The Story of the Stone回目.doc

The Story of the StoneThe Story of the Stone译者简介戴维霍克思（David Hawkes 1923-2009），师承韦利，战争期间，霍克思离开牛津参军从事文职工作，先是学日语，后来教士兵和即将开赴战场的人学日语。19481951年曾在北京大学攻读研究生，1951年从中国回来后，继续做研究生，1953年结束学业，开始当初级讲师。霍克思汉文功底深厚，能用中文写旧体诗，对中国文学非常热爱，19601971年担任牛津大学汉学讲座教授，在其就职演说中，举了许多作品，盛赞高尚的人道精神贯注与渗透在中国古今文学作品中。他的重大成就是翻译一百二十回的红楼梦全译本，他名之为石头记，这是英语世界第一个红楼梦全译本，也是西方汉学史和翻译界一件大事。霍克思为中国文学走向世界做出了重大贡献。霍克思先生于2009年7月31日病逝。为了全副精神翻译红楼梦，他不顾经济上的损失，提早从牛津大学退休，专门从事红楼梦的翻译工作，他把红楼梦的翻译当成自己的毕生事业来看。新的全译本红楼梦1973年作为“企鹅古典丛书”刚一推出，即广受欢迎，多次再版。全书分五卷，前三卷相当于一百二十回本的前八十回，后两卷相当于后四十回，后两卷实际工作由霍克思的女婿约翰闵福德在其指导下完成，英译本改题为石头记。译本语言精确优美，几乎是逐句翻译，力图保持原本的风味，备受海内外红学界和翻译界褒奖。20世纪70年代，霍克思着手翻译红楼梦前80回，由英国企鹅出版公司出版，译文书名为 The Story Of the Stone，分三卷，第一卷The Golden Days（1973），包括前26回；第二卷The CrabFlower Club（1977），包括27 53回；第三卷The Warning Voice（1980），包括5480回。后来约翰闵福德（John Minford）继霍克思翻译了红楼梦的后四十回，分两卷出版，第四卷The Deb to Tears（1982），包括8198回；第五卷The Dreamer Wakes（1986），包括99120回。霍克思对红楼梦的全译，改变了以往红楼梦的英译本只有节译的情况，让读者得以见到全貌，出版后立即受到普遍欢迎。译本陆续再版多次，后又在英、美两国同时出版了精装本。霍克思深爱红楼梦，在为英译本写的“导论”结尾，他这样写道：“红楼梦是一个伟大艺术家以其一生心血浇灌而成的作品，如果我能把这部中国小说给予我的愉快和幸福多多少少地转达给读者，那我就算没有白白生活于世。”霍克思的译本语言精确优美，几乎是逐句翻译，力图保持原本的风味，考订严密，有根有据，备受海内外红学界和翻译界褒奖。泰晤士报文学增刊发表评论说：该译本在规模和质量上均足以同韦利翻译的源氏物语相比美。译作达到如此高的水平，当然与霍克思广博的学识、精湛的研究分不开。霍克思把英文译名定为石头记。他认为既是全译，包括原书120回，按照全书以通灵宝玉入人世为顽石的情节主线，改题为原始的书名石头记自有道理。同时，这样做也是从接受主体的文化背景考虑的。在西方读者心里，“红楼”与“梦”结合下的意象极富情感启示与意念，充满了魅力与神秘，容易把大家引入歧途，使之误认为这是一部哥特式小说。或许有人会认为，经过高鹗增补了后40回这部小说才正式改题红楼梦的，石头记只是指前80回的内容，英译用以为题，岂不有违全书足本120回的真实情况？对此，霍克思也有他自己的看法。他认为，曹雪芹死前实际已完成后40回书稿，只是碍于乾隆年间残酷的“文字狱”，才没有公开。至于高鹗的所谓“续作”，只是作了编辑上的加工，并没有参与创作。所以全书改用最初的石头记，只有更加妥切。霍克思自觉地意识到红楼梦流传过程中各种版本的差异性和复杂性，在选择底本和决定文本时他最终选择并遵循了这样的原则：译者“可以在不同版本之间斟酌，选择他认为足以构成最佳故事的东西，自行组织一个特殊本子”。这样做是因为，红楼梦不同的文本间有些矛盾，已经造成了现在通行的一些版本文字和描写上的矛盾。比如柳五儿一角，在“脂评本”第77回里据王夫人说已死去，而在高鹗本里却又复活，且对后来的情节发展起了重大作用。不同文本之间存在的类似矛盾，确是一个难以避开而又必须解决的问题。事实上，霍克思的翻译，是在仔细比较基础上的有选择的全译。而这样的译法难度更高，牵涉的向题更多。由此还引发出一连串的基本问题，如小说的作者情况及其发展演变、评注者身份的确定、早期编辑者的可信程度、其版本的性质，如此等等。所有这些，霍克思都根据自己的研究结论作了相应处理。不少地方，即使对国内红学界，也不乏参考价值。霍克思的全译，偶尔也有省略。如英译本第二卷就对原书中结诗社、品戏文、集联句等内容作了少量删节。不过这些地方，他又附以注释说明。译本惟一可商榷之处是人名的翻译。霍克思采取音译与意译共用的原则，但有的意译失落了中文原有的意趣。然而这是中外译事的共同难题，似也不便苛求。霍克思的译作倾向于一种“交际翻译”。彼得纽马克在翻译的方法一文中指出：“交际型翻译试图使译文对译语读者产生与原文对原语读者相同的效果。理论上，交际型翻译只针对译语读者，而译语读者并不希望在阅读中遇到任何晦涩难懂的地方，相反地，他们期待着译者将国外的东西大胆地移入本族文化。”在红楼梦的翻译中，就可以看出霍译主要以“交际”为主，很多地方译得很传神，译文流畅通顺，是地道的英语，但是由于他过多地注意了译文对译语读者的影响，因此原文的民族色彩在译文的某些部分显得浅淡。霍克思对红楼梦中诗词的翻译也是他诗歌理论的完美实践，在中国诗歌与英国读者（Chinese Poetry and the English Reader） 一文中，从比较文学的角度，对汉语四声、韵律、韵脚、无人称句、文学典故以及中西诗人的品性都做了详尽分析。他首先明确汉语的声调在翻译时不能传达；韵律则是理论上可译，实际上不能译的汉语特征。而另一个几乎不能再现的特征是汉诗的韵脚。他还指出将汉诗的对偶译成英文，结果必然会破坏作为汉诗本质的简洁。因为西文的文法严密，不如中文字句构造可自由伸缩颠倒，使两句对仗得很工整。此外，中文诗句可以没有虚字，而英文句子却少不了冠词、介词、副词之类。因而简洁含蓄工整是中诗的本质。诗歌的不可译性早已成为中外译界流行的观点，但霍克思的努力与成就证实了他所主张的“可译论”。霍克思对红楼梦的研究有两篇论文：象征主义小说（Le Hong Jeou mong Roman Symboliste），收入奉献戴密维先生：中国文学集卷2，1974年巴黎法兰西大学出版社出版。文章讨论红楼梦不同人物的特性及其有趣的象征性。霍克思也以专研楚辞、杜诗著名，所译楚辞南方之歌中国古代诗歌选和杜诗初阶，为世所重。在牛津大学任职期间，他主编牛津东亚文学丛书，出版英文本的刘志远诸宫调、李贺诗集、中国汉魏晋南北朝诗集、战国策、陶潜诗集等多种。作者简介CAO XUEQIN (1715?-63) was born into a family which for three generations held the office of Commissioner of Imperial Textiles in Nanking, a family so wealthy that they were able to entertain the Emperor Kangxi four times. But calamity overtook them and their property was confiscated. Cao Xuegin was living in poverty near Peking when he wrote his famous novel The Story of the Stone (also known as The Dream of the Red Chamber), of which this is the second volume. The four other volumes, The Golden Days, The Warning Voice, The Debt of Tears and The Dreamer Wakes, are also published in the Penguin Classics.DAVID HAWKES was Professor of Chinese at Oxford University from Igsq to 1971 and a Research Fellow of All Souls College, from 1973 to 1983. He now lives in retirement in Wales.