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SelectedReadingsinSociology BYASSOCIATEPROFESSORCHEN XUAN 主讲教师简介 1994年起任英语系英美文学教师2000年起为华中科技大学社会学系教师2003年由国家公派作为访问学者赴加拿大多伦多大学社会学系访问一年 研究西方学术前沿科学社会学等方向 2008年起加盟华中农业大学 陈璇 风险社会与美国转基因食品纷争 读书 2007年第2期 陈璇 风险分析技术框架的后常规科学和社会学批判 朝向一个综合的风险研究框架 未来与发展 2008年第2期 主讲教师近期主要学术探索 陈璇 世界风险社会 科技风险与政治再造 兼论中国政府转基因作物风险治理 中国青年政治学院学报 2008年第3期 陈璇 走向后现代的美国家庭 理论分歧与经验研究 社会 2008年第4期 陈璇 全纳背景下西方特殊教育的心理 医学范式危机与社会学转向 比较教育研究 2009 2 54 57 中国社会科学文摘 全文转载 2009 7 Chen Xuan RiskofChildren EducatinginImmigrantFamiliesfromMainlandChina reportpresentedtotheinternationalsymposiumon GlobalizationandCultureChange October 2003 Montreal Canada Arrangementofthiscourse IntroductiontosociologyUnit1to7 ClassicReadings Classroompractice Forward Whyshouldwestudyselectedreadingsinsociology Unit1TheEmergenceofSociology 1Foundationsofsociology 1 1Ancientphilosophersonidealstate 1 2Foundationsofthescientificmethods 1 3Socialcontracttheorists 1 1Ancientphilosophersonidealstate Plato TheRepublic RuledbythewisestChangeprevented Aristotle Politics Smallcity Happinessfoundinpoliticalcompromise 1 2Foundationsofthescientificmethods FrancisBacon methodofinduction ReneDescartes LogicaldeductionMathematicalanalysis 1 3Socialcontracttheorists ThomasHobbes man asawolftohisfellowman Absolutegovernment JohnLocke Naturalrights 2TheFoundingFathersofModernSociology 2 1Foundingfather AugusteComte 2 2MethodContributionofDurkheim Weber 2 1Foundingfather AugusteComte Divisionofsociology Putsociologyonthetopofthehierarchyofsciences 2 2MethodContributionofDurkheim RulesoftheSociologicalMethod 1895 Suicide 1897 2 2MethodContributionofWeber Verstehen standingintheplaceof Idealtype Sociologicaljournals AmericanJournalofSociology AmericanSociologicalReview JournalofHealthandSocialBehavior SocialForces 德雷克 西弗斯 如何发起一场运动DerekSivers Howtostartamovement 2010 02 3分钟 谢谢 SelectedReadingsinSociology BYASSOCIATEPROFESSORCHEN XUAN Unit2SchoolsofSociologicalTheories Test glossary 1 归纳法2 演绎法3 乌托邦4 社会静力学5 社会动力学6 形而上学阶段7 神学阶段8 社会学方法的规则9 失范性自杀10 理想型 11 移情法12 经验研究13 概念体系14 越轨行为15 参照群体16 社会制度17 社会学的巴尔干化18 社会契约论中层理论 2SchoolsofSociologicalTheories 2 1TwoFormsofTheory building 2 2Structuralfunctionaltheory 2 3Conflicttheory 2 4Inter actionisttheory 2 1TwoFormsofTheory building Whatisatheory Atheoryisabodyofinterrelatedgeneralizations basedonempiricalevidence thatdescribesthecentralcharacteristicsofcertaintypeofphenomenon 2 1TwoFormsofTheory building 1 Naturalsciencemodeloftheory beginwithempiricalfindingsdevisegeneralizationstodescribesystematiclinkageamongthem 2 1TwoFormsofTheory building 2 Conceptualschemes beginwithsymbols concepts importantaspectsofsubjectmatterIllustratetheirlogicalrelationships 2 1TwoFormsofTheory building Model 1 Emphasizevalidempiricalprediction Model 2 Emphasizelogicalcoherenceandapparentaccuracy Whatisthecasewithsociology Mostsociologicaltheoriesareconceptualschemes Becauseitssubjectmattertoocomplex Sociologistsarenotinfullagreementonthecoreissuesasfollows Essentialnatureofsociety Basicquestionsbestudied Whyshouldsociologistsstudysociety Comparingthe3schoolsofsociologicaltheories ViewofsocietyViewofindividualViewofsocialorderViewofsocialchange 2 2structural functionaltheory Theconceptofsociety as system representatives Malinowski levelofsystem Durkheim TheElementaryFormsoftheReligiousLife 1912 religionreinforcessocialsolidarity representatives Weber socialactbestudiedat2levels representatives Parsons TheStructureofSocialAction 1937 linkmeaningofWeberwithorganicviewofDurkheimtoamodelofsocialinteractionwithinculturalcontext TheSocialSystem 1951 Parsoniantheory representatives Merton manifest