牛津高中英语M5Unit1p22-25单词详解.doc

3牛津高中英语M5Unit 1 p22-25单词详解economy / knm; knm/ n C, U (instance of) avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc) （金钱 力气 时间 资源等的）节省, 节约: practise economy 实行节约 * Its an economy to buy good shoes; they cost more, but they last much longer than cheap ones. 购买质量高的鞋很经济; 虽花钱多, 但比廉价鞋耐穿得多. * attrib 作定语 Were having an economy drive (ie making a special effort to avoid waste or misuse of resources, etc) at school. 我们学校正开展节约运动（尽 量避免浪费或滥用资源）. * an economy pack, ie a large amount of a product offered for sale at a reduced price 经济装（减价发售的大包装货品） * economy class, ie the cheapest class of (air) travel 经济舱（最低廉的客机舱位）. U control and management of money, resources, etc of a community, society, household, etc 理财: political economy 政治经济学 * domestic economy 国内经济. C (often 常作 the economy) operation and management of a countrys money supply, trade and industry; economic system （国家的）经济管理; 经济制度: The state of the economy is very worrying. 目前的经济状况令人十分担忧. * The economies of Japan and China 日本和中国的经济制度.spokes|woman /spokswmn/ (spokeswomen)a woman who has been chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or governmentA spokeswoman is a female spokesperson.A United Nations spokeswoman in New York said the request would be considered.consultant / knsltnt; knsltnt/ n (on sth) person who gives expert advice (in business, law, etc) （商业 法律等方面的）顾问: a firm of management consultants 管理谘询公司 * the presidents consultant on economic affairs 总统的经济事务顾问. (in sth) (in Britain) hospital doctor of senior rank （英国）顾问医师, 会诊医师: a consultant in obstetrics 产科顾问医师 * attrib 作定语 a consultant surgeon 外科顾问医师. Cf 参看 registrar 2.debate / dbet; dbet/ n C, U (a) formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often ending in a vote （正式的）辩论, 讨论（如在公众集会或议会中, 常以表决结束）: After a long debate, the House of Commons approved the bill. 经过长时间的辩论, 下议院通过了议案. * to open the debate, ie be the first to speak 开始辩论（第一个发言） * the motion under debate, ie being discussed 在辩论中的动议. (b) argument or discussion in general （一般性的）辩论, 讨论: After much debate, we decided to move to Oxford. 我们经充分讨论决定迁往牛津. * We had long debates at college about politics. 我们上大学时曾长时间地辩论政治问题. * Her resignation caused much public debate. 她辞职一事引起群众议论纷纷. debate v I, Ipr, Tn, Tw, Tg (about sth) have a debate(2) about (sth); discuss (sth) 对（某事）进行辩论; 讨论（某事）: What are they debating (about)? 他们在辩论什麽? * Were just debating what to do next. 我们正讨论下一步该做什麽事. * They debated closing the factory. 他们争论是否关闭工厂. Tn, Tw, Tg think (sth) over in order to decide 考虑（某事物）以决定: I debated it for a while, then decided not to go. 我反覆考虑後决定不去. * Im debating where to go on holiday. 我在琢磨到何处度假. * He debated buying a new car, but didnt in the end. 他思量很久是否买辆新汽车, 但最後还是没买. debater n person who debates (debate 1) 辩论的人.the floor sing (a) part of an assembly hall where members sit, eg in the Houses of Parliament, US Congress, etc 议员席（如英国议会两院 美国国会等的）: speak from the floor 在议员席上发言. (b) right to speak in such an assembly or meeting （在此种会议上的）发言权: The floor is yours you may present your argument. 现在请您发言-尽请发表意见.flow / flu; flo/ v (pt, pp -ed) I, Ipr, Ip (a) (of a liquid) move freely and continuously （指液体）流动: Her tears flowed freely (down her cheeks). 她眼泪止不住地（顺着面颊）往下流. * Most rivers flow into the sea. 江河大多流入海洋. * Blood suddenly started flowing out. 突然流出血来. (b) move freely and continuously, esp within a closed system; circulate 畅通无阻（尤指在封闭系统内）; 流通; 流传: Keep the traffic flowing. 保持交通畅通无阻. * Electricity is flowing (in the circuit/wires). 