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反向旋转型双螺杆挤压机及传动系统的设计【6张CAD图纸和说明书】

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关键词：: 反向转型双螺杆挤压机传动系统设计 6张 cad 图纸说明书

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摘要

本文先分析了挤压机的市场需求和生产现状，并初步探讨了挤压机生产食品的工艺可行性；提出了用双螺杆挤压机生产食品的工艺流程。在现有挤压机的基础上，并参考了国内外比较成熟的挤压机设计方法，根据各种食品的特性和生产食品的特殊工艺要求，对挤压机的关键部位进行了相应的设计。本文详细的介绍了挤压机的主要零部件传动箱、传动系统、机筒等的结构设计，并进行了相应的校核计算；对主要传动零部件如传动箱大小齿轮，带轮，从动轴，键等进行了设计和强度校核，并对轴承承载能力进行了校核计算;本文还涉及了挤压机一些辅助元件如加料系统，加热冷却装置，模头的选择要求,并进行了简单的设计。最后，本文介绍了一些关于挤压机的安装，操作，控制和维护等方面的内容。

关键词：传动系统；挤压混炼；反向旋转双螺杆挤压机

Abstract

In this page, the market need of the extrusion press and the condition of the production is analyzed first. And from theoretically, we studied the technique possibility to produce the foods. We expounded the specialty and working elements of the twin-screw extruder and pointed working flow to produce the foods with twin-screw extruder. In the base of the extruders in existence, we referenced the mature means of extruder design in our country and abroad and based the characteristic of foods and the special working craftwork requires, then, we designed the key structure of extruder. In this text, we introduced the structure design of extruder in detail, particular to the major parts: assignment tank, screw, barrel and systems analysis and calculating. To those important transmission parts: the big gear and the small gears in assignment tank, strip wheel, driving spindle, key, we made a design and check the intensity. And we calculate and check the carrying capacity of the bearing particularly. We also refer to the choosing requirements of the accessories: heating and cooling system, die, knife equipment, and made a simple design. In the end of the text, the installing, operation, controlling and repairing of the extruder were also introduced.

Key words： The transmission system；extrusion mixing and shaping；Counter-rotation twin -screw extruder

摘要 III

Abstract IV

目录 V

1 绪论 1

1.1 挤压机技术应用及分析 1

1.2 国内外生产现状 1

1.2.1 国内发展 1

1.2.2 国际上主要有以下方面 1

1.3 挤压机生产食品的可行性分析 2

1.4 挤压技术在口香糖加工中的应用 2

1.4.1 口香糖的市场需求 2

1.4.2 口香糖的加工工艺 2

1.4.3 挤压机生产口香糖的可行性 4

2 食品挤压机挤压设备简介 6

2.1 双螺杆挤压机的工作原理 6

2.1.1 挤压原理 6

2.1.2 挤压加工系统 7

2.2 总体结构设计 7

3 双螺杆挤压机挤压设备设计 8

3.1 传动系统的设计及计算 8

3.1.1 传动系统设计 8

3.1.2 电动机的选用 8

3.1.3 传动比分配 8

3.1.4 主要传动零部件设计计算和校核 9

3.2 辅助零部件设计计算 20

3.2.1 加料系统设计计算 20

3.2.2 加热与冷却系统的设计 22

3.2.3 润滑油的选用 24

4 挤压加工系统的安装、操作与维护 25

4.1挤压加工系统的安装 25

4.1.1 挤压机的安装基础 25

4.1.2 调整挤压机水平 25

4.1.3 机筒的安装 25

4.1.4 螺秆的装拆 25

4.1.5 模头的安装 25

4.2 挤压加工系统的操作 25

4.2.1 挤压机的开车 25

4.2.2 开车操作注意事项 25

4.3 挤压机的维护保养 25

4.3.1 螺杆的保养 25

4.3.2 机筒的保养 25

4.3.3 挤压机其它部分的保养 26

4.4 设计中的几个问题 26

5 总结与展望 27

5.1 总结 27

5.2 展望 27

致谢 28

参考文献 29

1 绪论

1.1 挤压机技术应用及分析

挤压加工技术作为一种经济实用的新型加工方法广泛应用于食品生产中，并得到迅速的发展。谷物食品的传统加工工艺一般需经粉碎、混合、成型、烘烤或油炸、杀菌、干燥等生产工序，每道工序都需配备相应的设备，生产流水线长，占地面积大，劳动强度高，设备种类多。采用挤压技术来加工谷物食品，在原料经初步粉碎和混合后，即可用一台挤压机一步完成混炼、熟化、破碎、杀菌、预干燥、成型等工艺，制成膨化、组织化产品或制成不膨化的产品，这些产品再经油炸（也可不经油炸）、烘干、调味后即可上市销售，只要简单地更换挤压模具，便可以很方便地改变产品的造型。与传统生产工艺相比，挤压加工极大地改善了谷物食品的加工工艺，缩短了工艺过程，丰富了谷物食品的花色品种，降低了产品的生产费用，减少了占地面积，大大降低了劳动强度，同时也改善了产品的组织状态和口感，提高了产品质量。

