初中英语语法：直接引语和间接引语.doc

课题：间接引语和直接引语一、 教学目标：让学生理解两种引语之间的不同处，掌握从直接引语变为间接引语的各种方法。二、 教学重点：从直接引语变为间接引语的规律及各种特殊情况。三、 教学难点：让学生能够综合使用多种规律进行正确而快速地改换句型。四、主要知识点：概述直接引语和间接引语的定义：引述别人的话有两种形式：用引号 “”一字不差地引出别人的原话直接引语 不用引号,用自己的话把别人的话转述出来间接引语试判断: He said, “I am a student.” He said he was a student.直接引语变为间接引语的方法及规律: 总的说来,从直接引语变为间接引语需要的改动有:句型的变化;人称的变化;时态的变化;时间状语的变化;指示代词的变化;地点状语的变化.下面将逐一详解各种变化的规则:1句型的变化. 先想一下,平时我们说话时会有哪些句型呢?有陈述句,祈使句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,感叹句等,那么这些句子从引号出来后都有不同的变化.当直接引语是陈述句当直接引语是陈述句时，改为由that引导的宾语从句.（that在口语中经常被省略）例1: “I like reading adventure stories.” said John.John said (that) he like reading adventure stories.当直接引语是一般疑问句直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if来引导，宾语从句用陈述句语序。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked, 没有间接宾语时，可以加一个间接宾语如me, him或us等。例2：She said, “Are you interested in English?”She asked me if / whether I was interested in English.例3：Jack said, “Did you see Wei Fang last night?”Jack asked (me) whether / if I had seen Wei Fang the night before.当直接引语是特殊疑问句直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，宾语从句中要用原来的特殊疑问词接陈述句语序。例4:He asked me, “Where have you bought the pen?” He asked me where I had bought the pen.例5:She said to Li Ping, “When will you fly to Hang Zhou?”She asked Li Ping when he would fly to Hang Zhou.当直接引语是选择疑问句 直接引语如果是选择疑问句，变为间接引语时，宾语从句要用if / whether or 结构。 例6:Andrews said, “Will you go shopping or play basketball this afternoon?”Andrews asked me if / whether I would go shopping or play basketball this afternoon.当直接引语是反意疑问句直接引语如果是反意疑问句，变为间接引语时，宾语从句要用whether or not结构，不能用if or not结构。例7：“You are doing your homework, arent you?” she said to me.She asked me whether I was doing my homework or not.如何正确使用whether与if:() I dont care if he doesnt come. 他不来我不在乎() I dont care whether he comes. 他来不来我不在乎() I dont care whether he doesnt come. whether从句不能用于否定() I dont care whether he comes or not.他来不来我不在乎() I dont care whether or not he comes.他来不来我不在乎() I dont care if he comes or not.他来不来我不在乎(不常用于口语)() I dont care if or not he comes.一般情况下，句子中有or not时多用whether，特别是口语中，如果or not出现在句末，那么只能用whether.当直接引语是祈使句转述祈使句时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，如果是带please的祈使句，则用ask sb. to do sth.结构；如果是表示命令的祈使句，则用tell / order sb. to do sth.结构。如果祈使句为否定式，则要用ask / tell / order sb. not to do sth.结构。例8:The mother said to her son, “Please close the door.” The mother asked her son to close the door.例9:The teacher said, “Dont make so much noise, boys and girls.”The teacher told the boys and girls not to make so much noise.例10:He said to me, “Bring your dictionary here.”He told me to take my dictionary there.如果是有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。 例11: He said, “Lets go to the film.” He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film. 例12: Would you mind opening the window? he asked.He asked me to open the window.例13:Why dont you take a walk after supper? he asked .he advised me to take a walk after supper.例14:Shall we listen to the music? he asked.He suggested listening to the music.当直接引语是感叹句 直接引语是感叹句间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。例15：She said, What a lovely day it is ! She said what a lovely day it was.或She said that it was a lovely day.2人称的变化“一主，二宾，三不变。只变人称不变数和格。” . “一主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化而变化 。 例16：She said，“I like it very much. ” She said (that) she liked it very much. . “二宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人称“你”所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。 例17：He said to Kate， “How is your sister now?” He asked Kate how her sister was then. . “三不变”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。 例18：Mr. Smith said， “Jack is a good worker.” Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker. 3时态的变化直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整.参考下表：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时 例19：She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen. 例20：She said. We hope so.She said they hoped so. 例21：She said. He will go to see his friend.She said he would go to see his friend.要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth. the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street? Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980. Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, I get up at six every morning. He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：Peter said. You had better come have today. Peter said I had better go there that day.4时间状语、指示代词、地点或方向状语的变化时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before） 例22：The teacher said, “Ill give you an exam tomorrow.” The teacher said he would give us an exam the next day. 用指示代词、地点或方向修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that), 例23：He said, These books are mine. He said those books were his. 例24：The boy said, “I will bring my homework tomorrow.” The boy said that he would take his homework the next day.附状语变化一览表：在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthatthesethose 表示时间的词now thentodaythat daythis week(month ,etc)that week (month ,etc)yesterday the day before last week(month ,etc) the week(month ,etc) beforethree days (a year ,etc) ago three days (a year. etc) beforetomorrow the next (following ) day next week (month ,etc) the next (following ) week (month ,etc)表地点的词herethere 动词bring take comego 五、主要方法：在给学生讲授时可用归纳法，演绎法进行授课，尽量避免过于枯燥，让学生觉得一下子接受不了学生的解题思路可分为：判断句子类型，以及句子中的各成分然后对号入座，做相应的改变如： John said to me, “I told her all about it three days ago.”判断引语部分为陈述句，用that 引导，且said to me 改为told me； 根据人称变化规则，一随主，I应改为he； 根据时态变化规则，一般过去时就改为过去完成时； 根据时间状语变化规则，three days ago 应改为three days before.改变：John told me that he had told her all about it three days before.I asked her, “Do you study English here?” 判断引语部分为疑问句，用whether或if引导； 根据人称变化规则，二随宾，you应改为she； 根据时态变化规则，一般现在时就改为一般过去时； 根据地点状语变化规则，here应改为there改变： I asked her if she studied English there.The teacher said to her mother, “Please give me the book.”判断引语部分为祈使句，用ask sb.to do sth.的句型转换； 根据人称变化规则，一随主，me应改为her； （这个时候不需要时态的改变）改变： The teacher asked her mother to give her the book. 【巩固练习】A用适当的连接代词或连接副词填空.1) I hope you can come tomorrow.2) He asked me I knew Zhang Hua.3) Im afraid the computer will cost you a lot of money.4) He never told us he lived with.5) Do you know she came back?6) Tell me he said.7) Im interested in he did it.8) We dont know they havent come yet.9) We will find out deep the river is.10) I wonder UFOs come from.11) Can you tell me answer is right?12) Do you know bank she is going to?B一、将下列直接引语改为间接引语.1) He said, “I like English very much.”2) She said, “I will go there tonight.”3) They said, “We are cleaning the classroom now.”4) He asked me, “Have you met her?”5) Mother asked me, “How did you fix the radio.”6) He asked, “Who is very lazy?”8) She said to us, “Have a rest.”9) He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”10) “Dont take off your coat.” He said to his brother.二、选择题1. Our teacher asked us _ our dictionaries to school.A. bring B. brought C. bring D. to bring2. The teacher told the boy students _ football on the grass.A. not play B. not to play C. played D. playing3. Betty asked her sister _ to the railway station to see her off.A. not to come B. not to go C. to not come D. to not go4. The pupil asked his teacher _ round the earth.A. weather the moon goes B. that the moon went C. whether the moon goes D. whether the moon went5. Do you know _?A. what is he doing B. what he doingC. what he is doing D. what does he do now6. Mr. Li _ Wang Ling _ a taxi to the airport.A. asked; take B. asked; taking C. told; take D. told; to take7. She asked him _.A. whose dictionary this is B. whose dictionary that was C. whose dictionary is this D. whose dictionary that is8. Marys mother asked her _.A. that whether she had finished her homework B. if she has finished her homeworkC. if she had finished her homework D. that if she had finished her homework9He asked me _.A. how would the weather be like tomorrow B. what the weather would be like the next dayC. how the weather would be like tomorrow D. what would the weather be like the next day 10. I dont know _ to learn English.A. when did he begin B. when he began C. he when began D. when he begins11. I wonder how much _.A. does he spend on his car B. did he spend on his car C. he spent on his car D. he spent in his car12. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents.A. how excited they were B. how excited were they C. how they were excited D. they were how excited13. She told me that she _ by her relatives at the bus stop.A. had been seen o