电在（电路导线中）流动. * Blood flows round the body. 血液在体内循环. * In convection, hot currents flow upwards. 在对流中热气流向上运动. I (of speech or writing) proceed evenly and continuously （指讲话或写作）流畅: Conversation flowed freely when the speaker invited discussion. 演讲人请大家讨论, 於是人人畅所欲言. I, Ipr, Ip fall or hang (down) loosely and freely 松散而无束缚地落下或垂下: long flowing robes 飘洒的长袍 * Her hair flowed (down) over her shoulders. 她长发垂肩. I, Ipr (with sth) be available plentifully; be distributed freely 有的是; 大量供应; 取之不尽: The party became lively when the drink began to flow. 饮料开始大量供应, 聚会的气氛就活跃起来了. * a land flowing with milk and honey, ie place with rich natural resources 自然资源丰富的地方. I (of the sea tide) come in; rise （指海潮）涨, 涨潮: The tide began to flow and our footprints were covered. 开始涨潮了, 潮水遮住了我们的脚印. Cf 参看 ebb 1. (phr v) flow in/into sth arrive in a steady stream 不断涌入: The election results flowed in throughout the night. 通夜不断传来各项选举结果. * Offers of help flowed into the office. 人们接连不断地向办事处表示愿意提供帮助. flow from sth come or derive from sth; result from sth 源於某事物;为某事物的结果: Many benefits will flow from this discovery. 这项发现将带来许多好处. flow out (of sth) leave in a steady stream 外流: Profits are flowing out of the country. 利润源源不断地流向国外. flow over sb take place without affecting sb （某事）发生而不影响某人: Office politics just seem to flow over him. 同事之间互相倾轧 勾心斗角的事似乎并未波及到他. flow n (usu sing 通常作单数) 1 (of sth/sb) (rate of a) flowing movement of sth/sb （某事物某人的）流动（量）; 流量: a steady flow of traffic 川流不息的来往车辆 * The government is trying to stop the increasing flow of refugees entering the country. 政府正在设法阻止越来越多的难民流入本国. 2 (of sth) (rate of a) continuous stream or supply of sth 某事物的持续或连续供应（量）: cut off the flow of oil 切断石油输送 * the constant flow of information 源源不断的信息. 3 even and continuous outpouring of words 口若悬河; 滔滔不绝: I interrupted him while he was in full flow, ie talking away strongly. 他正在高谈阔论, 我打断了他的话. 4 incoming tide 涨潮: the ebb and flow of the sea 海潮的涨落. 5 (idm 习语) the ebb and flow (of sth) = ebb n.# flow chart (also flow diagram) diagram showing the development of sth through the different stages or processes in a series 流程图.billion / bln; bljn/ pron, det (Brit) 1000000000000; one million million(s) 万亿; 兆兆. =App 4 见附录4. (esp US) 1000000000; one thousand million(s) 十亿; 千兆. =App 4 见附录4. billion n (pl unchanged or s 复数或不变或作billions) 1 (Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数. 2 (esp US) the number 1000000000 十亿之数. Cf 参看 milliard. For the uses of billion see the examples at hundred. 关於billion的用法见hundred词条中的示例duty / djut; US dut; dut/ n C, U moral or legal obligation （道德上的或法律上的）责任, 义务: Its your duty to go. 你得去, 那是你的责任. * do ones duty 尽职 * Its not something I enjoy. I do it purely out of a sense of duty. 那并不是我喜欢做的事, 我纯粹是出於责任感才做的. * Ill have to go, Im afraid duty calls. 看来我得走了-公务在身. C, U task or action that sb must perform （某人必须执行的）任务或行动: What are the duties of a traffic warden? 街道停车管理员的职责是什麽? * Im doing night duty this week. 这个星期我上夜班. C, U (on sth) tax charged on certain goods, esp on imports （某些货物, 尤指进口货物交纳的）税; 关税: customs/excise duties 关税消费税. Cf 参看 tariff 2. (idm 习语) ones bounden duty = bounden. dereliction of duty = dereliction (derelict). do duty for sth serve as or act as a substitute for sth else 充作或当作另一事物的代替品: An old wooden box did duty for a table. 把旧木箱当作桌子. in the line of duty = line1. on/off duty (of nurses, police officers, etc) engaged/not engaged in ones regular work 值不值班; 上不上班: I arrive at the hospital at eight oclock, but I dont go on duty until nine. 