2014届语法-----最后.doc

语法专项提升考点精讲名词考点梳理名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词：表示具体的人，事物，地点，团体或机构的专有名称（第一个字母要大写） 例：China 中国，Asia 亚洲，Beijing 北京。专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall（长城）。普通名词：1) 个体名词：表示个别人或物的名称，如：computer。2) 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的名称，如：family。3) 物质名词：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质，如：air。4) 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：anger。 个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词。 物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数名词。可数名词变复数的规则变化 1) 一般在词尾 加-s scientist-scientists 2) 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加-es bus-buses; watch-watches 3) 以ce, se, ze等结尾 加-s license-licenses 4) 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i再加-es baby- babies 以元音字母+y结尾 加-s key-keys5) 以o结尾的名词，变复数时：以辅音字母加o结尾的词，一般加-es（photo等例外）；hero-heroes 以元音字母加o结尾的词，则直接加-s radio-radios6) 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：加-s，如： belief-beliefs；roof-roofs去f, fe 加-ves，如：half-halves； knife-knives；leaf-leaves；wife-wives, wolf-wolves可数名词变复数的不规则变化 1) child-children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; man-men; woman-women; mouse-mice 2) 单复同形，如：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese，means, series 3) 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：people, police, cattle等本身就是复数4) 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths, politics, physics, news等考点一 抽象名词具体化1具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，表示变化了的词义时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty 困难；a difficulty 一件难事(2)experience 经验；an experience 一次经历(3)failure 失败；a failure 一位失败者，一件失败的事(4)knowledge 知识；a good knowledge 对精通/熟知(5)success 成功；a success 一位成功者，一件成功的事(6)surprise 惊奇；a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事(7)honour 荣誉；an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。The party last night was a success.We sang and danced until it came to an end. 昨晚的晚会很成功，我们唱啊跳啊直到晚会结束。Losing the game was a difficult experience for her. 对她来说，输掉比赛是一种痛苦的经历。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink 饮料two drinks两杯饮料sugar 糖a sugar 一块糖coffee 咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper 纸a paper一张报纸；一篇论文tea 茶two teas两杯茶hair 头发a hair 一根头发Would you like some coffee？你想喝点咖啡吗？I would like a coffee and two beers. 我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。【典例解析】1. (2012山东卷)Being able to afford _drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a 解析：第一空为物质名词个体化为可数名词，“一杯饮料”，用定冠词a；第二空comfort 为抽象名词具体化，“一件令人安慰的事”，应用不定冠词a，类似的词还有failure，pleasure 等。答案：B2(2010福建卷)Its_good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them_pleasure.A/；a Ba；/ Cthe；a Da；the解析：句意为：上海世博会给人们带来了欢乐，欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受。有些不可数名词，如knowledge，command，feeling等，前面有“a/an形容词”修饰时，表示一件具体的事情或一个的人。pleasure意为“愉快，快乐”，为不可数名词，故不加冠词。答案：B考点二 名词词义辨析1accident，incident，affair，event(1)accident “意外事件，偶发事件”，一般指(不幸的)事故，如车祸、天灾之类。(2)incident 多指较小的事件、小插曲或人生中所碰到的虽小但留下较深印象的平凡事情，也可以指外交、政治方面的重大事件。(3)affair “事物，要事”，头绪繁多的事；恋爱事件。(4)event “大事”，也可指比赛项目。One in seven accidents is caused by sleepy drivers. 七分之一的交通事故是司机困倦造成的。Three people were arrested in connection with the rockthrowing incident.3个人因与扔石头事件有关而被捕。The Prime Minister is busy with affairs of state. 首相忙于政务。A daughters marriage is quite an event for a father. 