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车门玻璃升降器的设计及运动仿真[3D-UG零件]【11张CAD图纸和说明书】

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摘  要

     车门玻璃升降系统是汽车车门系统重要组成部分之一,其质量的好坏将直接影响到整个车门系统乃至整车的安全性。该系统主要功能是保证车门玻璃平稳升降、能随意停位,同时具备良好的密封性。本文讨论了在汽车车门设计中于玻璃升降器的布置有关的零件设计,同时对叉臂升降器的布局设计及仿真实现进行了分析和介绍。玻璃升降器在车门系统中的车门附件。玻璃升降是实现轿车车门玻璃升降运动的车门附件。通过玻璃升降器带动玻璃托架作上下运动,从而使得车门玻璃框的导槽或导轨作升降运动。目前常用的玻璃升降器主要有叉臂式传动和绳轮式传动两种常见结构型式。后者能够适应玻璃在大曲率的弧形升降面上移动。此外有手操纵式卒电动两种操纵方式。车门设计和布局中.正确选择和布置玻璃升降器是保证玻璃升降操纵轻便、工作可靠的关键。


关键词:玻璃升降器;汽车车门系统;仿真


Abstract


  Door window lift systems car door system is an important part of its quality will directly affect the entire door system and even the safety of the vehicle. The main function of the system is to ensure the smooth lifting of the door glass, random stop bit, and have a good seal. This article discusses the car door design relating to the arrangement of the glass lifter part design, layout design and simulation of the fork arm lifter to achieve the analysis and presentation. Lifters door accessories door system. Glass lift down movement of the car door glass door accessories. Lifters driven glass bay for up and down movement, so that the guide groove or rail door bezel for the lifting movement. The most commonly used glass lifter wishbone drive sheave drive two common structure type. The latter being able to adapt to lift the glass in a large curvature of the arcuate surface of the mobile. In addition, a hand operated pawn electric two manipulation way. Door design and layout. Proper selection and arrangement of glass lifter is the key to ensure that the glass lift manipulation of light, reliable


    Keyword:Lifters;Car door systems;Simulation


目  录

摘  要 III

Abstract IV

目  录 V

1 绪论 1

2.1?概述 2

2.2?现状分析 2

2.3?市场预测 2

2.4?主要技术指标情况 3

2.5? 汽车玻璃升降器的发展趋势 4

3? 汽车玻璃升降器的结构工作原理与技术参数 5

3.1? 结构及工作原理 5

3.2 技术参数及分析 7

4 玻璃升降器的设计方案 8

4.1 车门玻璃参数的确定 8

4.2 玻璃在车门上的干涉校核 10

4.3 玻璃升降器类型的选择 11

4.4 车窗玻璃运行弧度的确定 12

4.5叉臂组件所在平面位置的初步确定 12

5 电动玻璃升降器的机械结构设计 13

5.1导向槽的设计 13

5.2 玻璃导向与保护机构 14

5.3 叉臂组件的设计 16

5.4  驱动电机的选择 17

5.5 扇形齿板的设计 18

5.5.1 确定模数和压力角 18

5.5.2 确定主动臂的角行程 18

5.5.3 确定齿数和分度圆直径 18

6 升降器电子控制系统的设计 19

7 电动玻璃升降器数学模型(C A D )的构建 21

8 电动玻璃升降器的运动仿真 22

9有关运动部件的数据校核 23

9.1?运动行程校核 23

9.2?传动动力校核 23

9.3?结构干涉校核 25

9.4?强度分析或疲劳分析 28

10 电动玻璃升降器的基本技术要求 29

10.1  标准 29

10.2  外观 29

11 电动玻璃升降器的性能 30

11.1  基本性能 30

11.2  自锁性 30

11.3  耐温度变化性 30

11.4  绝缘介电强度 30

11.5  耐过电压 30

11.6  热保护性 30

11.7  抗干扰性 30

11.8  耐振性 30

11.9  耐腐蚀性 30

11.10 防水性 30

11.11 耐久性 30

12 结论与展望 31

12.1 结论 31

12.2不足之处及未来展望 31

致谢 32

参考文献 33

附录 34



1 绪论

    玻璃升降器升降运动来实现汽车车门玻璃门附件。玻璃电梯玻璃托架的上下运动的驱动下沿着导向槽或导轨作升降运动,使门玻璃门窗框。升降台目前主要采用横臂式四轮驱动传动和绳索两种常见的结构类型。后者可以适应在一个大的弧形表面的曲率的玻璃向下移动。另外,有手动和电动两种操作模式。门的设计和布局。玻璃升降器的正确选择和安排,是为了确保玻璃升降操纵轻便,可靠的键。

    作为运动部件的门系统,只是身体外面的电路板空间和布局相关的电梯,并且在门轨道的两侧,外玻璃含水,密封件具有一定的相关性。系统,尤其是外门和玻璃门的形状初步确认后,需要和玻璃电梯门系统的布局和分析相关的组件。