第一卷The Golden DaysChapter 1：Zhen Shi-yin makes the Stones acquaintance in a dream； and Jia Yu-cun finds that poverty is not incompatible with romantic feelingsChapter 2：A daughter of the Jias ends her days in Yangchow city； and Leng Zi-xing discourses on the Jias of Rong-guo HouseChapter 3：Lin Ru-hai recommends a private tutor to his brother-in-law； and old lady Jia extends a compassionate welcome to the motherless childChapter 4：The Bottle-gourd girl meets an unfortunate young man； and the Bottle-gourd monk settles a protracted lawsuitChapter 5：Jia Bao-yu visits the Land of Illusion； and the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden DaysChapter 6：Jia Bao-yu conducts his first experiment in the Art of Love； and Grannie Liu makes her first entry into the Rong-guo mansionChapter 7：Zhou Ruis wife delivers palace flowers and finds Jia Lian pursuing night sports by day； Jia Bao-yu visits the Ning-guo mansion and has an agreeable collquy with Qin-shis brotherChapter 8：Jia Bao-yu is allowed to see the strangely corresponding golden locket； and Xue Bao-chai has a predestined encounter with the Magic JadeChapter 9：A son is admonished and Li Gui recieves an alarming warning； a pupil is abused and Tealeaf throws the classroom in an uproarChapter 10：Widow Jins self-interest gets the better of her righteous indignation；and Doctor Zhangs dianosis reveals the orgin of a puzzling diseaseChapter 11：Ning-guo House celebrates the birthday of an absent member； and Jia Rui conceives an illicit passion for his attractive cousinChapter 12：Wang Xi-feng sets a trap for her admirer； and Jia Rui looks into the wrong side of the mirrorChapter 13：Qin-shi posthumanously acquires the status of a Noble Dame；and Xi-feng takes on the management of a neighbouring establishmentChapter 14：Lin Ru-hai is conveyed to his last resting-place in Soochow； and Jia Bao-yu is presented to the Prince of Bei-jing at a roadside haltChapter 15：At Water-moon piory Xi-feng finds how much profit may be procured by the abuse of power；and Qin Zhong discovers the pleasures that are to be had sunder cover of darknessChapter 16：Jia Yuan-chun is selected for glorious promotion to the Imperial Bedchamber； and Qin Zhong is summoned for premature departure on the Journey into NightChapter 17：The inspection of the new garden becomes a test of talent； and Rong-guo House makes itself ready for an important visitorChapter 18：A brief family reunion is permitted by the magnanimity of a gracious Emperor；and an Imperial Concubine takes pleasure in the literacy progress of a younger brotherChapter 19：A very earnest young woman offers counsel by night； and a very endearing one is found to be a source of fragrance by dayChapter 20：Wang Xi-feng castigates a jealous attitude with some forthright speaking； and Lin Dai-yu makes a not unattractive speech impediment the subject of a jestChapter 21：Righteous Aroma discovers how to rebuke her master by saying nothing； and artful Patience is able to rescue hers by being somewhat less than truthfulChapter 22：Bao-yu finds Zen enlightenment in an operatic aria； and Jia Zheng sees portents of doom in lantern riddlesChapter 23：Words for the Western Chamber supply a joke that offends； and