初高中知识衔接知识讲解及练习(修订稿).doc

第一讲 词性一. 词性：词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 1 名词 n. 2 代词 pron. 3 形容词 adj. 4 副词 adv. 5 动词 v. 6 数词 num. 7 冠词 art. 8 介词 prep. 9 连词conj. 10 感叹词 interj. 一） 名词：表示人或物名称的词n 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词 . 1、 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China,USA 2、 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。二） 动词：动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如：run；work；sleep，等 n 动词的分类根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词，有些动词是兼类词（即同一词有不同的词性）。如：We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词) We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助动词) I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词) She was beaten on the way home. (was是助动词) You neednt have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词) The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词) 实义动词的分类：及物动词（vt.）与不及物动词(vi.) 1.及物动词(vt. ) 后面要跟宾语,宾语可以由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，从句等一切具有名词性的一切结构来构成。例：I likes the song. 名词song做宾语 I plan to settle down there. 不定式to settle down there 做宾语 I likes sleeping there. 动名词sleeping there 做宾语 I know what you want to say 从句what you want to say 做宾语。 注意，及物动词有被动语态。例，I was punished by my headteacher once again.2.不及物动词(vi. ) 不跟宾语。如：They study hard. (study后没有宾语，是不及物动词)He arrived .不及物动词若要跟上宾语，必须加上适当的介词：He arrived at our school yesterday.由此可见，不及物+介词= 及物动词注：有的动词既可作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词.如：She sings very well. （sing是不及物动词） She sang an English song just now. (sing是及物动词) 注意，不及物动词没有被动语态。 系动词(link-v). 系动词后面+表语来构成主系表结构（表语是英语特有的成分，汉语没有表语这个概念）常见的系动词有be, turn ,grow, become, feel, look 等。例： He is a teacher. is是系动词。 The apple tastes delicious I feel good.像feel ,taste, sound, turn, grow, become 这些系动词后面常跟上形容词或者名词来构成系表结构。所以，判断动词是否是一个系动词，可以根据后面所跟的单词词性是否是adj或n来反推出。 注意，系动词没有被动语态，也不能用于进行时态。小练习：请同学们根据上面所讲的，判断下面例子smell词性。The food smells. The apple was smelt by a cute monkey. I smelt the food.四） 形容词：修饰单个名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征的词,在句中主要是作定语，表语，宾补，主补，状语。例如：1. it is a rainy day . rainy 做前置定语2. this cat is very expensive. expensive做表语3. I can make you happy. Happy做宾补4. He was caught alive. Alive做主补。5. he was found lying on the grassland, exhausted.五） 副词：用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。副词可以修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词短语，名词短语，甚至可以做句子副词。例如：1. I quite agree with you. 2. she is very beautiful 3. he drove very fast.4. there is a house right in front of you 5. she is rather a fool6. honestly, I dont like kobe byrant.六） 数词：表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一）基数词：基数词写法和读法二）序数词：序数词的缩写形式： first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st七） 介词：介词后面必须加上名词，代词，或者动名词，也可以跟上名词性从句，来构成介宾短语。有点类似于及物动词。介词可以分成简单介词和介词短语：例;简单介词：in，at，on， 介词短语：instead of, due to, because of例如：1. we arrived at the school 2. I believe in what he has done and said. We went there by sailing八） 连词：连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。 连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。1. 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) then等等。 连接两个相同成分：1. it rained not only in the daytime but also at night. 2. both john and mary are from England. 试判断： He started to dance and sang. 连接两个句子: not only does he like reading poems, but also he likes write some.2. 从属连词经常引导一个从句, 如: when ,where, because, if , as, 等试判断下列句子画线是不是一个从属连词。1. The man who is standing there is my uncle.2. what he has done is really amazing.3. there is no doubt that he is a here.4. That is what we want.练习一 词法基础训练：.词性判断:1). a) The library closes at 5:00 p.m. b) Tom and Peter are my close friends. c) My hometown is located close to a big river. d) We stayed until the close of the party. 2). a) I hope that you will back my plan at the meeting. b) Dont sit in the back of classroom. .c) He grows many beautiful flowers in the back garden. d) He asked me to walk back three steps. 3). a) I like bacon and eggs for breakfast.b) Dont speak to me like that. c) Like his brother John, Peter is interested in fine arts. d) Tom said that he would not do the like again. 4). a) Keep still when the doctor is giving you a check-up. b) I believe you can do still better next time. c) The meat will still have to be cooked for five minutes. d) It was a very unpleasant affair. Still, we cant change it. 5). a) This medicine has some side effects. b) Susan sided with me in the discussion. c) Come and sit by my side. 基本词法练习：(先判断该填什么词性，然后再用所给词适当形式填空)1. Its _ for me to work out the problem in such a short time.