    因为如果空间布局升降台的不适宜在实际过程中,经常会遇到追赶玻璃升降,抖动,帧关车门导轨等。往往也意味着运动不顺畅,在整个运行过程中的某一行或静态或动态的机械条件状况不佳的位置。反映在现实中出现的型式试验(寿命测试)失败或部分失败,在使用过程中,如叉车的手臂长臂,短臂的磨损,滑轮葫芦钢丝绳断裂。

    要解决这些问题外可能存在的门板需要附件布局和结构设计的升降台,充分考虑其布局是合理的,应采用计算机辅助分析。合理安排升降机门系统的位置和需要解除门的设计产品设计时产生的玻璃电梯配件相关的系统布局和考虑。


2?汽车玻璃升降器

2.1?概述

电动玻璃升降器在我国诞生于90年代初,是轿车作为生产资料向消费资料变化的一个特征。最早开始应用在桑塔纳普通型的选装车上,称为豪华型轿车,以后在奥迪、捷达、富康等轿车上都开始选装电动玻璃升降器。由于电动玻璃升降器比传统的手动玻璃升降器具有许多优越性,它运行平稳,调节自如,不需要人力,给驾驶员和乘员带来一种舒适感和安全感。汽车上装有电动玻璃升降器,给汽车带来一种豪华的气氛,受人喜爱。因此,目前在中级以上轿车都将电动玻璃升降器作为一种标准配置,用以提高汽车的配置档次。

2.2?现状分析

    现在,国内生产的中高档轿车,例如奥迪A6、别克君威、雅阁、帕萨特、东风标致307都配置了电动玻璃升降器,其他轿车和面包车也开始大量选装电动玻璃升降器。目前,大客车和卡车也有配置电动玻璃升降器的需求。车门玻璃升降器作为车门附件,其作用是保证车门玻璃平稳升降、门窗能随时并顺利地开启和关闭,并能使玻璃停留在任意位置,不随外力作用或汽车的颠簸而上下跳动。因此要求玻璃升降器结构可靠、操纵轻便省力,并需有防止玻璃升降器倒转的制动装置。随着汽车的不断改进和发展,玻璃升降器也由简单的丝杆式、单臂式逐渐发展为今天的电动式。电动玻璃升降器的发展前景是广阔的。