songs from the Souls Return move a tender heart to anguishChapter 24：The Drunken Diamond shows nobility of character in handling his money； and the Quiet-voiced Girl provides material for fantasy by losing her handkerchiefChapter 25：Two cousins are subjected by witchcraft to the assaults of demons； and the Magic Jade meets an old acquaintance while rather the worse for wearChapter 26：A conversation on Wasp Waist Bridge is a cover for communication of a different kind；and a soliloquy overheard in the Naiads House reveals unsuspected depths of feeling第二卷The CrabFlower ClubChapter 27Beauty Perspiring sports with butterflies by the Raindrop Pavilion； And Beauty Suspiring weeps for fallen blossoms by the Flowers GraveChapter 28A Crimson cummerbund becomes a pledge of friendship； And a chaplet of medicine-beads becomes a source of embarassmentChapter 29In which the greatly blessed pray for yet greater blessings； And the highly strung rise to new heights of passionChapter 30Bao-Chai speaks of a fan and castigates her deriders； Charmante scratches a qiang and mystifies a beholderChapter 31A torn fan is the price of silver laughter； And a lost kylin is the clue to a happy marriageChapter 32Bao-yu demonstrates confusion of mind by his declaration to the wrong person； And Golden shows an unconquerable spirit by ending her humiliation in deathChapter 33An envious younger brother puts in a malicious word or two； And a scapegrace elder brother recieves a terrible chatisementChapter 34A wordless message meets with silent understanding； And a groundless imputation leads to undeserved rebukesChapter 35Sulky Silver tastes some lotus-leaf soup； And Golden Oriole knots a flower-patterned fringeChapter 36Bao-chai visits Green Delights and bears strange words from a sleeper； And Bao-yu visits Pear-tree Court and learns hard facts from a performerChapter 37A happy inspiration prompts Tan-chun to found the Crab-flower Club； And an ingenious arrangment enables Bao-chai to settle the chysanthemum poem titlesChapter 38River Queen triumphs in her treatment of chysanthemum themes； And Lady Allspice is satirical on the subject of crabsChapter 39An inventive old countrywoman tells a story of somewhat questionable veracity； And and impressionable young listener insists on getting to the bottom of the matterChapter 40Lady Jia holds two feasts in one day in the Prospect Garden； And Faithful makes four calls on three dominoes in the Painted ChamberChapter 41Jia Bao-yu tastes some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage； And Grannie Liu samples the sleeping accommodation at Green DelightsChapter 42Lady Allspice wins over a suspicious nature with some well-intentioned advice； And River Queen enhances her reputation as a wit with some amusing sarcasmsChapter 43An old womans whim is the occasion of a birthday collection； And a young mans remorse finds solace in a simple ceremonyChapter 44Xi-fengs jealousy is the object of an unexpected provocation； And Patiences toilet is a source of unexpected delightChapter 45Sisterly understanding finds expression in words of sisterly frankness； And autumnal pluviousless is celebrated in verses of autumnal melancholyChapter 46An awkward person is given an awkward mission； And a faithful maid vows faithfulness unto deathChapter 47In pursuit of love the Oaf King takes a fearful beating； And from fear of reprisal the Reluctant Playboy makes a hasty getawayChapter 48The