1.2 国内外生产现状

1.2.1 国内发展

从主机及其塑料制品区分，中国可以制造的挤出机包括单螺杆挤出机，适合于加工各种材料及各种结构的板、片、膜、丝、棒等产品；平行异向旋转双螺杆挤出机和锥形异向旋转双螺杆挤出机，适于加工温度敏感性材料，如PVC板、管、异型材等；平行同向旋转双螺杆挤出机，适于原料共混、填充、脱挥、改性、造料，增加一定装置如熔体泵，可用于直接成型；适于高填充料生产的磨盘挤出机、往复螺杆挤出机等。

在我国的塑料加工中，几乎一半的塑料都是由挤出成型来完成的。在常规但螺旋挤出机组的性能方面，我国已能生产螺杆直径为12-250的多种规格，门类齐全的挤出机组长径比大多为25—30。在特种挤出机的研究领域，经我国广大科技工作者的努力已经研制出排气挤出机，电磁动态塑化挤出机，串联式磨盘动态挤出机，等多种型号，目前已进入系列的研发阶段。

1.2.2 国际上主要有以下方面

⑴ 新型挤出混炼技术与设备的开发；

⑵ 大口径管材挤出的导向平行双螺杆机出组，钢塑复合管挤出机组和大型双壁波纹管挤出成型机组的开发研究；

⑶ 符合挤出成型和设备的开发研究；

⑷ CAD/CAM/CAE技术在塑料工业中的研究；

⑸ 在线检测机自动控制技术应用。

可以预测，未来挤出成型技术的发展方向是：①高速、高产化；②大型化和精密化；实现挤出成型设备的大型化可以降低生产成本。③模块化和专业化；模块化生产可以缩短新产品的研发周期，争取更大的市场份额；而专业化生产对保证整期质量、降低成本、加速资金周转都非常有利。④智能化和网络化；发达国家的挤出机已普遍采用现代电子和计算机控制技术，这对保证工艺条件的稳定、提高产品的精度都极为有利。⑤高效、多功能化；塑料挤出机的高效主要体现在高产出、低能耗、低制造成本方面。

1.3 挤压机生产食品的可行性分析

本世纪30年代，挤压技术开始应用于食品加工，它具有集输送，混炼，剪切，加热，加压等多种化工单元操作于一体的高温短时加工的特点，因此在食品加工领域的应用范围越来越广泛。除了谷物及植物组织蛋白挤压食品以外，从糖果制造到酪蛋白生产，从固体脂肪到风味成分的开发，及至饲料宠物食品加工制造都用到食品挤压机。

挤压加工概括的说是将食品物料置于挤压机的高压和适当的温度的状态下，然后突然释放到常压，使胶基和各种调味料、香料达到充分渗透、混合和输出的过程。所以用蒸煮挤压法生产可以取得更好的混合效果，原料利用率高，营养损失小，生产出的食品的口感，香味的持久力都比传统的加工方法好。