latentfunctions dysfuntions 2 3conflicttheory Changeratherthanstabilityisthecentralcharacteristicofsociety representatives Marx classstruggle ManifestooftheCommunistParty Mills Thepowerelite therulingclassinU S TheSociologicalImagination 1959 ThePromiseofSociology Sociologicalimaginationisanawarenessthatallowspeopletocomprehendthelinksbetweentheirimmediate personalsocialsettingandtheremote impersonalsocialworldthatsurroundsthemandhelpstoshapethem representatives Dahrendorf ClassandClassConflictinIndustrialSociety 1959 revivalofMarxistview startingpointofanalysesin sphereofproduction the relationsofproduction or propertyrelations theconclusion wearestilllivinginaclasssociety representatives Coser TheFunctionsofSocialConflict 1956 Conflictwithinandbetweengroupsinasocietycanproducevitality stimulatechange 德雷克 西弗斯 如何发起一场运动DerekSivers Howtostartamovement 2010 02 3分钟 Discovery伟大之书系列 梦的解析 Mertonadvocatedspecialsociologicaltheories theoriesofthemiddlerange 谢谢 SpeechonPatriotism SelectedReadingsinSociology BYASSOCIATEPROFESSORCHEN XUAN Unit3IntroductiontoSomeClassicReadings 1ReadingsofStructural functionalTheory Thebasicassumptionofstructuralfunctionaltheory organicview society as system Malinowski ArgonautsoftheWesternPacific 1922 Kularing levelofsystem Durkheim TheElementaryFormsoftheReligiousLife 1912 religionreinforcessocialsolidarity Parsons TheStructureofSocialAction 1937 linkmeaningofWeberwithorganicviewofDurkheimtoamodelofsocialinteractionwithinculturalcontext TheSocialSystem 1951 Parsoniantheory Parsonsattemptedtodevelopageneralanalyticmodelsuitableforanalyzingalltypesofcollectivities UnliketheMarxists whofocusedonsocialchange Parsonsexploredwhysocietiesarestableandfunctioning AGIL representsthefourbasicfunctionsthatallsocialsystemsmustperformiftheyaretopersist Adaptation acquiringsufficientresources GoalAttainment settlingandimplementinggoals Integration maintainsolidarityorcoordinationamongthesubunitsofthesystem Latency preserving andtransmittingthesystem sdistinctivecultureandvalues Merton manifest latentfunctions from SocialTheoryandSocialStructure 1967 totalsystemoftheoryandtheoriesofthemiddlerange alsofrom SocialTheoryandSocialStructure 1967 2Readingsofconflicttheory Changeratherthanstabilityisthecentralcharacteristicofsociety Marx classstruggle ManifestooftheCommunistParty Mills Thepowerelite 1956 therulingclassinU S ThePromiseofSociology from TheSociologicalImagination 1959 Sociologicalimaginationisanawarenessthatallowspeopletocomprehendthelinksbetweentheirimmediate personalsocialsettingandtheremote impersonalsocialworldthatsurroundsthemandhelpstoshapethem Dahrendorf ClassandClassConflictinIndustrialSociety 1959 revivalofMarxistview startingpointofanalysesin sphereofproduction the relationsofproduction or propertyrelations theconclusion wearestilllivinginaclasssociety Coser TheFunctionsofSocialConflict 1956 Conflictwithinandbetweengroupsinasocietycanproducevitality stimulatechange 3Readingsofinter actionisttheory Peoplemanipulatesymbolsandcreatetheirsocialworldsthroughinteraction GeorgeHerbertMead Theself from Mind selfandsociety 1934 ErvingGoffman ThePresentationofSelf from ThePresentationofSelfinEverydayLife 1959 ManifestooftheCommunistParty ManifestooftheCommunistParty ManifestderKommunistischenPartei alsotitledTheCommunistManifestoisashortbookwrittenbyKarlMarxandFriedrichEngelsin1848shortlybeforetheFebruaryRevolutioninFrance CommissionedbytheCommunistLeague itlaidouttheLeague spurposesandprogram IthasbeenregardedasfoundingdocumentsofCommunism ThebookcontainsMarxandEngels theoriesaboutthenatureofsocietyandpolitics