Love-Deluded One Turns his thoughts to trade and travel； And the Poetry Enthusiast applies herself to making versesChapter 49Red flowers bloom brighter in dazzling snow； And venison reeks strangely on rosebud lipsChapter 50Linked verses in Snowy Rushes Retreat； And lantern riddles in the Spring In Winter RoomChapter 51A clever cousin composes some ingenious riddles； And an unskilful physician prescribes a barbarous remedyChapter 52Kind Patience conceals the theft of a Shrimp Whisker bracelet； And brave Skybright repairs the hole in a Peacock Gold snow-capeChapter 53Ning-guo House sacrifices to the ancestors on New Years Eve； And Rong-guo House entertains the whole family on Fifteenth Night第三卷The Warning VoiceChapter 54：Lady Jia ridicules the cliches of romantic fiction；And Wang Xi-feng emulates the filifal antics of Lao Lia-ziChapter 55：A foolish concubine seeks to humiliate her own daughter；And an ill-natured stewardess tries to outwit her young mistressChapter 56：Resourceful Tan-chun abolilshes abuses in the interests of econoomy； And sapient Bao-chai shows how small consessions can be made without loss of dignityChapter 57：Nightengale tests Jade Boy with a startling message； And Aunt Xue comforts Frowner with words of loving kindnessChapter 58：In which the cock-bird who mourns his mate is found to be a hen； And a true heart is able to sympathize with a strange kind of loveChapter 59：By Willow Walk the conververs of property resort to violence and abuse； And at Green Delights the defenders of law and order invoke a higher authorityChapter 60：As a substiture for rose-orris Jia Huan is given jasmine face-powder； And in return for rose essence Cook Liu is given lycoperdon snowChapter 61：Bao-yu owns up to a crime he did not commit； And Patience bends authority in order that the innocent may be sparedChapter 62：A tipsy Xiang-yun sleeps on a peony-petal pillow； And a grateful Caltrop unfastens her pomegranate skirtChapter 63：Flower-maidens combine for nocturnal birthday revels； And a grass widow copes with funeral arrangments single-handedChapter 64：Five fair women make subjects for a chaste maids verse；And nine jade dragons make a love-gift for a flirtChapter 65：Jia Lians second marriage is celebrated in secret； And the future marriage of San-jie becomes a matter of speculationChapter 66：Shame drives a warm-hearted young woman to take her life； And shock leads a cold-hearted young gentleman to renounce the worldChapter 67：Frowner sees something that makes her homesick； And Xi-feng hears something that rouses her suspicionsChapter 68：Er-jie takes up residence in Prospect Garden； And Xi-feng makes a disturbance in Ning-guo HouseChapter 69：A scheming woman kills with a borrowed knife；And one who has ceased to hope swallows gold and diesChapter 70：Lin Dai-yu resuscitates the Poetry Club；And Shi Xiang-yun tries her hand at a song lyricChapter 71：Lady Xing deliberately humiliates her daughter-in-law； And Faithful inadvertently iterrupts a pair of love-birdsChapter 72：Wang Xi-fen refuses to see a doctor；And Brighties wife seeks help with a betrothalChapter 73：A half-witted servant girl picks up a highly embarrassing object； And an easy-going young mistress refuses to inquire into a theftChapter 74：Lady Wang authorizes a raid on Prospect Garden；And Jia Xi-chun breaks off relations with Ning-guo HouseChapter 75：Midnight revellers are startled by a sound of evil omen；And Mid-Autumn moon-watchers