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工业机器人专用减速器的设计【7张CAD图纸和说明书】

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摘  要

 

    工业机器人专用减速器作为重要的机械传动部件具有体积小、重量轻、传动效率高等特点。本设计全面考虑到运转平稳、多齿啮合、轮齿均载等运动学和动力学的要求,从而实现承载能力高、传递效率高、可靠性高和动力学性能优良等指标,并且要便于制造、装配和检修,设计了具有合理结构的工业机器人专用减速器即摆线针轮行星减速器。

本论文所涉及的科研项目主要通过对摆线针轮行星减速器的主要零件的概念进行详细阐述,给出了摆线针轮减速器的用途,使用说明以及注意事项。列出了摆线针轮行星减速机的构造即输出部分,输入部分。通过对针摆行星传动减速器传动工作原理和特点进行分析,对针轮输出机构及针摆行星传动这种传动方式进行分析,以获得其理论设计和方法。从摆线针轮行星传动的共同点出发以及针摆轮行星减速器相对于少齿差行星减速器的优点提出针摆行星传动形式的设计计算方法。

本论文主要从以下方面出发对摆线针轮行星传动进行了研究:参照传统针摆行星传动基本设计计算方法以及对摆线针轮行星传动主要零部件的基本参数设计计算,并对摆线轮、柱销,针轮进行受力分析最终计算出转臂轴承和各支撑轴承所能承受的载荷大小,完成包括摆线轮、柱销等主要零件强度校核计算和轴承的寿命计算,给出主要零件机械加工的工艺过程,然后利用CAD画出了主要零件的草图和最后的装配图。


  关键词:摆线传动 ; 摆线轮 ; 受力分析 



Abstract

The cycloid—gear reducer is one of the most important transmission components of the pumping unit by its smaller volume,lighter weight and effective  transmission. In order to realize four targets which include high transmission efficiency, high reliability and the excellent dynamics performance and guarantee credible lubricate ability, receive high efficiency of transmission, and make it easy for manufacture, assembly and inspection, we thought over all the requests in the round and design the rational structure cycloid—gear reducer.

By analyzing characteristics and working principle of cycloid drive, and the output pin wheel cycloid drive’s working principle, we obtion the design theory and method of this new kind of reduce. This paper mainly complete works include that provide the design method and complete the prototype design and dynamics analysis of virtual prototype.

This paper researches the following aspects of the output pin wheel cycloid drive. First, the basic parameters and dimensions of main parts of the output pin wheel cycloid drive are designed referring to design and calculation methods of the traditional cycloid drive, and mechanical analysis of the transmission system and the load condition and life of rotary arm bearings and steady bearings of each shafts are calculated, and at the same time the calculations including the strength of cycloid wheel, pins and other major parts are completes. Then, using CAD to draw sketches of the main components and final assembly drawing.


  Keywords:Planet—cycloid Reducer; Cycloid ;force analysis


目  录

  