总的来说，用挤压法生产是现今的发展趋势，并且，传统的加工方法很快也会被挤压法所取代。

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内容简介：: A simplified twin screw co-rotating food extruder: design, fabrication and testingS.A.M.A.N.S. Senanayake a, B. Clarke b,*Division of Agricultural and Plantation Engineering, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri LankaDepartment of Postharvest Technology, School of Agriculture, Food and Environment, SilsoeCollage, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT,UKReceived 6 July 1998; accepted 10 February 1999AbstractA simplified co-rotating twin screw food extruder was designed, fabricated and tested in England, followed by extensive testing in Sri Lanka. It was built as a model to meet the specific product and financial constraints of less developed countries and was expected to be used in those countries to widen the production capabilities of extruded foods. The machine had an estimated delivery of 10 kg/h and was made mainly with mild steel. Two types of screw were made, one with a constant pitch of 14 mm and the other with varying pitch in segments of 14, 12 and 10 mm. The machine was powered by a 2.2 kW electric motor with electronic speed control .The machine also had electrical heating with a temperature controller and a pressure sensing device. The cost of fabrication of themachine was estimated at 2000 with most of the parts built in a fairly simple workshop. A mixture of rice and dried banana was successfully extruded as a potential snack food and on the basis of maximum expansion the best results was obtained from a barrel temperature of 120C, screw speed 125 rpm, feed moisture 15% and with a die orifice size of 3 mm. When the alternative compress ion screw was tested very similar results were achieved with no significant improvement in product expansion. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Twin screw extruder; Design; Low cost; Snack food; Continuous cooker; Local construction; Cereal mixturesNomenclaturea Die diameter (mm)B Channel width (mm)C Screw circumference (mm)d Screw core diameterD Outer diameter of screws (mm)H Flight depth (mm)M Moisture content (% wet basis)n Number of fight turnsN Speed angular (rev/min)p Pitch (mm)Q Delivery rate (mm3/min)S Total helical length of screws (mm)t Temperature ()T Residence time (min)a Overlap angle of screw fights (degrees)d Calender gap (mm)e Side clearance (mm)q Product density (g/mm3 )/ Helix angle (degrees)* Corresponding author. Fax: +01525-863277; e-mail: b.clarkecran-eld.ac.uk0260-8774/99/$ see front matter1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.PII: S 0 2 6 0 - 8 7 7 4 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 4 9 71. IntroductionExtrusion cooking is finding ever increasing applications in the food process industry. Apart from providing a means of manufacturing new products, it has successfully revolution is many conventional manufacturing processes (Harlow, 1985, Frame, 1994). Today, extruders come in a wide variety of sizes, shapes and method of operation. There are three types of food extruder found in industry: hydraulic ram, roller and screw type extruders (Frame, 1994). The screw extruders are very different to the other two having special features such as continuous processing and mixing ability. Single and twin screw types are both widely used in the food process industry. Unfortunately, most of the food extruders available in the market are either so costly that less developed countries cannot afford to buy them except by some form of assistance or outside investment or else are not appropriate for the wide variety of materials that need to be processed. As a result the growth of extrusion technology of food into these countries has been hindered despite its many advantages. Fig. 2. Plan drawing of the twin screw extruder with drive system. 1-V belt pulley, 2-gear box, 3-food seal, 4-ange clamp bolt, 5-die plate, 6-die, 7-two segments of the extruder chamber, 8-extruder screw.were made so that they could be externally screwed to the die plate.2.5. Drive system The machine was driven by an electric motor of 2.2kW using a twin belt drive between the motor and a gearbox shown in Fig. 2. The speed reduction in the box was2.08 while an electronic speed controller was used to control the speed continuously over the range required.Fig. 3. Front portion of barrel showing provision for heaters, temperature and pressure sensors. 1-slots for heaters, 2-end flanges, 3-side flanges to barrel, 4-hole for pressure sensor, 5-twin holes to form the barrel.2. Motor powerIn twin screw extruders the motor power is utilized mainly to compress and shear the food dough that squeezes through various gaps in the intermeshing screws and the gap between the screws and the barrel. When dealing with a wide range of foods under different process conditions the shear resistance can vary widely because of changes in the rheological behaviour which would prevent accurate estimate of the motor power. Owing to the unknown character therefore of the novel materials a motor power was selected based on that used for similar materials in similar sized extruders with a safety margin and from exploratory trials in the Brabender extruder. Rossen and Miller (1973) give a range of specific energy consumption figures for different extruders which ranged from 0.02 to 0.10 kWh/kg. At 10kg/h throughput this gave a maximum power requirement of 1 kW while the Brabender trials tended to indicatea power requirement of about half of this value. The 2.2 kW, 3 phase AC motor used was amply capable of supplying this power plus all other drive friction losses.3. Gear boxIn the co-rotating extruder the two screw shafts are driven at the same speed in the same direction. The main problem is that they are very close together. The gearbox was designed to drive two pinions, coupled to the shafts