2015考研强化阶段英语一检测题.doc

凯程考研辅导班，中国最强的考研辅导机构， 考研就找凯程考研，学生满意，家长放心，社会认可！2015考研强化阶段英语一检测题姓名 _ 考试时间 _ 成绩 _Section I Use of LanguageDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points) Bitcoin, the worlds “first decentralised digital currency”, was devised in 2009 by a programmer called Satoshi Nakomoto (thought not to be his, or her, real name). Unlike other 1 monies, such as Second Lifes Linden dollars, it can be used to purchase real-world goods and services. And rather than 2 on a central monetary authority to monitor transactions and manage the money supply, Bitcoin is run by a peer-to-peer network (akin to file-sharing services like BitTorrent). This 3 of a central monetary authority to control the money 4 is what many find exciting about Bitcoins. Quantitative easing is not possible. Coins are created at a constant average rate to reward users who give up some of their computing power to 5 and validate transactions that are made with the currency*. The rate at which Bitcoins are minted is designed to mimic the extraction of minerals. 6 the most accessible resources are exhausted, the supply dwindles. The Bitcoin supply increases at a rate of 300 coins every hour on average at the moment, but every four years that rate will fall by a half. The total supply will level off at 21m coins or so around 2030. That appeals to those 7 distrust paper currencies. The currency can be used by anyone (unlike credit cards), anywhere. Transaction costs are also likely to be lower than those for traditional payment systems, though they are not zero. Some are reflected in the hardware and energy used to 8 the system. Some creep in whenever those who have no wish to 9 Bitcoins themselves purchase them for dollars, euros and other currencies at specialised websites such as Mt Gox. Critics point out that Bitcoins suffer the same 10 as other metal-based currencies with finite supply. Many economists put at least part of the blame for the 11 of the Depression on the strictures of the gold standard, as countries clung to gold and put off stimulus. In the case of Bitcoins, some think that decreasing the rate of money creation over time will entail 12 . People who own Bitcoins will prefer to hold on to them rather than spend them, because deflation will mean that their stash of Bitcoins will buy more real goods in the future than now. That assumes that Bitcoins are something people are happy to take in return for goods, or at 13 to exchange for paper money. As wild swings in their dollar price have demonstrated, the currency is young and 14 only 6.5m units are currently 15 circulation among some 10,000 users (including several hundred merchants who accept payment in Bitcoins). Attracting enough users to 16 such volatility seems unlikely in the foreseeable future. Established fiat currenciesones 17 bills and coins, or their digital versions, get their value by dint of regulation or laware underwritten by the state which is, in principle at least, answerable to its citizens. Bitcoin, by contrast, is a community currency that requires self-policing on the part of its users. Most people would rather 18 this sort of responsibility to the authorities. Moreover, Bitcoin may be useful for trading goods and services but it does not yet allow borrowing or lending. In the 19 world this happens through financial intermediaries: you put money in a bank, and someone else borrows it. A virtual Bitcoin bank might 20 but that would create problems of its own. How would a saver be assured that he would get his money back when he wants? If a bank got into trouble, who would be the lender of last resort? The usual answer is a central bank: exactly what Bitcoin is trying to avoid. Bitcoin is technically sophisticated. As a monetary system, it looks primitive.1.A. vitualB.realC. simulativeD.intimate2.A. dependingB.lyingC.relyingD. basing3.A .appearanceB. vanishC. absenceD. emerge4.A. supplyB.requirementC. awarenessD. award5.A. searchB. trackC. traitD. match6.A. althoughB. asC. neverthelessD. and7.A. thatB.whichC. whoD. whose8.A. defendB. maintainC. policeD. assemble9.A. changeB. mineC. diffuseD. use10.A. flawsB. inflowsC. inflectD. fluencies11.A. influenceB. affectionC. severityD. longevity12.A. inflationB. reflectionC. deflationD.depression13.A. mostB. allC. leastD. present14.A.illiquidB. energeticC. flourishD. potential15.A. onB. withC. inD. by16.A.solveB. ceaseC. leaseD. smooth17.A. whoB. whichC. whereD. that18.A. dismissB. dissolveC. devoteD. devolve19.A. virtualB. electronicC. physicalD. human20.A. take upB. pass awayC. come outD. spring upSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your choice on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 “A FLAIL, a spin and fall to the floor.” In a video released before the start of this years National Basketball Association (NBA) season, league officials announced a crackdown on “flopping”, or embellishing minor (or non-existent) contact in order to fool referees into calling a foul. With examples from the previous seasonincluding the aforementioned flop by Danilo Gallinari of the Denver Nuggets, which also featured “apparent demonstration of injury” for good measure, according to the unimpressed voice-overthe league announced a series of escalating fines for convicted floppers. Violations are now judged via post-game video by the leagues front office. The first incident draws a warning; subsequent flops attract fines that start at $5,000 and rise to $30,000 for the fifth infraction, with suspensions kicking in after that. No longer will the NBA suffer from the rampant diving and play-acting that bedevils professional