摘  要 III

Abstract IV

目  录 V

1 绪论 1

1.1 课题研究的背景和依据 1

1.2 本课题的研究意义 1

1.3 课题国内外研究现状及发展趋势 1

2 摆线针轮行星传动的简介 4

2.1摆线针轮的概念 4

2.2 摆线针轮减速机的用途,使用说明和注意事项 4

2.2.1 用途 4

2.2.2 使用条件 4

2.2.3 润滑 4

2.2.4 安装 5

2.3 摆线针轮行星减速器的构造 5

2.4 齿廓曲线的形成及其啮合原理 6

2.5 摆线针轮行星传动的特点及应用 8

3工业机器人的总体设计 9

3.1工业机器人的组成 9

3.1.1 工业机器人的系统组成 9

3.1.2 工业机器人的基本机能组成 9

3.2 机器人的结构分析 9

3.2.1 机器人的总体结构的概念 9

3.2.2机器人的传动结构 10

3.3机器人的设计分析及总体方案的确定 11

       3.3.1 设计的任务要求 11

3.3.2总体方案的确定 12

3.3.3 工业机器人的主要技术参数 12

4 摆线针轮行星齿轮传动的传动比计算和传动特点 12

4.1摆线针轮行星齿轮传动的传动比计算 13

4.2啮合的齿廓形成原理 14

5 摆线针轮行星齿轮传动设计 15

5.1针轮行星轮系的材料 15

5.2 第一套摆线针轮加速器的设计 15

5.2.1 选择结构形式,齿数及材料 15


5.2.2 强度计算针齿中心圆半径 15

5.2.3计算摆线轮和针轮的几何尺寸 16

5.2.4 转臂轴承的选择计算 17

5.2.5 针齿销弯曲强度计算 18

5.2.6 W输出机构销轴弯曲强度计算 19

5.3 第二套摆线针轮减速器的设计 20

5.3.1 选择结构形式,齿数及材料 20

5.3.2 接触强度计算针齿中心圆半径 20

5.3.3 计算摆线轮和针轮的几何尺寸 20

5.3.4 转臂轴承的选择计算 21

5.3.5 针齿销弯曲强度计算 22

5.3.6 W输出机构销轴弯曲强度计算 22

6行星齿轮传动输出轴的轴承选择 24

7 主要零件的机械加工工艺规程 25

7.1 摆线轮的加工工艺路线 25

    7.2 针齿壳的加工工艺路线 26

7.3 输出轴加工工艺 26

7.4 偏心套加工工艺 27

8结论与展望 29

    8.1 结论................................................................................................................................29

    8.2 展望................................................................................................................................29

致谢 .30

参考文献 31


  

1 绪论

1.1 课题研究的背景和依据

   减速器是连接动力机部分和工作机部分的应用最为广泛的通用传动机械,行星齿轮减速器对齿轮的齿廓曲线的主要要求是保证瞬时传动比是常数。目前,满足这一要求的常用于齿轮传动的齿廓曲线主要是渐开线和摆线。

1926年L.Braren发明了摆线针轮减速器,在少齿差行星传动结构上,将变幅外摆线的内侧等距曲线首先用于行星轮廓曲线并且把圆弧作为中心轮齿廓曲线以及渐开线少齿差行星传动模式,保留Z-X-F类N型行星齿轮传动。此发明专利被日本住友公司于1938年买断,当时日本人执行的是“引进—消化—创新”技术路线。

摆线针轮传动与普通渐开线齿轮或蜗轮传动相比的主要优点有:高传动比和高效率,一级减速时传动比范围是11~87,两级减速时的传动比范围是20~128;同轴输出机构重量轻和体积小;传动平稳且噪音低;因为针摆传动同时啮合的齿数要比渐开线齿轮传动同时啮合的齿数多,所以承载能力较大,啮合效率较高。

1.2 本课题的研究意义

减速器是各种机械设备中最常见的部件,它的作用是将电动机转速减少或增加到机械设备所需要的转速, 摆线针轮行星减速器由于具有减速比大、体积小、重量轻、效率高等优点,在许多情况下可代替二级、三级的普通齿轮减速器和涡轮减速器,所以使用越来越普及,为世界各国所重视。

摆线针轮行星减速器作为重要的机械传动部件具有体积小、重量轻、传动效率高的特点。本设计在全面考虑多齿啮合、运转平稳、轮齿均载等运动学和动力学的要求,现高承载能力、高传递效率、高可靠性和优良动力学性能等指标,而且要便于制造、装配和检修,设计了该具有合理结构的摆线针轮行星减速器。