(possible)2. Everybody knows _ comes first. (health)3. After a while the little dog came to _ . (it)4. In which year did your parents get _. (marry)5. Keep quiet! You are speaking too _. (noise)6. His friend made it work by _the Scuba machine. (invent)7. Her _ sounds good but its hard to try out. (decide)8. There is much _ in the town. Youd better not go in. (foggy)9. _, he missed the last bus. (luck)10. The _ you eat, the better youll be. (health)11. Two _ of the earth is covered by water. (three)12. Children were excited to see the _ of the plant they grew. (appear)13. Our teacher has a good _ (know) of computers.14. In a _ result, the boys were beaten by the girls. (surprise)15. The meat tastes_ good. (terrible)16. Children are interested in _ computer games. (play)17. How _ he is doing his homework! I can hardly understand it. (care)18. The men fell off the motorbike and _ on the ground. (lie)19. Children under 1.2m in _ are not allowed to come in. (high)20. Edison was one of the greatest _ in the world. (invent)21. In _ countries, the most important holiday is Christmas. (west)22. The picture book made the baby very _ . (interest)23. Beijing University _ a hundred years ago. (found)24. Could you please fill in your _ information here? (person)25. After _ off things, they went to Tian An Men Square in a hurry. (drop)26. Its still _ who broke the window. (know)27. The injection given by the nurse wasnt _ at all. (pain)28. Thanks for _ me to your party. (invite)29. Xiao Lis dog has _ for nearly two months. (die)30. To finish the work in such a short time is _ for me. Please give me some more time. (possible)31. The girl is too _ to win the competition. (confidence)32. In American you can buy a _ car as little as 300 dollars. (use)33. I prefer to walk there instead of _ by bus. (go)34. We cant live _ air or water. (with)35. Miss Zhang asks us to have a group _ (discuss).36. The bottle is _ with milk. (fill)37. Soon he fell fast _. (sleep)38. Father Christmas isnt a _ person. In your family, Father Christmas is _ your father. (real)39. The children play games on the playground, _ happy songs. (sing)40. Computers are now _ (wide) used all over the world.41. There are a lot of foreign _ (travel) on the train 42. Bananas _ (grow) in the south of China.练习二 词组练习：判断下列句中划线部分属于什么词组类型1. The boy was following close behind me.2. The judge and the two men were satisfied with what the Arab had said.3. he is not yet old enough to join the army.4. Be a man. Dont behave so lowly.5. She was much better than before6. The meat smells terrible.8. That fully proves his honesty.9. You will never achieve anything if you dont use your head.10. An ordinary-looking little man with thick glasses is our headteacher. 第三讲 句子成分概念句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主干成分是主，谓，宾，表，宾补。定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语 主语一般由名词、代词或具有名词性（即作用相当于名词）的单词或短语，甚至从句来构成。大多数主语都在句首。如：We work in a big factory. The classroom is very big. Three are enough. 三个人就够了To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.Reading loud can help us to develop the language awareness .What we need is food. 在“There be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2谓语谓语可以由单个实义动词或系动词来构成，也可以由一个或两个的助动词加上实义动词或系动词来构成。注意，助动词不能单独构成谓语！He is very generous. She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job.He can speak German.3表语 表语是英语特有的一种成分，汉语没有表语这个概念。表语由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。形容词作表语:You look younger than before. 名词作表语: My father is a teacher. 副词作表语:Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语:They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语:My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语:Her job is training the nurses. 从句作表语（即表语从句）:That is why he didnt come to school yesterday. 4宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或具有名词性（作用相当于名词）的词，短语，从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语 He often helps me.不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time.直接宾语和间接宾语有些及物动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾判断是否是双宾语结构，就看该结构是否可以改成to或for的结构:例：We brought some food for them.He gave the beggar some food可以改成;He gave some food to the beggar.5宾语补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补: If you let me go, Ill make you king.形容词作宾补: Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken.在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于该结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。这一点要跟双宾语结构区分开。判断依据是看能否改成to或者for的结构。例如： We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.上面两个句子皆不能改成to或者for 的结构。所以是宾语+宾补，而不是双宾结构。“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态。如： We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。 