Italsobrieflyfeaturestheirideasforhowthecapitalistsocietyofthetimewouldeventuallybereplacedbysocialism andtheneventuallycommunism ThefirstEnglishtranslationwasproducedbyHelenMacfarlanein1850 andthebookwasfirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesbyStephenPearlAndrews TheManifestowentthroughanumberofeditionsfrom1872to1890 notablenewprefaceswerewrittenbyMarxandEngelsforthe1872Germanedition the1882Russianedition the1883Frenchedition andthe1888Englishedition Thisedition translatedbySamuelMoorewiththeassistanceofEngels hasbeenthemostcommonlyusedEnglishtextsince Contentofthemanifesto Introduction导言BourgeoisandProletarians资产者和无产者ProletariansandCommunists无产者和共产党人SocialistandCommunistLiterature社会主义的和共产主义的文献PositionoftheCommunistsinRelationtotheVariousOppositionParties共产党人对各种反对党派的态度 Test 至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史 Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles 从封建社会的灭亡中产生出来的现代资产阶级社会并没有消灭阶级对立 它只是用新的阶级 新的压迫条件 新的斗争形式代替了旧的 Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms Ithasbutestablishednewclasses newconditionsofoppression newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones 由此可见 现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展过程的产物 是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物 Wesee therefore howthemodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange 资产阶级在它已经取得了统治的地方把一切封建的 宗法的和田园诗般的关系都破坏了 它无情地斩断了把人们束缚于天然尊长的形形色色的封建羁绊 它使人和人之间除了赤裸裸的利害关系 除了冷酷无情的 现金交易 就再也没有任何别的联系了 Thebourgeoisie whereverithasgottheupperhand hasputanendtoallfeudal patriarchal idyllicrelations Ithaspitilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthatboundmantohis naturalsuperiors andhasleftremainingnoothernexusbetweenmanandmanthannakedself interest thancallous cashpayment 资产阶级抹去了一切向来受人尊崇和令人敬畏的职业的神圣光环 它把医生 律师 教士 诗人和学者变成了它出钱招雇的雇佣劳动者 Thebourgeoisiehasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonouredandlookeduptowithreverentawe Ithasconvertedthephysician thelawyer thepriest thepoet themanofscience intoitspaidwage labourers 资产阶级在它的不到一百年的阶级统治中所创造的生产力 比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多 还要大 Thebourgeoisie duringitsruleofscarceonehundredyears hascreatedmoremassiveandmorecolossalproductiveforcesthanhaveallprecedinggenerationstogether 谢谢 德雷克 西弗斯 如何发起一场运动DerekSivers Howtostartamovement 2010 02 3分钟 Discovery伟大之书系列 梦的解析 IntroductionI BourgeoisandProletariansII ProletariansandCommunistsIII SocialistandCommunistLiteratureIV PositionoftheCommunistsinRelationtotheVariousOppositionParties TheCommunistManifestowasfirstpublished inGerman inLondonbyagroupofGermanpoliticalrefugeesin1848 ItwasalsoserialisedataroundthesametimeinaGerman languageLondonnewspaper theDeutscheLondonerZeitung 8 ThefirstEnglishtranslationwasproducedbyHelenMacfarlanein1850 andthebookwasfirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesbyStephenPearlAndrews 9 TheManifestowentthroughanumberofeditionsfrom1872to1890 notablenewprefaceswerewrittenbyMarxandEngelsforthe1872Germanedition the1882Russianedition the1883Frenchedition andthe1888Englishedition Thisedition translatedbySamuelMoorewiththeassistanceofEngels hasbeenthemostcommonlyusedEnglishtextsince ManifestooftheCommunistParty ManifestoissuedbyMarxin1848 regardedasfoundingdocumentsofCommunism TheCommunistManifesto originallytitledManifestooftheCommunistParty German ManifestderKommunistischenPartei isashort1848bookwrittenbytheGermanMarxistpoliticaltheoristsKarlMarxandFriedrichEngels Ithassincebeenrecognizedasoneoftheworld smostinfluentialpoliticalmanuscripts 1 CommissionedbytheCommunistLeague itlaidouttheLeague spurposesandprogram Itpresentsananalyticalapproachtotheclassstruggle historicalandpresent andtheproblemsofcapitalism