社会心理学英文版LectureConityandObediencePPT课件.pptx

Lecture6 ConformityandObedience Guo Tieyuan 1 Outlines ClassicconformityandobediencestudiesWhatpredictsconformityWhyconform Whoconform Anddoweeverwanttobedifferent 2 WhatIsConformity ChangeinbehaviororbeliefastheresultofrealorimaginedgrouppressureConformityInvolvesbothactingand orbelievinginaccordwithsocialpressure ComplianceInvolvespubliclyactinginaccordwithanimpliedorexplicitrequestwhileprivatelydisagreeing ObedienceActinginaccordwithadirectorderorcommand 3 Sherif sStudiesofNormFormation 4 Sherif sStudiesofNormFormation Usedautokineticphenomenonthenaskedgroupsofmentodeterminehowmuchthepointoflighthadmoved theresponsesofthemenchangedmarkedlyThepointoflightnevermoved 可编辑 5 Sherif sStudiesofNormFormation Whenparticipantsweretestedayearlater theystillfollowthegroupnorms TheformednormcanbetransmittedExperiment ConfederatewithparticipantA ParticipantAwithparticipantB ParticipantBwithParticipantsC etc Results theformednormcanbetransmittedtothefivegenerationsofparticipants 6 Suggestibility Comedy showlaugh VideoHappinessanddepressioncontagiousContagiousyawningPeoplearemorelikelytoyawnwhentheyseeothersyawn ExperimentParticipantswereexposedtoa5 minutevideoofameneitheryawningorsmilingrepeatedly Results Yawnvideo 55 yawned Smilingvideo 21 yawned 7 8 Contagiousyawning Suggestibility Chameleon 變色龍 effectAutomaticimitationofbehaviorExperimentsParticipantsworkingonataskwithaconfederatewhoeitherrubbedfaceorshookfoot Results Participantsmimicedconfederate sbehavior Andmoreimportantly wetendtolikepeoplewhomimicourbehaviorandwords 9 Suggestibility Werthereffect Copycatsuicide mediainducedimitationeffectsofsuicidalbehavior ThenumberofsuicidesinAugustincreasedfollowingMarilynMonroe sAugust6 1962 suicide ThenumberofsuicidesinHongKonginAprilincreased32 followingLeslieCheung sApril1 2003 suicide Thenumberofsuicidesandsuicideattemptsinthe6mothsfollowingtheissueoftheMediaGuidelinesforReportingonSuicidesinAustraliain1987 dropped80 10 Asch sStudiesofGroupPressure Perceptualjudgmentexperiment NoneambiguousSixconfederatesgaveincorrectanswerstoseeifparticipantwouldagreeevenifheknewitwastheincorrectanswer 可编辑 11 12 ConformityinEverydayLife DentalflossingPeopletendtoflosstheirteethmorefrequentlyiftheyweretoldothersflosstheirteethmorefrequently CancerscreeningPeoplearemorelikelytosignupforinformationregardingcancerscreeningiftheyweretoldthemajorityofpeoplesignedup 13 ConformityinEverydayLife Cialdini Arizona sPetrifiedForestNationalPark Yourheritageisbeingvandalizedeverydaybytheftlossesofpetrifiedwood 木頭化石 of14tonsayear mostlyasmallpieceatatime 14 ConformityinEverydayLife Savewater Saveenergy Protecttheforest 15 Milgram sObedienceExperiments 16 Milgram sObedienceExperiments Milgram sObedienceExperimentsTestedwhathappenswhenthedemandsofauthorityclashwiththedemandsofconscienceTeacher shocks learnerattheinsistenceofexperimenter 可编辑 17 MilgramExperiments Teacher and student confederate astudyofeffectsofpunishmentonlearning The student wasinoneroomwithelectrodesattachedtohisarm Theteacherandtheexperimenterwereinanotherroom Wheneverthe student madeamistake the teacher needstoshockthe student Aftereachwronganswer theteachershouldincreasetheshocktothenextlevel from15voltto450volt The teacher canhearthesoundfromthestudent suchas Ugh athighlevelofshock noresponsefromthe student Wheneverthe teacher wanttostop theexperimenteraskhimtocontinue nophysicalcoercion 18 Milgram 1963 1974 1976 SlightShock to Danger