by shear pins, by using a gear wheel of more than double the width of the pinions. In this way the two pinions could t side by side driven simultaneously and maximise their diameter space as shown in Fig. 2. Lubricated phosphor bronze thrust bearings were used to resist the axial load generated by the material along the shaft.2.6. Heating and temperature controlHeating of the barrel to give necessary thermal input for cooking the food was done by two sets of cartridge heaters having capacities of 800 and 1200 W. The heaters were positioned in the grooves made on the top and bottom of the barrel towards the die end as shown in Fig. 3. A single temperature controller was set up together with a thermocouple to sense the temperature inside the barrel very close to die plate. Owing to the shortness of the barrel only one thermocouple was considered necessary. In an early design heaters were also used near to the feed hopper but were not used as they tended to cause premature gelatinization of the starch and blockage of the feed.4. Pressure sensorPressure measurements are not so important in the commercial production processes as it cannot be directly controlled to monitor the product characteristics. Neither was such a device needed as a safety measure as this was covered by an overload cut out on the electrical supply. However, in experimental work the measurement of pressure is useful to ascertain the relationship between the pressure and the other controllable parameters such as die size, temperature, moisture content and speed. In this study, a device was built using strain gauges mounted on a small cantilever beam in order to measure the pressure inside the extruder barrel (Fig. 4). A four arm strain gauge bridge was fixed at the point of maximum bending moment. The pressure was tapped from a small hole made in the die end of the barrel in which a plunger, sealed by an O-ring, actuated the cantilever beam to transmit the pressure force. The strain in the beam was detected as a voltage difference. This feature could have been used as an automatic safety cut-out but reliance was placed instead on belt slip in the initial drive stage and the motor itself had an overheating cut-out.Fig. 4. Position of pressure and temperature sensors on the extruder barrel. 1-location of strain gauges on the pressure sensor, 2-cantilever support to plunger, 3-temperature sensor.5. Testing and evaluationA range of rice and banana mixtures were selected as being both novel yet having high potential as processed foods in Sri Lanka. These materials are cheap and common crops in most developing countries and represent an opportunity to produce an attractive, nutritious and tasty snack food. This would provide labour, utilisation of excess perishable fruits in season and a means of storing them for at least one year in appropriate packages. The main product qualities were assessed as part of the same programme and shown to be satisfactory by Gamlath (1995). The rice was prepared in the form of grits (800 lm) and the banana was dried and milled to a similar sized powder which was mixed and flood fed from the feed hopper. Extrusion trials were carried out as given below. Sixteen combinations ofvariable levels were studied in two sets of experiments. In both sets the throughput was measured when the flow became stable.Initial trials indicated no significant difference in performance due to the variable pitch screws as a means of compressing the feed so all subsequent trials and the results quoted in this paper are for the fixed pitch screws. The extrudate diameter was measured using a vernier calliper immediately after extrusion and before any further drying took place which could cause some further reduction in ratio but not to affect the general result. All tests were replicated three times making 48 individual trials carried out in a fully randomised formatExperiment 1Fixed settings:Speed (N) 125 rev/minDie size (a) 5 mm diameterVariables:Barrel temperature (t) two levels (100C and 120C)Feed moisture content (M) four levels (15%, 20%,25%, 30%)Experiment 2. This experiment was carried out using fixed settings of barrel temperature and the feed moisture determined in experiment 1 on the basis that maximum product expansion represented the best quality.Fixed settings:Barrel temperature (t).120CFeed moisture content (M).15%6. Testing and evaluationA range of rice and banana mixtures were selected as being both novel yet having high potential as processed foods in Sri Lanka. These materials are cheap and common crops in most developing countries and represent an opportunity to produce an attractive, nutritious and tasty snack food. This would provide labour, utilisation of excess perishable fruits in season and a means of storing them for at least one year in appropriate packages. The main product qualities were assessed as part of the same programme and shown to be satisfactory by Gamlath (1995). The rice was prepared in the form of grits (800 lm) and the banana was dried and milled to a similar sized powder which was mixed and flood fed from the feed hopper. Extrusion trials were carried out as given below. Sixteen combinations ofvariable levels were studied in two sets of experiments. In both sets the throughput was measured when the flow became stable.Initial trials indicated no significant difference in performance due to the variable pitch screws as a means of compressing the feed so all subsequent trials and the results quoted in this paper are for the fixed pitch screws. The extrudate diameter was measured using a vernier calliper immediately after extrusion and before any further drying took place which could cause some further reduction in ratio but not to affect the general result. All tests were replicated three times making 48 individual trials carried out in a fully randomised formatExperiment 