclock. A. her B. it C. this D. that (2005. 甘肃)11. Mom, Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow morning. Oh, good. But be sure to phone me you get to Beijing, please. A. when B. while C. because D.