八年级下册知识点(未完).docVIP

八年级下册知识点 第一讲 现在完成时现在完成时：顾名思义，现在完成时表示的是已经完成的动作，但动作造成的影响还在，常被just,already,yet 等副词修饰。如：He has already gone to Tianjin. 对现在造成的影响是他已经不在这儿了。现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，常带有for或since等表示一段时间的状语。如：Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，我们常用过来表示，常带有twice, once, ever, never等时间状语。如：Ive never seen that film. in the last+一段时间,in th past +一段时间in the recent+ 一段时间,这三个用于现在完成时 第二讲 一般过去时一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,last year,in 1949,two years ago,等表示过去时间的状语连用。注意：We often went to dance last summer.有的同学一见到often就想到用一般现在时，其实因为后面有表示过去时间的 last summer,所以要用过去式，千万别误用了，切记，切记。 第三讲一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do （动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 结构表示将来的用法： 1. 表示预见 Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本构成如下：一般疑问句构成： （1）will+主语+do? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be ? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there wont 否定句构成：will + not （wont）+do Sarah wont come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成： 特殊疑问词will主语？What will Sarah do next Sunday? 根据例句，用will改写下列各句 例：I dont feel well today. （be better tomorrow） Ill be better tomorrow. 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight） _ 2. Im tired now. （sleep later） _ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon） _ 4. We cant leave right now. （leave a little later） _ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow） _ 第四讲 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。 1. 构成 was /were + doing，例如： I was watching TV at 9 oclock last night. at 9 oclock last night是时间点 They were playing football all afternoon. all afternoon是时间段 2. 过去进行时的标志词 at 8 oclock last night, this time yesterday等。例如： I was having lunch at home this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭。 At that time she was writing a book. 那阵子她在写一本书。（表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情。）用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. This time yesterday I _ _（read）books. 2. At 9 oclock last Sunday they _ _（have）a party. 3. When I _（come）into the classroom, she _ _（read）a storybook. 4. She _ _（play）computer games while her mother _ _（cook）yesterday afternoon. 5. I _ _（have）a shower when you _（call）me yesterday. 答案：1. was reading2. were having3. came; was reading 4. was playing; was cooking5. was having; called第五讲 间接引语形成步骤： （1）不要逗号，冒号，引号 （2）要考虑到人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一致的） （3）要考虑时态的变化 （4）要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化。 1. 直接引语变成间接引语时，几个主要时态的变化规律直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时 2. 直接引语变成间接引语时，一些词汇的变化规律直接引语 1. am / is 2. are 3. have / has4. will5. can6. may间接引语1. was2. were 3. had4. would5. could6. might用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. She said I _（be）hard-working. 2. Peter told me he _（be）bored yesterday. 3. She said she _（go）swimming last Sunday. 4. Bobby said he _（may）call me later. 5. Antonio told me he _（read）a book then. 答案：1. was2. was3. went4. might5. was reading请转述他人说的话： 1. I go to the beach every Saturday. （Tom） 2. I can speak three languages. （Lucy） 3. I will call you tomorrow. （Mike） 4. Im having a surprise party for Lana. （she） 第六讲 反义疑问句1反意疑问句的构成反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是附加的简短问句，中间用逗号隔开，因此反意疑问句也称附加疑问句。如果陈述句时肯定句式，附加问句用否定句式；如果陈述句是否定式，附加问句用肯定句式。附加问句一般为“(be动词/助动词/情态动词) + 代词”构成。例如：1. They didnt clean the classroom yesterday, did they? 2. She cant swim, can she? 3. This is your car, isnt it?2反意疑问句的答语(1). 