我八点钟就到医院了, 但是九点钟我才去值班. * attrib 作定语 off-duty activities, hours 业余活动 时间.# ,duty-bound adj pred 作表语 obliged by duty 义不容辞: Im duty-bound to help him. 就我来说, 帮助他是责无旁贷的.,duty-free adj, adv (of goods) that can be imported without payment of customs duties （指货物）免关税（的）: Youre allowed 1 litres of spirits duty-free. 你可免税带进1升烈性酒. * Theres a good duty-free shop (ie one selling such goods) on the ferry. 渡船上有个挺不错的免税商店. * buy cigarettes duty-free 买免税香烟.cut sth back shorten (a bush, shrub, etc) by cutting off shoots and branches close to the stem; prune sth 修剪（矮树 灌木等）; 给某树剪枝: cut back a rose bush 给玫瑰树剪枝. cut sth back; cut back (on sth) reduce sth considerably 大量削减某事物: If we dont sell more goods, well have to cut back (on) production. 我们若不能增加货物的销售量, 就必须大幅度降低产量. Cf 参看 cut-back. cut back phr vto reduce the amount, size, cost etc of somethingcut back onSeveral major hospitals are cutting back on staff at the moment.cut sthbackEducation spending cannot be cut back any further.Richer countries must do more to cut back carbon emissions. cutbackcut sthbackto remove the top part of a plant in order to help it to growCut back the shoots in spring to encourage bushier growth.to eat, drink, or use less of something, especially in order to improve your healthcut back onTry to cut back on foods containing wheat and dairy duction / prdkn; prdkn/ n U action of manufacturing, extracting, etc, esp in large quantities 制造, 生产（尤指大批量）: oil production 采油 * Production of the new aircraft will start next year. 明年开始制造新型的飞机. * Production must become more efficient. 必须提高生产效率. * mass (ie very large-scale) production 大量生产 * Defects in design cannot be put right during production. 设计上的缺陷是无法在生产过程中加以纠正的. * He has moved from acting to film production. 他由演员变成了制片人. * attrib 作定语 production costs, managers, processes, schedules, difficulties 生产的成本 生产经理 生产过程 生产计画 生产的难题. U quantity produced 产量: increase production by using more efficient methods 采用更有效的方法提高产量 * a fall/increase in production 产量的减少增加. C thing that has been produced, esp a play, film, etc 推出的作品（尤指戏剧 影片等）: They saw several National Theatre productions. 他们看了国家剧院上演的几出戏. * King Lear in a controversial new production 可能引起争论的新剧李尔王. (idm 习语) go ,into/,out of production start/stop being manufactured 投产停产: The system will have to be tested before it goes into production. 这套装置必须经过试验之後才能投产. * That car went out of production five years ago. 那种汽车已经停产五年了. in production being manufactured (in large quantities) 在（大量）生产中: The device will be in production by the end of the year. 该装置将於年底投入生产. on production of sth by/when showing sth 通过一经出示某物: On production of your membership card, you will receive a discount on purchases. 持会员证购物可享受折扣优待.# production line sequence of groups of machines and workers, in which each group carries out part of the production process 生产线: Cars are checked as they come off the production line. 汽车经装配线组装完毕後即进行校验.recycle / risakl; risakl/ v Tn (a) treat (used material) so that it can be used again 回收（废旧材料）: recycle newspaper, ie by de-inking and pulping it 回收旧报纸（以脱墨和制浆方式处理）. (b) get (natural products) back from used material by treating it （利用废旧材料）再造（原始成品）: ,recycled glass, ie from old bottles 再造的玻璃（利用旧瓶再制的）. Cf 参看 reclaim 4.pipe 1 / pap; pap/ n C (esp in compounds 尤用以构成复合词) tube through which liquids or gases can flow 管子: a water-pipe * a gas-pipe * a drain-pipe * the windpipe, ie air-passage in the body. C (a) (also tobacco pipe) narrow tube