2.3?市场预测


内容简介:
编 号无锡太湖学院毕 业 设 计 ( 论 文 )相 关 资 料题目:车门玻璃升降器的设计及运动仿真信 机 系 机 械 工 程 及 自 动 化 专 业学 号: 0623005学生姓名: 黄宇流 指导教师: 林承德 (职称:教 授 )(职称: )2013 年 5 月 25 日目 录一、毕业设计(论文)开题报告二、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文(论文)计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕 业 设 计 ( 论 文 )开 题 报 告题目:车门玻璃升降器的设计及运动仿真信 机 系 机 械 工 程 及 自 动 化 专 业学 号: 0923056 学生姓名: 黄宇流 指导教师: 林承德 (职称:教 授 )(职称: )2012 年 11 月 27 日 课题来源江苏省苏州奥杰汽车技术有限公司科学依据(包括课题的科学意义;国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势;应用前景等)(1)课题科学意义正在开发中的某车型的滑门需要一款玻璃升降器作为车门附件,用来控制滑门车窗的开启和关闭。本课题主要着重负责玻璃升降器的逆向设计,运用 UG 软件建立玻璃升降器的三维数模,通过运动仿真模块校核玻璃升降器在滑门上的布置和干涉情况,从而优化结构,方便汽车配件厂尽快实现数控加工,加快汽车新产品上市。我国电动玻璃升降器的发展很快,它不但在轿车中大量配套,而且开始在轻型客车中大量配套。目前国内外很多主机厂和汽车配件厂实现了基于原有设计平台的逆向设计,加快了产品开发的过程,将来将会实现产品系列参数化设计,只需对三维数模某些结构尺寸修改参数,就能实现产品的快速开发。随着汽车工业的发展,电动玻璃升降器将呈现智能化、模块化的发展趋势。研究内容一玻璃升降器设计部分:1适合该车型的玻璃升降器方案选择;2逆向设计玻璃升降器的机械结构。 二玻璃升降器的运动仿真三玻璃升降器运动校核部分:1运动行程校核;2. 传动动力校核;3结构干涉校核。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析分析国内外电动玻璃升降器市场各种电动玻璃升降器的特点以及适应性、电动玻璃升降器开发中的问题、各种电机性能、各部件机构及工作原理、机械设计过程,通过对升降器各部件的性能分析,最终开发出一款适合该车型的电动玻璃升降器。运用 UG 软件进行逆向设计,分析玻璃升降器总成及各部件的位置结构和功能,建立三维数模,对总成进行运动仿真,分析运动数据,优化结构布置。江苏省苏州奥杰汽车技术有限公司在汽车设计领域,运用 当今汽车工业最先进的计算机辅助造型(CAS)、计算机辅助工程(CAE)、计算机辅助设计(CAD)和计算机辅助制造(CAM)软件进行设计开发,至今已积累了数十个车型,整车平台及零部件开发经验。在玻璃升降器方面具备很强的设计开发能力,同时国内外市场对电动玻璃升降器的需求不断扩大,对电动玻璃升降器的智能化、模块化越来越高,具备很大的市场可行性。研究计划及预期成果研究计划:2012 年 11 月 12 日-2012 年 12 月 25 日:按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料,填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013 年 1 月 11 日-2013 年 3 月 5 日:填写毕业实习报告。2013 年 3 月 8 日-2013 年 3 月 14 日:按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013 年 3 月 15 日-2013 年 3 月 21 日:学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013 年 3 月 22 日-2013 年 4 月 11 日:CAD 绘图。2013 年 4 月 12 日-2013 年 4 月 25 日:UG 设计。2013 年 4 月 26 日-2013 年 5 月 21 日:毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果:达到预期的实验结论:使用 CAD 设计绘制车门玻璃升降器装配图,并用 UG 绘制三维图像,制作 PPT 文件,以及仿真。特色或创新之处玻璃升降器的整个机构、功能、性能都可通过 UG 逆向设计得以实现,实现了产品的快速设计;通过运动仿真可以校核是否存在结构干涉情况,降低了样品试制的成本和风险。交叉臂式电动玻璃升降器 适用负载较大车门玻璃,结构简单,制造成本低,使用寿命长,采用高防护电机驱动,实现车门玻璃的自动升降,乘员操作方便灵活,提高了车型的整体舒适度和豪华感。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件:电脑;相关开发软件;部分技术资料。尚需解决的问题:学习 UG 软件;确定产品的结构尺寸和技术要求;逆向设计建立三维数模;总成运动仿真校核。指导教师意见指导教师签名:年 月 日教研室(学科组、研究所)意见教研室主任签名:年 月 日系意见主管领导签名:年 月 日英文原文Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product1 LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmissionthrough which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operators time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively. However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated. This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control. 3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in todays production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating. In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.中文译文机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思,还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 如前所诉,机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行,而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔,车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。因此,在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。车床的基本部件有:床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。床身是车床的基础件。它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。它是一个坚固的刚性框架,所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨(即山形导轨) ,而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。为了抵抗磨损和擦伤,大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的,但是在操作时还应该小心,以避免损伤导轨。导轨上的任何误差,常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上,一般在床身的左端。它提供动力,并可使工件在各种速度下回转。它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。通过变速齿轮,主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。大多数车床有812 种转速,一般按等比级数排列。而且在现代机床上只需扳动 24 个手柄,就能得到全部转速。一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴,因此,主轴的结构尺寸较大,通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔,长棒料可以通过该孔送料。主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸,因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时,它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。尾座组件主要由三部分组成。底板与床身的内侧导轨配合,并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。尾座体安装在底板上,可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动,使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。它是一个直径通常大约在 5176mm( 23 英寸)之间的钢制空心圆柱体。通过手轮和螺杆,尾座套筒可以在尾座体中纵向移入和移出几个英寸。车床的规格用两个尺寸表示。第一个称为车床的床面上最大加工直径。这是在车床上能够旋转的工件的最大直径。它大约是两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间距离的两倍。第二个规格尺寸是两顶尖之间的最大距离。车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床上能够车削的最大工件直径,而两顶尖之间的最大距离则表示在两个顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。普通车床是生产中最经常使用的车床种类。它们是具有前面所叙的所有那些部件的重载机床,并且除了小刀架之外,全部刀具的运动都有机动进给。它们的规格通常是:车床床面上最大加工直径为 305610mm(1224 英寸) ;但是,床面上最大加工直径达到1270mm(50 英寸)和两顶尖之间距离达到 3658mm 的车床也并不少见。这些车床大部分都有切屑盘和一个安装在内部的冷却液循环系统。小型的普通车床车床床面最大加工直径一般不超过 330mm(13 英寸)-被设计成台式车床,其床身安装在工作台或柜子上。虽然普通车床有很多用途,是很有用的机床,但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费很多时间,所以它们不适合在大量生产中应用。通常,它们的实际加工时间少于其总加工时间的 30%。此外,需要技术熟练的工人来操作普通车床,这种工人的工资高而且很难雇到。然而,操作工人的大部分时间却花费在简单的重复调整和观察切屑过程上。因此,为了减少或者完全不雇用这类熟练工人,六角车床、螺纹加工车床和其他类型的半自动和自动车床已经很好地研制出来,并已经在生产中得到广泛应用。2.数字控制先进制造技术中的一个基本的概念是数字控制(NC) 。在数控技术出现之前,所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中,操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。采用人工控制是,产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第一步。数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、存储的符号指令来控制机床和其他制造系
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