SevereShock to XXX nexttothehighestlevels 19 MilgramExperiments 15v Slightshock75 Moderateshock135 Strongshock195 Verystrongshock255 Intenseshock315 Extremeintensityshock375 Danger Severeshock435 XXX 20 MilgramExperiments Thelearner sresponse75volts begintomoanandgrunt150volts demandtoleave180volts cryoutthathecouldstandthepainlonger300volts yelledouthisheartconditionandmustbereleased345volts noresponseanymore 21 TheProdsUsedinMilgram sExperiment Pleasecontinue orpleasegoon Theexperimentrequiresthatyoucontinue Itisabsolutelyessentialthatyoucontinue Youhavenootherchoice youmustgoon Milgram sExperimentinVideo 22 Milgram sResults 23 EthicsofMilgram sExperiment EthicsofMilgram sExperimentCriticssaidtheMilgram sexperimentstressedtheparticipantsagainsttheirwillTheyarguedthattheparticipants self esteemmayhavebeenalteredMilgramstatedthattheethicalcontroversywas terriblyoverblown 24 WhatBreedsObedience Victim sdistanceordepersonalizationTheobedienceratewasa 94 whenlearnercouldn tbeseenorheard b 40 whenthelearnerandtheteacherwereinthesameroom andc 30 whentheteacherwererequiredtoforcethelearner shandintocontactwithashockplate ClosenessandlegitimacyoftheauthorityWhenthecommandsweregivenbytelephone theobedienceratedroppedto21 Institutionalauthority 25 ReflectionsontheClassicStudies BehaviorandattitudesMutuallyreinforcingAsmallactofeviltofostertheattitudethatleadstoalargerevilactHeroismcanoccuraswellasevilPowerofthesituation 26 SummaryofClassicObedienceStudies 27 Outlines ClassicconformityandobediencestudiesWhatpredictsconformityWhyconform Whoconform Anddoweeverwanttobedifferent 28 WhatPredictsConformity GroupSize3to5peoplewillelicitmoreconformitythanjust1or2Groupsgreaterinsizethan5yieldsdiminishingreturns 29 WhatPredictsConformity UnanimityObservinganother sdissentcanincreaseourownindependence evenifthedissenteriswrong 30 Difficultytobeaminority InU S SupremeCourtdecisions 1in10hashadalonedissenter andothersareunanimousora5 4split 31 WhatPredictsConformity Cohesion Wefeeling extenttowhichmembersofagroupareboundtogether suchasbyattractionforoneanotherAminorityfromanoutgrouphaslessinfluenceonusthanaminorityformtheingroup Themorecohesiveagroupis themorepoweritgainsoveritsmembersObservingastudentfromthesameuniversitycheating cheatedmore andobservingastudentfromacompetinguniversitycheating cheatedless 32 WhatPredictsConformity StatusHigher statuspeopletendtohavemoreimpactJaywalkingbaselinerateis25 Anditdecreaseto17 withanon jaywalkingconfederate andtheratedecreaseevenmorewhenthenon jaywalkeriswelldressed i e indicatinghigherstatus Foryourinformation therateis44 withthepresenceofanotherjaywalker 33 WhatPredictsConformity PublicResponsePeopleconformmorewhentheymustrespondinfrontofothersratherthanwritingtheiranswersprivatelyBeingaskedcontroversyquestions studentsgeneratemorediverseopinionswhenansweringanonymously thanwhenansweringpublicly PriorCommitmentMostpeoplehavingmadeapubliccommitmentsticktoitExample Teenswhomakeapublicvirginity till marriagepledgebecomesomewhatmorelikelytoremainsexuallyabstinent 34 Outlines ClassicconformityandobediencestudiesWhatpredictsconformityWhyconform Whoconform Anddoweeverwanttobedifferent 35 WhyConform NormativeInfluenceBasedonaperson sdesiretofulfillothers expectations oftentogainacceptanceProducedbysocialimage thedesiretobeliked InformationalInfluenceOccurringwhenpeopleacceptevidenceaboutrealityprovidedbyotherpeopleProducedbydesiretobecorrect 36 WhoConforms PersonalityIsapoorpredictorofcon