ratherthanapredictionofcommunism spotentialfutureforms 2 ThebookcontainsMarxandEngels Marxisttheoriesaboutthenatureofsocietyandpolitics thatintheirownwords Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles 3 Italsobrieflyfeaturestheirideasforhowthecapitalistsocietyofthetimewouldeventuallybereplacedbysocialism andtheneventuallycommunism ManifestooftheCommunistParty DasManifestderKommunistischenPartei whichfirstappearedin1848 shortlybeforetheFebruaryRevolution inFrance andhassincebeen SelectedReadingsinSociology BYASSOCIATEPROFESSORCHEN XUAN Test 至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史 Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles 从封建社会的灭亡中产生出来的现代资产阶级社会并没有消灭阶级对立 它只是用新的阶级 新的压迫条件 新的斗争形式代替了旧的 Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms Ithasbutestablishednewclasses newconditionsofoppression newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones 由此可见 现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展过程的产物 是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物 Wesee therefore howthemodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange 资产阶级在它的不到一百年的阶级统治中所创造的生产力 比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多 还要大 Thebourgeoisie duringitsruleofscarceonehundredyears hascreatedmoremassiveandmorecolossalproductiveforcesthanhaveallprecedinggenerationstogether Unit4SocialStratification 社会分层 FromPerspectiveofPower 1BriefIntroductiontoStratificationandtheTheorists 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification MajorTheorists MaxWeber3determinantsofpeople spositioninstratifiedsociety WealthPowerprestige Class StatusandPowerDimensionsStressedinStratificationParadigms FunctionalTheory KinsleyDavisandWilbertMoore FunctionalTheoryofStratification SomePrinciplesofStratification 1945 RulingClassTheory KarlMarx Power ConflictTheory C WrightMills ThePowerElite 2IntroductiontoMillsandThePowerElite C WrightMills 1916 1962 Asasociologist C WrightMillswasbestrememberedforstudyingthestructureofpowerintheU S inhisbookthepowerelite Inallofhiswritings MillsinterpretstheworldthroughatheoreticalperspectiveverymuchinfluencedbyMaxWeber Mills holisticview Mills visionisaholisticviewofentiresocioculturalsystems thissystemisinterdependent andithasprofoundeffectsonhumanvalues thought andbehavior Wecanunderstandhisvisionthroughhisillustrationofsociologicalimagination Sociologicalimaginationisanawarenessthatallowspeopletocomprehendthelinksbetweentheirimmediate personalsocialsettingandtheremote impersonalsocialworldthatsurroundsthemandhelpstoshapethem Mills 3formsofPower Sincepoweristhekeydeterminantofstratification Millshasstudiedpowerindepth ForMills therearethreeformsofpower Thefirstiscoercionorphysicalforce Suchcoercionisrarelyneededinthemoderndemocraticstate Whilesuchpowerunderliestheothertwo itisonlyusedasalastresort Mills 3formsofPower Thesecondtypeofpoweris authority Thisispowerthatisattachedtopositionsandisjustifiedbythebeliefsoftheobedient Mills 3formsofPower Thefinalformofpoweris manipulation Manipulationispowerthatiswieldedwithouttheconsciousknowledgeofthepowerless Asbureaucracybecomesthebasiccharacterofmodernmanagement authoritybecomesanattributeofsocialorganizations notofindividuals theshiftfromexplicitauthorityrelationshipstomoresubtlemanipulationbecomesthepreferredformofpower ThePowerElite InThePowerElite MillsdeclaredthattheAmericandoctrineofbalancesofpowerisanidealshowinglessvigortodaythanwastrueinthepast AccordingtoMills thereisapowereliteinmodernsocieties anelitewhocommandtheresourcesofvastbureaucraticorganizationsthathavecometodominateindustrialsocieties PowerElite BigThree