内容简介:
编 号无锡太湖学院毕 业 设 计 ( 论 文 )相 关 资 料题目: 工业机器人专用减速器的设计 信 机 系 机 械 工 程 及 自 动 化 专 业学 号: 0923229学生姓名: 贲素东 指导教师: 许菊若 (职称:副教授 )(职称: )2013 年 5 月 25 日目 录一、毕业设计(论文)开题报告二、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文(论文)计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕 业 设 计 ( 论 文 )开 题 报 告题目: 工业机器人专用减速器的设计 信 机 系 机 械 工 程 及 自 动 化 专 业学 号: 0923229 学生姓名: 贲素东 指导教师: 许菊若 (职称:副教授 )(职称: )2012 年 11 月 25 日 课题来源导师布置的任务科学依据(包括课题的科学意义;国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势;应用前景等)(1)课题科学意义减速器是各种机械设备中最常见的部件,它的作用是将电动机转速减少或增加到机械设备所需要的转速, 摆线针轮行星减速器由于具有减速比大、体积小、重量轻、效率高等优点,在许多情况下可代替二级、三级的普通齿轮减速器和涡轮减速器,所以使用越来越普及,为世界各国所重视。摆线针轮行星减速器作为重要的机械传动部件具有体积小、重量轻、传动效率高的特点。本设计在全面考虑多齿啮合、运转平稳、轮齿均载等运动学和动力学的要求,实现高承载能力、高传递效率、高可靠性和优良动力学性能等指标,而且要便于制造、装配和检修,设计了该具有合理结构的摆线针轮行星减速器。(2)摆线针轮减速器的研究状况及其发展前景摆线针轮传动较之普通渐开线齿轮或蜗轮传动的优点是:高传动比和高效率;同轴输出,结构体积小和重量轻;传动平稳和噪声低。由于摆线针轮传动同时啮合的齿数要比渐开线外齿轮传动同时啮合的齿数多,因而承载能力较大,啮合效率要高;还由于摆线轮和针轮的轮齿均可淬硬、精磨,较渐开线少齿差传动中内齿轮的被加工性能要好,齿面硬度更高,因而使用寿命要长;加上摆线轮的加工技术已经过关,专业加工设备齐全,摆线轮已纳入专业通用件,在国内已做到通用化批量生产,生产成本下降,因此摆线针轮传动的减速器当前广为应用。摆线针轮减速技术至今,虽在品种、规格等方面做了不少改进,但再没有作本质、原理上的创新。现今摆线针轮减速器,其原理和结构还是 1926 年德国的原型。研究内容 了解工业机器人的总体设计的相关内容; 熟悉摆线针轮行星减速器的各个部分; 熟练摆线针轮行星减速器的传动比的计算; 掌握摆线轮行星曲线齿廓形成原理; 掌握对摆线轮、针轮及其他只要零件尺寸的计算及校核拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析(1)技术路线:电动机的选择及其基本参数计算;摆线轮材料的选择;摆线轮、针轮、销轴尺寸的计算;根据所得尺寸对零件进行校核。(2)研究方法研究方法:理论计算、校核、计算机绘图;研究计划及预期成果研究计划:2012 年 11 月 12 日-2012 年 12 月 2 日:按照任务书要求查阅论文相关2012 年 12 月 3 日-2013 年 1 月 20 日:专业实训。 2013 年 1 月 21 日-2013 年 3 月 1 日:按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告2013 年 3 月 1 日-2013 年 3 月 8 日:学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文资料2013 年 3 月 11 日-2013 年 3 月 15 日:分析资料,分析比较各种设计方案。2013 年 3 月 25 日-2013 年 3 月 29 日:总体设计。2013 年 4 月 8 日-2013 年 4 月 12 日:毕业论文撰写和修改工作。2013 年 4 月 29 日-2013 年 5 月 3 日:整理说明书。2013 年 5 月 6 日-2013 年 5 月 10 日:完成设计说明书。预期成果:1.完成工业机器人专用减速器装置二套(第二,三臂各一套) ,绘制摆线针轮减速器装配图(两份) 。2.完成部分零件图设计,绘制零件图 4 份。3.完成设计说明书一份。特色或创新之处传动比大,结构紧凑,传动效率高,传动稳定,使用寿命长,与渐开线少齿差行星传动相比无齿顶相碰和齿廓重叠现象。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 理论设计较为成熟,生产设备条件能够得到满足,材料的选择能够满足要求。 制造成本高:摆线针轮行星减速器对材料的要求较高,因而增加了制造成本。加工工艺复杂:加工摆线针轮需要专门的加床,对装配工艺也有较严格的工艺要求。指导教师意见指导教师签名:年 月 日教研室(学科组、研究所)意见教研室主任签名:年 月 日系意见主管领导签名:年 月 日英文原文Mineral product monorail reduction gear synopsis、the main parts of the paper and the research on the noice reducerFirst:what is reducerReducer is a dynamic communication agencies, the use of gear speed converters, motor rotational speed reducer to the Rotary to be few, and have greater torque institutions. The reducer role 1) velocity at the same time increase the output torque, torque output ratio by motor output by slowdown, but the attention should be paid to exceed the rated torque reducer. 2) the speed at the same time reduce the inertia load, the inertia of deceleration than reduced to the square. We can look at the General Motors has a value of inertia. The type of reducer General helical gear reducer has reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, a worm reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, Cycloid reducer, a worm reducer, a planetary friction CVT mechanical machines. Common reducer 1) worm reducer is the main characteristics of a reverse self-locking function, can be larger than a slowdown, input shaft and output shaft axis is not the same, nor in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high. 2) Harmonic Harmonic Drive reducer is controllable using flexible components to transfer elastic deformation and dynamic movement, not volume, high precision, but the disadvantage is that flexible wheel limited life, impatient shocks, rigidity and pieces of metal relatively poor. Not too high speed input. 3) planetary reducer its comparative advantage is compact structure, the return gap small, high precision, and have a long life span rated output torque can be done great. However, a price slightly expensive, the requirements of parts before assembly 1. Rolling cleaning with gasoline, kerosene other parts cleaning. All parts and Xiangbenna not allowed to have any impurities exist. Gear box and the inner wall (Worm), unprocessed surface has not been coated twice erosion-resistant oil paint, box has the outer surface coated primer and paint color (color requested by host). 2. Parts coated with a face wash after lubricants Second, the requirements of installation and adjustment 1. Rolling installation Rolling bearing inner ring should be installed at the shaft shoulder close to gap must not pass 0.05 mm thick Cypriot feet. 2. Bearing axial clearance of the clearance can not be adjusted bearings (such as deep groove ball bearings), axial clearance of 0.25 to 0.4 mm; the clearance adjustable bearing axial clearance numerical table. Click Tapered Roller Bearings axial clearance; angular contact ball bearing axial clearance 3. Gear (Worm) meshing tooth space available Cypriot side foot of lead or pressure. Will be lead wire on the alveolar, and then turning gear and squash lead wire, measuring two teeth side was crushed lead wire thickness and the size of which is adjacent teeth. 