listen to quantrains of unequal meritChapter 76：Flute-playing at Convex Pavillion provokes too much melancholy；And linked verses at Concave Pavilion betray a morbid sensitivityChapter 77：A wronged maid takes a loving last leave of her master； And three young actresses seek to escape matrimony in the cloisterChapter 78：Jia Zheng commissions the Ballad of the Winsome Colonel； And Bao-yu composes an Invocation to the Hibiscus SpiritChapter 79：Xue Pan finds to his sorrow that he is married to a termagant；And Ying-chuns parents betroth her to a Zhong-shan wolfChapter 80：Unfortunate Caltrop is battered by a philandering husband； And One Plaster Wang presribes for an insufferavle wife第四卷The Deb toTearsChapter 81：Four young ladies go fishing and divine the future； Bao-yu receives a homily and is re-enrolled in the Family SchoolChapter 82：An old pedant tries to instil some Moral Philosophy into his incorrigible pupil； And the ailing Naiad， in a nightmare， confronts the spectres of her fevered mindChapter 83：An Indisposition in the Imperial Bedchamber calls for a Family Visitation；While insubordination in the inner apartments reveals Bao-chais long-suffering natureChapter 84：Bao-yu is given an impromptu examination， and his betrothal is discussed for the first time； Jia Huan visits a convulsive child， and old hostilites are resumedChapter 85：It is announced that Jia Zheng has been promoted to the rank of Permanent Secretary； And it is discovered that Xue Pan has once more brought upon himself the threat of exileChapter 86：Bribery induces an old mandarin to tamper with the course of justice； And a discourse on the Qin provides a young lady with a vehicle for romantic feelingsChapter 87：Autumnal sounds combine with sad remembrances to inspire a composition on the Qin； And a flood of passion allows evil spirits to disturb the serenity of ZenChapter 88：Bao-yu gratifies his grandmother by praising a fatherless child；Cousin Zhen rectifies family discipline by chastising two unruly servantsChapter 89：Our hero sees the handiwork of a departed love， and is moved to write and ode； Frowner falls prey to hysterical fear and resolves to starve to deathChapter 90：A poor girl loses a padded jacket and puts up with some obstreperous behaviour； A young man accepts a tray of sweetmeats and is put out by some devious goings-onChapter 91：In the pursuance of lust， Moonbeam evolves an artful strategem； In a flight of Zen， Bao-yu makes an enigmatic confessionChapter 92：Qiao-jie studies the Lives of Noble Women and shows a precocious enthusiasm for Virtue；Jia Zheng admires a Mother Pearl and reflect on the vicissitudes of LifeChapter 93：A Zhen retainer seeks shelter in the Jia household；And shady activities are revealed behind the Iron ThresholdChapter 94：Grandmother Jia gives a crab-blossom party - a celebration of the ominous； Bao-yu loses his Magic Jade - a strange disappearance of the numinousChapter 95：A rumour comes true and the Imperial Consort passes away； A counterfeit is deceptively like the real thing， and Bao-yu loses his witsChapter 96：Xi-feng conceives an ingenious plan of deception； And Frowner is deranged by an inadvertent disclosureChapter 97：Lin Dai-yu burns her poems to signal the end of her hearts folly； And Xue Bao-chai leaves home to take part in a solemn riteChapter 98：Crimson Pearls suffering spirit returns to the Realm of Separation； And the convalescent Stone-in-waiting weeps at the scene of pas