morphology练习.doc

Chapter 3Morphology. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. M _ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 13. B_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_ affixes.15. D_ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s_ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C_ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m_ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s_ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound formC. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of.A. the first element B. the second elementC. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements24. _ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemesC. Bound words D. Words25. _ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. Syntax B. GrammarC. Morphology D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 27. Bound morphemes are those that _. A. have to be used independently B. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes28. _ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes 29. _ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. MorphemesC. Phonemes D. Sentences 30. “-s” in the word “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root . Define the following terms: 31. morphology32. inflectional morphology 33. derivational morphology34. morpheme 35. free morpheme36. bound morpheme 37. root38. affix 39. prefix40. suffix 41. derivation42. Compounding . Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds? 44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.a. Who broke the window?b. Will Mary buy the book?a&b What did Helen bring to the party?Chapter 4Syntax. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words. 2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. 3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence. 5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. 7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 15. A s_ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 16. A s_ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 17. A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_.19. A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o_ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. A sentence is considered _ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. rightB. wrong C. grammaticalD. ungrammatical 26. A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator 27. Phrase structure rules have _ properties. A. recursiveB. grammatical C. socialD. functional 28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above. 29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _. A. transformational rulesB. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory 30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that _. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is _. A. only linearB. Only hie