4. Tooth contact dot cylinder gear tooth contact Dot 2-10-4; bevel gear tooth contact Dot 2-11-4; Gearing contact Dot 2-12-4 Third, seal requirements 1. Box partition between the surface does not allow any pads filled, but can be coated or water glass sealant to ensure that the seal; 2. Assembly, the bolt tightening box, before using 0.05 mm Cypriot-foot inspection Covers Block with me and between the sealing surface; 3. Shaft seal should stretch to smear grease. The seal should be installed in strict accordance with the requirements Forth, lubrication requirements 1. Rationally determine the types of lubricants and greases and grades 2. Bearing lubrication fat, grease filled in the general Fatliquor space can be 1 / 2 to 2 / 3. 3. Lubricants should be regularly replaced, the new reducer used for the first time, the operation of oil-7 14 days, according to the situation can be after every 3 to 6 months for first oil. Fifth, the test requirements 1. Empty operation: at rated speed is, anti-running 1 to 2 hours; 2. Load test: at rated speed, rated load operation, the oil temperature balance to date. On the gear reducer, requested the pool temperature is not more than 35 oC, bearing temperature rise no more than 40 oC; the worm reducer, requested the pool temperature not more than 60 oC, bearing temperature of not more than 50 oC; 3. Entire testing process for the smooth operation, noise, not loosening the fixed link, sealed, not with the Sixth, packaging and transportation requirements 1. Protruding shaft and its annex should Oiler packaging; 2. Handling, lifting may not use screw rings and lug all of the above technical requirements are not necessarily listed, and sometimes also by other projects, mainly by the specific design requirements. Seventh. Technical requirements 1. Assembly, all parts cleaning with kerosene, gasoline Rolling cleansing, while the existence of any debris. Oil is not painted wall corrosion coatings twice; 2. Backlash with lead wire mesh test of not less than 0.16 mm, lead wire Backlash may not exceed the smallest of the four times; 3. Used Tu-color dot test. Tooth high point of contact by not less than 40% of contact spots on teeth not less than 50 per cent. Can be used when necessary, grinding or scraping after grinding to improve contacts; 4. Bearing axial clearance should be adjusted: 40 0.05 - 0.1 mm, 55 0.08 - 0.15 mm; 5. Test reducer subdivision surface, the contact surface and seal, oil spills are not allowed. Split-Tu allowed to paint or water glass seal and allow the use of any filler; 6. Engine lubricants to the contents N100 provisions height;Below I introduce our country reduction gear the development present situation First, the domestic reduction gear many by the gear drive, the worm drive primarily, but has the power and the load ratio generally is small, or velocity ratio great and mechanical efficiency excessively low question.Moreover, in the material quality and the technological level also has many weakness, the large-scale reduction gear question is specially more prominent, the service life is not long.The domestic use large-scale reduction gear (above 500kw), many from overseas (for example Denmark, Germany and so on) imports The 60s start few tooth reduction gears and so on difference transmission, cycloid pin gear transmission, overtone transmission which produces has the velocity ratio to be big, volume small, mechanical efficiency higher merit? .But its transmission theory limit, cannot transmit the oversized power, the power all must be smaller than generally 40kw. Because in the transmission theoretically, the technological level and the material quality aspect has not broken through, therefore, has not been able fundamentally to solve the transmission power in a big way, the velocity ratio big, the volume small, the weight light, mechanical efficiency higher these requests basically.The 90s initial period, the home appears three links (gear) the reduction gear, is one kind of outside stable motion gear drive reduction gear, it may realize the great velocity ratio, transmission load ability is also big. Its volume and the weight are all lighter than the dead axle speed reducer gear, the structure is simple, the efficiency is also high.Because this reduction gear three axle parallel structure, therefore caused the power/volume (or weight) the ratio is still small.Also its input axis and the output shaft on the identical spool thread, this do not have in the use many inconveniently. Not only Beijing Institute of Technology develops in successful stable motion speed reducer gear to have outside three link reduction gear merit, but also has the big power/weight (or volume) the ratio, as well as the input axis and the output shaft on identical spool thread merit, is at the domestic leading position.The home has the minority college and the factory and mining enterprise does the research work to in stable motion gear drive certain principles, has published some research paper, in has done some work using the cycloidal tooth crop rotation stable motion reduction gear.Second, the stable motion speed reducer gear principle of work synopsis, the stable motion speed reducer gear is refers to in a counter gear transmission, a gear in the stable motion generator actuation mean plane parallel motion, meshing through tooth profile between, actuates another tooth crop rotation dead axle to decelerate the rotation, the