1Fixed settings:Speed (N) 125 rev/minDie size (a) 5 mm diameterVariables:Barrel temperature (t) two levels (100C and 120C)Feed moisture content (M) four levels (15%, 20%,25%, 30%)Experiment 2. This experiment was carried out using fixed settings of barrel temperature and the feed moisture determined in experiment 1 on the basis that maximum product expansion represented the best quality.Fixed settings:Barrel temperature (t).120CFeed moisture content (M).15%Table 1Results of Experiment 1 (Die orifice diameter=5 mm, screw speed=125 rpm)Temperature (C) Feed moisture (%) Throughput (g/s) Expansion ratio Pressure (MN/m2)100 15 3.76 1.01 2.97 100 20 2.56 1.00 2.38 100 25 2.04 1.00 1.83 100 30 1.25 1.00 1.38 120 15 2.16 1.06 2.91 120 20 2.00 1.05 2.07 120 25 1.18 1.01 1.59 120 30 1.02 1.00 1.38Variables:Die orifice diameter (a) two levels (3, 4 mm)Speed (N) four levels (100, 125, 150, 175 rev/min)4. Results and discussion4.1. Machine performanceGenerally the extruder performed very satisfactorily.The extrudates produced by the machine were fairly well expanded. During extrusion operations it did not become necessary to dismantle the barrel lengthways by splitting into two halves as it never seized up. In order to clean the screw and barrel the latter barrel was very easily pulled o. from the screws within a few minutes after extrusion. This was in part due to a shorter than usual barrel length. This suggests that the horizontal splitting of the barrel was not essential which would make the machining process of the barrel far easier. No serious difficulties were encountered as far as the operation of the machine is concerned, except initial feedingproblems due to a temperature rise close to the feed hopper. This happened because some heaters were installed a little too close to the feed point so these were later removed and the difficulties were overcome as mentioned earlier. Many extruders have cooling facilities in this region but these were not found to be necessary. Those heaters further from the feed point and close to the die end proved to be sufficient to gelatinize the rice grits. The extrudate was observed to change from a powder at feed to a continuous, expanded extrudate at exit although quantitative assessments of the degree of gelatinization were not carried out.7. Extruder settings and product characteristicsIt can be seen from Table 1 and Fig. 5 that the throughput dropped with each increase of feed moisture content at both the barrel temperatures used. When the feed moisture was increased from 15% to 30%, the throughput was reduced by 66.8% and 52.7% at 100 and 120barrel temperatures, respectively. This effect was probably caused by an increase in backflow allowed by the reduced viscosity which the increase in moisture produced. Another important observation made was the variation of product expansion with the pressure and feed moisture content. The expansion was found to be highest at the lowest moisture content with associated highest pressures (Fig. 6) and a steady reduction in both expansion ratio and pressure as moisture content increased. The product was well gelatinised but with low expansion ratio. The second series was designed to test a wider range of parameters and if possible increase the expansion ratio which was thought to depend on the die diameter.The results of Experiments 2 are tabulated in Table 2 below.Fig. 5. Throughput as a function of feed moisture content with die diameter 5 mm and screw speed 125 rev/min.Fig. 6. Pressure and expansion ratio as a function of feed moisture content at feed moisture 15%, die diameter 5 mm and screw speed 125 rev/minFig. 7 and Table 2 show that the throughput increased with the speed due to increased rate of material conveyance. The pressure changes with screw speed was not found to be significant. The product expansion, however, showed a downward trend with the increase of speed as evident from Fig. 8. This reduction can be attributed to the reduction of pressure and lower degree of gelatinization due to reduced residence time. At settings of 125 rpm, feed moisture 15%, temperatures 120C, die size 3 or 4 mm diameter a very acceptable product was achieved.The overall performance of the machine was found to be quite satisfactory in achieving all the parameter settings and measurements required. Each trial only lasted a few minutes in running time which was mainly spent in reaching equilibrium conditions indicated by the temperature reading but after 48 trials no significant wear was observed even though the prototype was in mild steel.Cleaning and maintenance was quick and simple and in the event of a complete seizure of the screws the barrel could be split on this machine.The gearbox was of a bolted construction to permit modifications but future designs should be welded together. The 2.2 kW motor was found to be amply capable and most of the time it only consumed about 0.5kW. No mechanical breakdowns were experienced.The prospects for use of this design in developing countries seem to be good from these experiments. Scale up to a higher capacity would bring some difficulties as discussed by Levine (1989); Singh, Smith and Frame (1998) and Yacu (1992) and although these issues were not addressed they are not considered to be insurmountable.Fig. 7. Throughput as a function of speed with feed moisture 15% and barrel temperature 120C.Fig. 8. Pressure and expansion ratio as a function of speed with 3 mm die size, feed moisture 15% and barrel temperature 120C.8. ConclusionsThe following conclusions were made from this study. Simplified extruders for specialised applications can successfully be made and operated in less developed countries to process local food materials. All components can be made in an unsophisticated workshop except gears, seals, motor, tempe

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