with a bowl at one end, used for smoking tobacco 烟斗: smoke a pipe 吸烟斗 * attrib 作定语 pipe tobacco 烟斗丝. (b) (also pipeful / -ful; -fl/) amount of tobacco this can hold 一烟斗的烟丝. C (music 音) (a) wind instrument consisting of a tube with holes that are covered and uncovered by the fingers to make musical notes 管乐器: pipes of Pan, ie pan-pipes 排箫. (b) each of the tubes from which sound is produced in an organ （管风琴的）音管. (c) pipes pl = bagpipes. C (sound of a) whistle used by a boatswain 水手长吹的哨子（声）. C song or note of a bird 鸟鸣; 鸟鸣声. C (contents of a) cask which can hold about 105 gallons of wine 大酒桶（约容105加仑）; 一大酒桶的量. (idm 习语) put that in your pipe and smoke it (infml 口) you have to accept what I have said, whether you like it or not 我说的话不管你喜欢不喜欢都得听: Im not giving up my holiday to suit you, so you can put that in your pipe and smoke it! 我不打算放弃我的假日来迁就你, 你不听也得听!# pipeclay n U fine white clay used (esp formerly) for making tobacco pipes and for whitening leather, etc 白陶土（尤於旧时用以制烟斗 使皮革增白等）.pipe-cleaner n flexible piece of wire covered with soft material, for cleaning inside a tobacco pipe 烟斗通条（清除烟垢用的）.pipe-dream n hope or plan that is impossible or unworkable 不切实际的希望; 行不通的计画.pipeline n 1 series of connected pipes, usu underground,for conveying oil, gas, etc to a distant place （长距离输送油 气等的）管道（通常指地下的）. 2 (fig 比喻) channel of information or supply, esp direct, privileged or confidential （信息或供应的）渠道, 途径（尤指直接的 基於特权而获得的或秘密的）: a pipeline to head office, the Prime Minister, the manufacturer 联系总部 首相 厂商的渠道. 3 (idm 习语) in the pipeline (a) (of goods, orders, etc) being dealt with; on the way （指货物 定单等）在处理或运送中. (b) (of changes, laws, proposals, etc) being prepared or discussed; about to happen （指变化 法令 建议等）在准备 讨论或酝酿中, 即将发生: New laws to deal with this abuse are in the pipeline. 正在制定处理这种弊端的新法令.pipe 2 / pap; pap/ v Tn, Tn.pr convey (water, gas, etc) in pipes 用管道输送（水 煤气等）: pipe water into a house/to a farm 用管道向住宅农场送水 * pipe oil across the desert 用管道穿过沙漠输油. esp passive 尤用於被动语态: Tn, Tn.pr transmit (esp music) by wire or cable （用有线系统等）传送（尤指音乐）: Nearly all the shops have piped music, ie recorded music played continuously. 差不多所有商店都连续播放有线广播的音乐. I, Tn (a) play (a tune) on a pipe or pipes 用管乐器演奏（一曲）: He piped (a jig) so that we could dance. 他用笛子吹奏（吉格舞曲）好让我们跳舞. (b) (of a bird) whistle or sing (sth) （指鸟）鸣啭或唱（某声音）. (c) (of a person, esp a child) speak (sth) in a high voice （指人, 尤指儿童）尖声说（某事）. Tn.pr, Tn.p (nautical 海) (a) summon (sailors) by blowing a boatswains pipe 吹水手长用的哨子召集（水手）: pipe all hands on deck 吹哨召集所有水手到甲板上. (b) lead or welcome (sb) by the sound of a boatswains pipe用水手长的哨声引领或欢迎（某人）: pipe the captain aboard/on board 用哨声欢迎船长登船 * pipe the guests in 用哨声迎接客人. Tn (a) trim or decorate (sth) with piping(2a) 为（衣物等）绲边: pipe a skirt, cushion, etc with blue silk 给裙子 垫子等绲蓝绸边. (b) put a decoration on (a cake) with icing 在（糕点）上加奶油 巧克力等花饰: pipe Happy Birthday on a cake 在蛋糕上加上生日快乐字样. (phr v) pipe down (infml 口) be less noisy; stop talking 安静些; 停止谈话: She told the children to pipe down while she was talking on the telephone. 