女儿的婚姻对父亲而言确实是件大事。2quantity，personality，quality，character(1)quantity 表示“数量”。(2)quality 既可以表示事物的“品质”，还可以表示人的“品德，素质”。(3)character 泛指性格，无所谓好坏，还可以表示“角色，文字，字母”。(4)personality 意为“个性”。Its often less expensive to buy goods in quantity，but youd better exam the quality before buying them.大量购物便宜，但是在购买之前你最好检测质量。(2009湖北卷)Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for character.独自徒步旅行可能会很有趣并且有益于健康。或许对意志的磨炼也有好处。3condition，situation，state，position(1)condition 意为“条件，情况，状况”，其单数形式指人或物所处的状况，这时与state 意义相近，常可互换，但condition 还常指由于一定原因或条件造成的状态，如人的健康状况、物的完好程度、设备的可用性等。复数形式多指一般、笼统的情况。(2)situation 指某一时间由各种情况造成的“处境”“形势”。(3)state 指人或事物所处的状态或状况，常和condition 换用，此外，state 还常表示思想、感情、心理等状态。(4)position 指人或事物所处的位置，地位。From their position on the top of the TV Tower，visitors can have a better view of the city.从他们在电视塔顶的位置，游客们可以更好地看到这个城市。School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations.学生们必须接受如何应付危险情况的教育。Ive had no exercise for ages，and Im really out of condition. 我好久不运动，身体欠佳。They were silent for a long time，in a state of painful hesitation and doubt.他们处于一种痛苦的踌躇与疑虑状态中，长时间相对无言。4power，strength，force，energy(1)power 主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能，也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量，还可以指职权或政权。(2)strength 指固有的潜力。说人时，指“力气”；说物时，指“强度”。(3)force 主要指自然界的力量；暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量；军事力量等。(4)energy 主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。Its not within my power to help you. 我是爱莫能助啊。A washing machine is a saver of time and strength. 洗衣机省时又省力。The UN tries to limit the use of force in conflicts. 联合国尽力禁止使用暴力。Youll need to apply all your energy to this job. 你需要把全部精力投入到这项工作中去。【典例解析】1.(2010浙江卷)The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any direct_.Asolution Btarget Cmeasure Dfunction解析：句意为：学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。本题考查名词辨析。solution 解决问题的办法；target目标，靶子；measure措施；function功能，作用。根据句意选A。答案：A2(2010江西卷)Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000，a(n)_of 40,000 per year.Aaverage Bnumber Camount Dquantity解析：句意为：去年毕业时就有驾照的学生数量已达到20万，平均每年4万。本题考查名词辨析。average 平均，平均数；a number of 许多，大量，修饰可数名词；an amount of 许多，大量，与不可数名词连用；a quantity of 许多，大量的，修饰可数和不可数名词。根据句意，选A。答案：A3(2011湖北卷)Giving up my job to go back to fulltime education was a big ，but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.AprojectBcommitment CcompetitionDambition解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意为：放弃工作回去接受全日制教育是个巨大的“投入”，但是现在我意识到那是我所作出的最正确的决定。project工程，项目；commitment花费，使用(资金、时间、人力)；competition竞争；ambition抱负，野心。答案：B4(2011江苏卷)Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional .Aconsequence Bindependence Ccompetence Dintelligence解析：考查形容词辨析。句意为：教师必须不断更新知识来保持他们的专业能力。consequence后果，结果；independence独立；competence能力，技能，胜任；intelligence智力，智慧，才智。答案：C高考集训1. (2012全国卷II)The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great_ in this city.A. quality B. progress C. production D. demand2. (2012天津卷)You were working too hard. Youd better keep a_ between work and relaxation.A. promise B. leadC. balance D. diary3. (2012江苏卷) Can I help you with it? I appreciate your_, but I can manage it myself. A. advice B. question C. offer D. idea4. (2012湖北卷) It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any_.A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow5. (2012湖北卷)The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct_ in applying for a visa. A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective 6. (2012福建卷) Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency? Well, you know, English is my_. So it is my best choice.A. strength B. talentC. ability D. skill7. (2012山东卷)My first_ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. A. expressionB. attention C. satisfaction D. impression8. (2012江西卷)Youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future _.ApurposeBreferenceCprogressDmemory9. (2012浙江卷)Your_ as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn. A. operationB. growthC. performance D. character10.【2013湖北】Poetry written from the_ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.A. perspective B. priority C. participation D. privilege11.【2013湖北】Carbon dioxide, which makes a _ between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer.A. difference B. comparison C. connection D. barrier12.【2013江苏】With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a _ for the better. A. share B. chance C. turn D. lead13.【2013江西】Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _.A. curiosityB. satisfactionC. envyD. patience14.【2013天津】While she was in Paris, she developed a_ for fine art.A. way B. relation C. taste D. habit15.【2013浙江】As the worlds population continues to grow, the _ of food becomes more and more of a concern.A. worth B. supply C. package D. list考点精讲冠词考点梳理1. 以考查冠词的基础用法为重点（特指，类指，泛指），熟记定冠词和零冠词的 特殊用法；2. 和某些抽象名词连用，使其具体化将成为考查重点；3. 理解有无冠词意义不同的词组；4. 对冠词的灵活运用即一些固定短语，特殊句式将仍旧会出现在高考试卷中。 考点一 不定冠词a,an的用法1表示“某一个”，相当于some，译为“一个”。(2007全国卷)Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons，please？请告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走？Sorry，we dont have a Johnson here in the village. 对不起，这个村庄里没有一个叫约翰逊的人。Each of the students wanted to be a live Lei Feng. 每位学生都想成为活雷锋。2amost表示“很”“非常”。Qingdao is a most beautiful city. 青岛是一个非常美丽的城市。3序数词前一般加定冠词the 表示顺序，但序数词前可加不定冠词a(n)，表示“另一个；又一个”。Although he has failed twice，he would like to try a third time. 尽管他已经失败了两次，但他还想再试一次。4有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding 等是由其动词转化而来，它们后面加of.时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。Tom owns a larger collection of books than any other student in our class.在我们班中，汤姆收集的书最多。Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。5不定冠词可用在形容词的比较级、最高级与序数词之前。“不定冠词形容词的比较级单数名词”表示“更的一个”；“不定冠词形容词的最高级”无比较意义。He went to the USA in search of a better life. 为了寻找更美好的生活他去了美国。6不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。The walk is expected to last all day，so bring a packed lunch. 这段路程预计要走一整天，所以带一份盒装午饭。7. a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。an用在以元音音素开头的单词前。 表示“数量”，“有一”、“每一”的意思【典例解析】1.(2011浙江卷)Experts think that_ recently discovered painting may be Picasso.Athe；/Ba；theCa；/Dthe；a解析：句意为：专家们认为最近发现的那幅油画可能是毕加索的画。本题考查冠词的用法。第一空特指“最近所发现的那幅画”，故用定冠词；第二空泛指“毕加索的一幅画”，故用不定冠词。答案：D2(2010北京卷)First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get_ second chance to make_ first impression.Aa；theBthe；theCa；aDthe；a解析：句意为：第一印象最持久。毕竟，你不会再有机会去形成第一印象。第一空后有second，在此表示再一次机会，而不是表顺序，应用不定冠词；第二空中的第一印象是泛指，也不是表示顺序，又根据题干可以判断impression 在此处是可数名词，可数名词单数表泛指时须用不定冠词，故选C项。答案：C3(2011新课标全国卷)It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fight like man.Aa；a Ba；theCthe；theDa；/解析：句意为：人们通常认为男孩应该站起来像男人一样奋斗。根据句中的stand up以及fight可判断为表示不确定的个体，因此使用不定冠词来表示。