football, according to the policys supporters. If successful, its approach may also inspire other leagues to eradicate “simulation” in the same way. The NBAs haste in enforcing its new rule is encouraging sign. Other leagues have similar rules for retrospective punishments against floppingincluding footballs Serie A in Italy, A-League in Australia and Major League Soccer in the United Statesbut rarely enforce them. The speed of modern sports makes detecting dives exceedingly difficult on the fly; the fear of a false positive (judging a foul as a flop) makes most referees err on the side of caution. If, then, post-game video evidence is the least-bad solution to identifying floppers in the NBA, the league should not be shy about calling players out. The size of the fines is irrelevant in a league where the average annual salary is $5m, although the stigma of being labelled a serial flopper may act as a mild deterrent (not least because referees may judge convicted floppers more harshly than others). The risk is that the NBAs anti-flopping fanfare will soon fizzle. After all, the league failed to introduce similar punishments in 2008, after a particularly flop-filled season. The histrionics were already widespread by then; the popular narrative blames the influx of foreign players, with Vlade Divac of Serbia often cited as patient zero. The truth is that the rewards of “one-downmanship” greatly outweigh the costs, and athletes of all types have long been in on the act. A retroactive suspension is a small price to pay if flopping helps a team win the deciding game of a playoff series, for example. A swift and reliable means of punishing flops during a game is the only true solution. Unfortunately, the broad scope for interpretation of fouls in an intensely physical sport like basketball makes this nearly impossible. Television timeouts and the growing number of instant-replay reviews for other situations already disrupt the flow of NBA games to an uncomfortable degree. The difficulty of making summary judgments on marginal flopping calls would add yet another interruption, particularly since more than 40 fouls are whistled during a typical game.21.For the flopping, league officials of NBA intends to _A. perform a intensive rule to confine itB. take a suppression about that C. make a restrict payment punishment D. force a discipline of this situation22.According to the policy-supporters, we can inferred that_ A. this is the only solution to make that not happen again B. basketball game has its own fetal problem as well as football C. the issues of football game may never confounds the NBA D. increasing the fine is a good method to manage the NBA23.According to the passage , the tone of the author is _ A. optimistic B. pessimistic C. bias D. objective 24. The phrase “patient zero”(Line 4,Para4) most probably means_ A .resource B.virus C. springhead D. invalid 25. From the last paragraph, what contributes to the difficulty of making the fare judgments about NBA game_ A. the interpretation of extensive range of the foul B. the frequency of television timeout C. the preference of the audience D. the interruption of the marginal flopping Text 2 MOST people would not pay two cents for something worth one. But Americas government spent $116m last year doing just that. The money-losing purchase was money itself: the penny, which has cost more than a cent to produce since 2006, due mainly to the price of zinc, the coins primary ingredient. Steel is not much better, as Canada has learned. The government there recently ditched its steel-based penny. American politicians, while loth to take lessons from their northern neighbours, may have noticed. In an online forum on February 14th Barack Obama intimated that the penny was no longer change he believes in. Fifty years ago a handful of pennies would buy a hamburger at McDonalds, but inflation means the coin wont even get you one French fry today. Relegated to jars and lost behind cushions, the penny is failing to perform its primary function: to facilitate commerce. Vending machines and parking meters dont accept it. Penny scourges note that fiddling with them adds some two seconds to each transaction, costing the economy many millions of dollars a year. Penny lovers and zinc-industry lobbyists counter that the coins demise would cost consumers, as merchants would round prices up to the nearest nickel. Some economists disagree, suggesting that shop keepers might in fact round down in order to avoid moving from a price of, say, $9.99 to $10. Americans anyway seem willing to accept a fee for penny removal, as evidenced by the self-imposed cost of leaving them idle and the success of coin-counting machines, which take a cut when turning them into bills. Other countries have eliminated low-value coins with less-than-dire results, and indeed, so has America. In 1857 it ditched the half-cent, then worth nearly as much in real terms as todays dime. This has led some to suggest killing the nickel, which costs about ten cents to make, as well as the penny. Congress has not authorised coin culling as yet, so the Mint is studying ways to make pennies more cheaply. Mr Obama, meanwhile, is finding value in the pennys symbolism. “One of the things you see chronically in government is its very hard to get rid of things that dont work so that we can then invest in the things that do,” said the president. “The penny, I think, ends up being a good metaphor for some of the larger problems we got.” 26. From the first paragraph, we can infer that the penny to American government means _ A. an awkward symbolic for its economic image