她告诉孩子别吵了, 她正在打电话. pipe up (infml 口) begin to sing or speak, esp suddenly and in a high-pitched voice 开始唱或说（尤指突然而声音尖）.greedy greedy /gridi/ adj comparative greedier superlative greediest Language: Old English; Origin: grAdigalways wanting more food, money, power, possessions etc than you needa greedy and selfish societyHe looked at the gold with greedy eyes.Have you eaten them all, you greedy pig?greedy forThey are greedy for profits.greedily advHe grabbed the bottle and drank greedily.greediness n Ubusinessman a person who works in business, especially at a high levela person who is skilful in business and financial matters: I should have got a better price for the car, but Im not much of a businessman.responsibility / rspnsblt; rspnsblt/ n U (for sb/sth) being responsible or accountable责任; 负责: a position of real, great, major, etc responsibility负实际的 很大的 主要的.责任的职务 * have, showa sense of responsibility 有 显示出责任感 * take, assume,accept, bear full responsibility for the consequences 对後果承担全部责任 * The manufacturers disclaim all responsibility for damage caused by misuse. 使用不当而造成的损坏, 生产厂家不负任何责任. C (to sb) commitment or duty for which a person is responsible职责; 任务; 义务: Our business is a joint/shared responsibility.我们的公司实行共同责任制. * Its my responsibility to lock the doors. 我负责锁门. * the various responsibilities of the post 这一职位的多种责任.belief / blif; blif/ n U in sth/sb feeling that sth/sb is real and true; trust or confidence in sth/sb 对某事物某人的真实性和正确性所具有的信心; 对某事物某人的信仰或信赖: I havent much belief in his honesty, ie cannot feel sure that he is honest. 我对他的诚实缺乏足够的信心. * He has great belief in his doctor, ie is confident that his doctor can cure him. 他对那位医生无比信赖. * She has lost her belief in God, ie no longer thinks that God exists. 她已不相信上帝（不相信真有上帝）. C (a) thing accepted as true or real; what one believes 认为正确或确实的事物; 信念; 相信: It is my belief that., ie It is my firm opinion that. 我相信. * He acted in accordance with his beliefs. 他按照自己的信念行事. (b) religion or sth taught as part of religion 宗教信仰; 教义: Christian beliefs 基督教的教义. (idm 习语) beyond belief too great, difficult, dreadful, etc to be believed; incredible （因太大 太难 太可怕等）难以置信的; 不可思议的: I find his behaviour (irresponsible) beyond belief. 我发觉他的所作所为（不负责任）到了简直令人难以置信的地步. in the belief that. feeling confident that. 相信.: He came to me in the belief that I could help him. 他到我这里来, 相信我能帮助他. to the best of ones belief/knowledge = best3.environment / nvarnmnt; nvarnmnt/ n C, U conditions, circumstances, etc affecting peoples lives （影响人们生活的）情况 环境等: An unhappy home environment can affect a childs behaviour. 不愉快的家庭环境能影响儿童的行为. * A noisy smoke-filled room is not the best environment to work in. 房间里乌烟瘴气於工作十分不利. the environment sing natural conditions, eg land, air and water, in which we live （我们生活的）自然环境（如土地 空气 水）: Many people are concerned about the pollution of the environment.许多人都关心环境污染问题. * measures to protect the environment, ie prevent spoiling it further 保护环境的措施（防止进一步污染） * the Department of the Environment, ie the British Government department responsible for land planning, transport, preservation of public amenities, pollution control, protection of the coast and countryside, etc 环境事务部（英国政府部门, 负责土地规划 运输 保护公共设施 控制污染 保护海岸和乡村等）. environmental / nvarnmentl; nvarnmntl/ adj 1 of or caused by a persons environment 个人环境的; 由个人环境产生的: disturbing environmental influences令人不安的环境影响. 2 of the environment 环境的: environmental science 环境科学. environmentalist / nvarnmentlst; nvarnmntlst/ n person who is concerned about and wants to improve or protect the environment 环境保护论者: attrib 作定语 an environmentalist protest 环境保护论者的抗议.environmentally / -tl; -tl/ adv: Building a new factory there would be environmentally disastrous. 在那里建新工厂将严重损害环境.operate / pret; pret/ v (a) I (fml 文) work; be in action 工作; 运转: This machine operates night and day. 这台机器日夜运转. * The lift was not operating properly. 电梯有些失灵了. (b) Tn cause (a machine, etc) to work; c