答案：A4. (2011江西卷)Its said John will be in a job paying over $ 60,000 year.Right，he will also get paid by week.Athe；theBa；theCthe；aDa；a解析：考查冠词。句意为：“据说约翰将拥有一份年收入超过60 000美元的工作。”“是的，他也将按周获得报酬。”表示“每年”用a year；表示“按周计量”用by the week。答案：B考点二 定冠词the的用法1与某些可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或事物。The camel is a very useful animal in desert.骆驼是沙漠中一种很有用的动物。2用在上文已出现过或说话双方都熟悉的事物前，表示特指意义。Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?你昨天玩得开心吗？Yes，as you know，the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere. 是的，正如你所知，晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。3by表示具体单位的名词前要用定冠词。Surprisingly，in that bookstore，books are sold by the dozen. 真想不到，在那个书店里书按打卖。Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. 在大城市里，清洁工一般按小时计算薪水。4用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education.在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修是不罕见的。5表示两者中“较的”，比较级前应用the。Tom is the younger of the two newcomers.To be honest，I have never seen a cleverer one.汤姆是这两位新手中较年轻的一个，说实话，我从来没见过比他聪明的人。【典例解析】1.(2010浙江卷)Many lifestyle patterns do such_great harm to health that they actually speed up_weakening of the human body.Aa；/B/；the Ca；theD/；/解析：句意为：很多生活方式对身体健康是很有害的，实际上它们能加快体质变弱。do harm to.为固定短语，意为“对有害”；第二空为特指的用法，即特指体质变弱，故用定冠词the。答案：B2(2010辽宁卷)There are over 58,000 rocky objects in_ space，about 900 of which could fall down onto_earth.Athe；theB/；the Cthe；/ Da；the解析：句意为：太空中有58,000颗星体，其中有900颗左右可能坠落到地球上。第一空in space“在太空”，固定用法，类似用法还有in nature，in society 等；第二空表示地球，独一无二的事物前须加定冠词the，如the moon，the sun等，所以选B。答案：B3(2011陕西卷)As is known to all， Peoples Republic of China is biggest developing country in the world.Athe；/B/；theCthe；theD/；/解析：句意为：众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。本题考查冠词。Peoples Republic of China“中华人民共和国”是由普通名词构成的专有名词，前面通常用定冠词；第二空后是形容词的最高级形式，故用定冠词。答案：C4(2011山东卷)Take your timeits just_ short distance from here to restaurant.A/；theBa；theCthe；aD/；a解析：考查冠词。句意为：不用急，从这里到饭店只有一小段路程。a short distance表示“一小段距离”；由语意可知restaurant指双方都知道的那个饭店，所以用定冠词the。答案：B考点三 零冠词的用法1系动词turn (变成)后的单数名词作表语，用零冠词。Has he turned scientist？他成为科学家了吗？After graduation from college he turned teacher (became a teacher) 大学毕业后，他成了一名教师。2“零冠词单数名词as/though主语谓语，主句”意为“虽然/尽管，但是”。 尽管他是个小孩，但却懂得很多。3在独立主格结构中的某一形式中。The teacher came in，book in hand (with a book in his hand/holding a book in his hand/a book (held) in his hand)老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。4man 意为“人类”，word 意为“消息”时，其前不用冠词。Air is to man what water is to fish. 人离不开空气就像鱼离不开水。Word came that the Chinese Women Football Team won the second prize in the World Cup.消息传来说中国女足在世界杯获得第二。5no 与such 连用时应放在such 之前，such后的名词不用冠词。No such thing has ever happened in this village. 村子里从未发生过这种事。6.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及同位语时，不加冠词。常用名词有king，president，chairman，monitor，head等。Obama was elected President of the United States. 奥巴马当选为美国总统。【典例解析】1.(2010江苏卷)The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_ people from all walks of life are working hard for_ new Jiangsu.A/；aB/；theCthe；aDthe；the解析：句意为：来江苏的游客都对此印象颇深为了一个崭新的江苏，来自各行各业的人都在努力工作着。people 为复数名词，此处为泛指的用法，故第一空用零冠词；一般地名前不用冠词，但是如果前有形容词修饰时，表示类指，前面要用不定冠词。答案：A2(2011新课标全国卷)It is generally accepted that_ boy must learn to stand up and fight like_ man.Aa；a Ba；the Cthe；theDa；/解析：句意为：人们通常认为男孩应该站起来像男人一样奋斗。根据句中的stand up以及fight可判断为表示不确定的个体，因此使用不定冠词来表示。