反意疑问句的答语一般由yes或no引导的简略答语来回答，但是要注意时态及代词的呼应。例如：-She is your teacher, isnt she? -Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.典型例题：（南宁）-Its an exciting football match, _? -Yes, it is. A. isnt it B. is it C. does it D. doesnt it(2). 在前否定后肯定的句子中，yes含义为“不”，no含义为“是”。例如：-He cant swim, can he? -No, he cant.典型例题：（眉山）-_ you ever _ the Great Wall? -Only once. A. Did; go B. Have; been to C. Have; gone D. Have; been in3. 一些特殊句式的反意疑问句(1). 陈述句是I am-结构，反意问句用arent I. 例如：Im right, arent I?(2). 陈述部分含有never, few, little, nothing, nobody, no, hardly, none, too-to, seldom等表示否定意义的词时，其附加问句应用肯定形式。例如：There are few people in the room, are there?(3). 陈述部分是there be句型时，疑问部分用be there. 例如：There is a tree in front of the building, isnt there?(4). 当陈述句的主语是不定代词时，如果是表示物的everything, anything, something, nothing时，反意问句的主语用it, 谓语动词用单数；如果是表示人的everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one时，反意问句的主语用he或they, 谓语动词用相应的单、复数。例如：1. Nothing is serious, is it? 2. No one was hurt, were they? 3. Everyone knows his job, doesnt he?典型例题：（呼和浩特）-Bill had nothing for breakfast this morning, _? _, he got up too late.A. had he; Yes B. hadnt he; Yes C. did he; No D. didnt he; No(5). 当陈述部分的主语为this, that等时，附加部分的主语应用it. 类似地，当陈述部分的主语为there, those等时，附加部分的主语应用they.例如：1. This is a beautiful picture, isnt it? 2. Those arent apple trees, are they?(6). 当陈述部分动词为have(has)时，有下列几种情况：. have/has在一般现在时中表示“有”之意，附加问句的谓语可用have/has, 也可用助动词do/does.例如：Tom has a new watch, hasnt he(doesnt he)?. have/has/had to表示“不得不”“必须”之意时，附加问句的谓语应用助动词do/does/did.例如：Kate has to help her mother at home, doesnt she?. have表示“吃、喝、玩、度过”等意思时，其附加问句的谓语应用助动词do.例如：They had a good time in Beijing, didnt they?. had better表示“最好”之意，当其用在陈述部分时，附加问句的谓语动词应用had.例如：We had better stop talking, hadnt we?. have完成时中，其附加问句的谓语动词应用have. 例如：Lucy has ever been to Japan, hasnt she?(7). 当陈述部分含有need时，如果need用作行为动词，则附加问句的动词用do;如果need用作情态动词，则附加问句的动词应用need. 例如：1. We need to arrive in Shanghai at 7:00, dont we? 2. We neednt leave at once, need we?(8)当陈述部分含有情态动词must时，有下列几种情况：. must表示“必须”之意，附加问句的谓语用neednt. 例如：They must come on time, neednt they?. must表示推测，意为“一定，想必”，附加问句的谓语动词的确定应根据must后面的动词。例如：That man must be Mr.Wang, isnt he?(9). 肯定句的祈使句的附加句可以用will you或wont you, 否定的祈使句的附加问句用will you.例如：1. Listen to me carefully, will/wont you? 2. Dont play with fire, will you?(10). lets 开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用shall we; let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问句用will you. 例如：1. Lets go there, shall we? 2. Let us go there, will you?(11). 主从复合句中的附加问句. 复合句的反意疑问句一般是根据主句的主语和谓语形式构成反意疑问部分的。. 复合句的主句是think(expect, suppose, believe, suspect, imagine)时，当主语是第一人称时，要根据从句而定，主语是第二第三人称时，与主句保持一致，并且要注意否定的转移。例如：1. I think she is a good student, isnt she? 2. She think he is a good student, isnt she? 第七讲 状语从句一，状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。 状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。下面我们拣重点的一个一个来分析。 时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there. 原因状语从句： because, since, as和for都表示原因。常常令我们不知该用哪个好。我们来比较一下。because语势最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用as或since。如：I dont like that coat,because the color looks terrible. 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。如：He is not here, because / for his mother is ill. 目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。如：You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly. 结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so.