I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或一切具有形容词性（作用相当于形容词）的词，短语，句子（即定语从句）等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如： 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 名词作定语： They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.从句作定语（即定语从句，所以定语从句也叫形容词性从句） The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如： Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或具有副词性的词，短语，从句（即状语从句）来充当。如： He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim wel八、同位语当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语，同位语和前面部分一般用逗号隔开.Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. 我们的英语老师布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。 Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends.足球-他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。Thats her habit, reading in bed.躺在床上看书是她的习惯。Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.他发出指示要立即开始工作。You still havent answered my question why you didnt come to school yesterday.你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。 九插入语 插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活常常用逗号或者破折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。1. 插入语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。 （ 1 ）常见的副词及短语： indeed， surely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。 练习三 句子成分练习：一.指出下列句中主语.1. The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.2. There is an old man coming here.3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.4. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.5. when and where to camp remains a question.6. living by the beach is really wonderful.7. what I am trying to figure out is why he remains single all his life.二.指出句中的谓语1. I dont like the picture on the wall. 2. The days get longer and longer when summer comes.3. Do you usually go to school by bus?4. There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.三挑出下列句中的表语1. The old man was feeling very tired.2. Why is he worried about Jim?3. The leaves have turned yellow. 4. Soon They all became interested in the subject.5. She was the first to learn about it.6. To see is to believe 7. He is not what he used to be.8. My job is teaching四. 挑出下列句中的宾语1. My brother hasnt done his homework.2. People all over the world speak English.3. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.4. How many new words did you learn last class?5. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.6. His drunk-drinking led to the horrible accident.7. his success lies in that he is diligent. 8. I cant stand being laughed at.9. I cant figure out why he is so rude.五. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语1. She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.2. He asked her to take the boy out of school.3. She found it difficult to do the work.4. They call me Lily sometimes.5. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.6. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?六. 挑出下列句中的定语1. They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.2. What is your given name?3. On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.4. Mr Johnson is now in the sleeping carriage.5. The man who wears hat is my uncle6. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.七. 挑出下列句中的状语1. There was a big smile on her face.2. Every night he heard the noise upstairs.3. He began to learn English when he was eleven.4. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.5. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.6. if given more time, well get the work done better.7. The man lying on the grassland was sleeping, totally letting go anything around him. 第四讲 句子分类 简单句，并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How beautiful the park is ! What a beautiful park it is！2、按句子的结构可分三种：简单句，并列句，复合句（二）简单句，并列句，复合句的定义解析1）简单句：只拥有一个主谓结构。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. 一个主语对应一个谓语 he read.Tom, John and Mike are American boys. 两个或两个以上的主语，借助并列连词来连接，对应一个谓语Mary and Mike likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 并列主语对应并列谓语.请同学们深刻理解简单句只有一个主谓结构的定义！试改正下面句子的错误：1. Mary, Mike, John are from England.2. do morning exercise everyday will do benefit to your body.3. My task is finish the project in 2 days.4. He can sing, dance.5. lie on the grassland, he let go everything around him.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。并列句中的各个并列分句是平行并列关系，不是从属关系。 并列句有两个或者两个以上的主谓结构，这些主谓结构是并列关系。用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.由这个例子可以看出，Mary and Mike likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 也可以当成并列句，看成第二个并列分句省略了主语Mary and Mike，因为并列句只要是相同成分的可以省略。例如：Mike prefers classical music and John pop music. 但Mike prefers classical music and John is into pop music. 3）复合句：含有两个或两个以上主谓结构句子。这种结构必定有一个主谓结构是主句部分，而另一个主谓结构是从句部分，缺一不可！复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures wh