Thepowerelitearethekeypeopleinthethreemajorinstitutionsofmodernsociety EconomyGovernmentMilitary ModelofthePowerElite GovernmentLeaders MilitaryLeaders culturalleaders EconomicLeaders PowerElite BigThree InMills view majornationalpowernowresidesalmostexclusivelyintheeconomic political andmilitarydomains Allotherinstitutionshavediminishedinscopeandpowerandbeeneitherpushedtothesideofmodernhistory ormadesubordinatetothebigthree Thebureaucraciesofstate corporations andmilitaryhavebecomeenlargedandcentralizedandareameansofpowerneverbeforeequaledinhumanhistory Ofthethreesectorsofinstitutionalpower Millsclaims thecorporatesectoristhemostpowerful Butthepowerelitecannotbeunderstoodasamerereflectionofeconomicelites ratheritistheallianceofeconomic political andmilitarypower PowerElite ResultofStructure Itisnotaconspiracyofevilmen butasocialstructurethathasenlargedandcentralizedthedecision makingprocessandthenplacedthisauthorityinthehandsofmenofsimilarsocialbackgroundandoutlook Themajorityoftheelite comefromtheupperthirdoftheincomeandoccupationalpyramids Theyarebornofthesameupperclass TheyattendthesamepreparatoryschoolsandIvyLeagueuniversities Theyjointhesameexclusivegentleman sclubs belongtothesameorganizations Theyarecloselylinkedthroughintermarriage PowerEliteCircle Itistheirsimilarsocialbackgroundsthatprovideoneofthemajorsourcesofunityamongtheelite Someofthecoordinationcomesfromtheinterchangeofpersonnelbetweenthethreeelitehierarchies Theclosenessofbusinessandgovernmentofficialscanbeseen Menpassfromonehierarchytoanotherwitheaseandfrequency themasses Themassesareeconomicallydependent theyareeconomicallyandpoliticallyexploited Becausetheyaredisorganized themassesarefarremovedfromtheclassicdemocraticpublicinwhichvoluntaryorganizationsholdpower middlelevelofpower BetweenthemassesandtheeliteMillssawamiddlelevelofpower Composedoflocalopinionleadersandspecialinterestgroups theyneitherrepresentthemassesnorhaveanyrealeffectontheelite MillssawtheAmericanCongressandAmericanpoliticalpartiesasareflectionofthismiddle levelofpower AlthoughCongressandpoliticalpartiesdebateanddecidesomeminorissues thepowereliteensuresthatnoseriouschallengetoitsauthorityandcontrolistoleratedinthepoliticalarena 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification 4 1classicalviewsonstratification KarlMarx Weber religionreinforcessocialsolidarity Figure5 1 DavisandMoore sFunctionalModelofInequality DistributionOfRewards RecruitmentofBestandBrightest ChangeinSupplyandDemand Figure5 2 Dahrendorf sModelofClassConflict Authority Subordinate Conflict Figure5 3 C WrightMillsModelofthePowerElite GovernmentLeaders CulturalLeaders EconomicLeaders Figure5 5 Dahrendorf sModelofClassConflictandSocialChange EstablishedAuthority CharismaticLeader SocialMovement Routinization Collapse NewAuthority 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification DavisandMoore 1945 SomePrinciplesofStratification In1945DavisandMoore followinganearlierformulationbyDavis proposedafunctionaltheoryofstratificationthatwasintendedtoaccountforwhattheycontendedwasthe universalnecessity forsocialinequalityinanysocialorder 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification DavisandMoore 1945 SomePrinciplesofStratification TheDavis Mooretheorycausedregularanalysis commentary criticism anddebatethroughthe1970s Althoughprofessionalworkonthetheoryhaslargelyceasedsincethelate1980s theDavis MooretheoryremainsperhapsthesinglemostwidelycitedpaperinAmericanintroductorysociologyandstratificationtextbooksandconstitutes requiredreading inthousandsofundergraduateandgraduatecoursesthroughouttheUnitedStates 4 2FunctionalTheoryofStratification DavisandMoore 1945 Som