B. a good sign for its financial advance C. a negative thing that they want to abolish D. a unique currency of they wish to maintain 27. From the residents perspective , they think the penny_ A. is a totally useless thing that should be abandoned B. is a actually painful thing that should be abolished C. is a absolutely sensitive thing that should be forgot D. is a real far-reaching thing that they cannot understand28. According to some economists, the coins demise would_ A. lead to the consumer get the loss B. make the government take the consequences C. let the company cut off some odd D. cause the decline of the economy 29. Mr. Obamas speech(last para) actually means that_ A.the penny is a positive thing than the government cannot changed it B.economic issues is a really complex situation including the penny C.people should slowly forget the details of the penny problem D.American finance actually confront a tough circumstance like before 30. The best title of this text probably is_ A.The penny drops B.The penny crackdown C.The penny lost D.The penny flaws Text 3 Not content with merely rationing employment-based green cards, the government also makes them expensive and onerous to obtain. As with other work visas, employers must first show that they have tried and failed to find a suitable American for the post. Any mistake carries a risk of big penalties. Workers seeking a residence permit, or “green card”, which allows an indefinite stay and opens up the prospect of eventual citizenship, have an even tougher time. Moreover, it includes visas for members of the beneficiaries families, who normally use up about half the slots on offer. So in 2011 America admitted only 65,668 new permanent residents for hard-nosed economic reasons, a mere 6% of all the green cards handed out. Worse, it is almost impossible for people like Ms Sanchez, with no formal job offer but with valuable skills, to obtain a visa, temporary or permanent. (Much the same goes for entrepreneurs, even if they already employ people in America, unless they are ready to invest at least $500,000.) This makes no sense to Ms Sanchez. She has already proved through her work for FDOT that her skills are in demand. Yet on current trends only 550,000 native-born Americans will be earning such degrees over that period, leaving firms no choice but to turn to immigrants. That would be no bad thing. A 2011 study conducted on behalf of the Partnership for a New American Economy, which favours looser immigration rules, found that employment among native-born Americans increased by 262 jobs for every 100 foreign-born workers admitted with advanced STEM degrees from American universities. For every 100 H-1B visas, 183 Americans found jobs. Employing foreigners with any sort of advanced degree had a similar, albeit smaller, effect. And such foreigners on average paid about ten times more in taxes than they received in government benefits. On the whole, though, immigrants are not STEM whizzes. In fact, they are four times less likely to have finished high school than the average person born in America. But immigrants of all sorts still bolster the economy. They are more likely to be working than the native-born, accounting for just 13% of the population but 16% of the workforce. They are also more likely to apply for a patent or to start a company. One study found that 18% of Americas biggest companies were founded by immigrants and a further 23% by the children of immigrants. Most immigrants are not, over the course of their lives, a burden on the state. They are much less likely than the native-born to go to jail. In 2007 a CBO study reckoned that regularizing the status of Americas millions of illegal immigrantsthe least skilled of allwould bring in an extra $48 billion in revenue over ten years and increase government spending by only $23 billion. Most studies suggest that more immigration would increase aggregate incomes of those already in the country, although they differ on the effect on low-skilled workers.31. From the first paragraph, the stance of government for immigration is_ A.verbal and spiritual B.rigorous and imperative C.strict and enthusiastic D.open and intense32. The word hard-nosed(line4,para 2)means_ A. shrewd B.tough C .flourishing D.sensitive33.With the problem of Ms. Sanchez, what cause the America firms turn to immigrants _ A. immigrants are all lack of professional skills B. the market needs more labor to fill in the vacancy C. the native-born Americans are not enough D. immigrants are less cheaper than the native 34. Basing on the text, the attitude of the author towards the immigration is _ A. supporting B. mocking C. opposing D. concerning 35. In this text, the author mainly discusses_ A .America firms eagerly need more immigrants to satisfy its requirements B. the native-born Americans should be more diligent than before C. the government should notice the positive influence of immigration D. Americas economy may confront its own severe problems now Text 4 WHERE science-fiction leads, science sometimes follows. In 2009, when James Cameron made “Avatar”, he set his colonial allegory not on an alien planet but on the moon of such a planet. Perhaps he felt that exoplanets themselves were pass as settings for fiction, since in fact so many had been discovered. If so, he got in just in time, for reality may soon imitate art in the matter of moons, as well as planets. That is because a few astronomers are indeed beginning the search for satellites around some of the thousands of known and suspected exoplanets. Besides the lure of being the first to find something new