答案：A3(2011四川卷)Dr.Peter Spence，_ headmaster of the school，told us，“ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”A/；AB/；TheCthe；TheDa；A解析：句意为：这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们：“这里的学生五分之一都继续到牛津或者剑桥学习。”考查冠词。第一空后的名词headmaster是职务的称呼，其前不加冠词；第二空是分数的表达，用a/one fifth表示“五分之一”。答案：A高考集训1.(2012全国卷I)Sarah looked at _ finished painting with _ satisfaction.A.不填；a B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. the; a2.(2012全国卷II) He missed _ gold in the high jump, but will get _ second chance in the long jump.A. the; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. a; 不填3.(2012安徽卷)Carl is studying _ food science at college and hopes to open up _ meat processing factory of his own one day.A. /；a B. /；the C. the；a D. the；the4.(2012山东卷) Being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a 5.(2012重庆卷) Sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George. A. /；/ B. the；/ C. the；the D. /；the6.(2012四川卷)We are said to be living in _ Information Age, _ time of new discoveries and great changes.A. an; the B. 不填; the C. 不填; a D. the; a 7.(2012江西卷)The Smiths dont usually stay at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea.A/; aBthe; theC/; theDthe; a8.(2012浙江卷)The development of industry has been_ gradual process throughout _ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology.A. 不填, theB. the; aC. a; 不填 D. a; a9.(2012辽宁卷) I woke up with_ bad headache, yet by_ evening the pain had gone. A. the; the B. the; an C. a; the D. a; an10.【2013福建】The “Chinese Dream” is _ dream to improve peoples well-being and _ dream of harmony, peace and development.A. the; a B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the11.【2013江西】Animals are obviously _ lower form of life than _ man.A. a ; / B. the ; theC. a ; theD. / ; /12.【2013山东】It was _ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across _ night sky. A. 不填；a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; 不填13.【2013陕西】 Marco Polo is said to have sailed on_ Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in_ thirteenth century. A. the; a B. a; / C. /; the D. the; the14.【2013新课标II卷】Four and_ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.A. a; a B. the; the C.不填；the D. a;不填15.【2013新课标I卷】India attained_ independence in 1947, after_ long struggle.A.不填;aB. the; a C. an;不填D. an; the16.【2013浙江】 People develop _ preference for a particular style of learning at _ early age and these preferences affect learning.A. a; an B. a; 不填 C. 不填; the D. the; an17.【2013重庆】The parents were shocked by_ news that their son needed _ operation on his knee.A. a;/ B. the; / C. the; an D. a; an考点精讲代词【考点梳理】1. 人称代词主格与宾格的用法；2. 名词性和形容词性物主代词的用法；3. 反身代词的用法；4. 指示代词this, that, these, those的用法；5. 表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较；6. some, any的用法辨析；7. each, every的用法辨析；8. (a) little, (a) few, a bit的用法辨析；9. 替代词it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析；10. another, (the) other(s), else; the rest 的用法辨析；11. every-, some-, any-, no-与-thing, -one, -body构成的复合不定代词的用法；12. it的用法。考点一 it的用法every-, some-, any-, no-与-thing, -one, -body构成的复合不定代词的用法1指代时间、距离、自然现象等。It is half past two now.(指时间)现在是两点半。It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.(指距离)离最近的医院是6英里。It is very cold in the room.(指温度)房间里很冷。A lovely day，isnt it？(指天气)好天气，是吗？2指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、群体、想法、性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人或动