realization reduction gear function.The stable motion generator may use the parallelogram organization, either sine organization or cross slide organization.This achievement uses the parallelogram organization to take the stable motion generator. The stable motion generator may be the hypothesized use parallelogram organization, also may be the entity use parallelogram organization.Has the practical value stable motion gear mechanism for in counter gear organization, therefore may divide into the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement and the external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement two kind of situations.Outside the stable motion gear reduction organization, its internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuates the external gear and makes the deceleration rotation output.This organization also calls three links (gear) the reduction gear. As a result of the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers establish outside the annular gear tooth ring, therefore its size is not compact, cannot solve the volume major problem.? In stable motion gear reduction, its external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuation internal tooth crop rotation deceleration rotation output.As a result of the external tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers can establish in the external gear tooth ring, reduced the organization overall size greatly. Because in stable motion gear mechanism transmission efficiency high, volume small, input output coaxial line, therefore by widespread application prospect.Third, this project technical characteristic and key technologies? 1. this project technical characteristics, in this new stable motion speed reducer gear and domestic and foreign had the speed reducer gear compares, has the following characteristic: (1) velocity ratio scope is big, gets up from I=10, may reach most greatly several thousand.If manufactures the great velocity ratio the reduction gear, then demonstrates this reduction gear the merit.(2) transmission power scope is big: And may connect a body manufacture with the electric motor. (3) structure simple, the volume small, the weight is light.Reduces about 1/3 compared to the existing speed reducer gear.(4) mechanical efficiency is high.95 (5) this reduction gear input axis and the output shaft are on the identical spool thread.This reduction gear see Table 1 with other reduction gear performance comparison. Because lacks the data, various reduction gears power/load ratio which in the table arranges in order is most superior.? Table 1? Each kind of reduction gear comparison model power (kw) reduction gear ratio quality (kg) QI-450? 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250? 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW (Germany)? 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 Note: NP-100 is in the stable motion speed reducer gear, the SEW reduction gear quality contains the electrical machinery.2. this project key technologies? May know by Figure 2, in “stable motion speed reducer gear is by annular gear Z2, external gear Z1 and the parallelogram organization combination becomes.Its transmission principle is: The electrical machinery input rotary motion, the external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, its center of circle path is a circle, makes the dead axle rotation with it meshing annular gear. Because external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, therefore name stable motion gear mechanism.The gear parallel migration needs to have the auxiliary body help realization, may use (612) to sell the axis, the roller takes the hypothesized auxiliary stable motion organization, also may use the eccentric shaft to take the entity auxiliary stable motion organization.In the stable motion speed reducer gear key technologies and the essential craft are the composition parallelogram component size computation and the request processing precision, the gear teeth main parameter choice. These factors will all affect the transmission ability and the transmission quality.Overall speaking, the group cost reduction gear various spare parts all request to have the high precision, they will be deciding the reduction gear overall transmis3. this project survey this project has obtained the Chinese practical new patent, the patent number: ZL95227767.0? .? This project trial produced the first prototype from 1995 (power 2.5kW, after velocity ratio I=32), with some factory and mine cooperation, has one after another designed following several kind of different powers, the different velocity ratio reduction gear.(1) electrically operated on rollers gate uses the reduction gear, power 550W, velocity ratio I=26, is united as one body with the electrical machinery.sion quality. (2) mixer uses the reduction gear, power 370W, velocity ratio I=17.(3) some military goods use two kind of reduction gears, one kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=23.5; Another kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=103 two level of transmission reduction gear.(4) steel mill large package rotary abutment reduction gear, power 7.5kw, velocity ratio I=64.(5) steel mill table reduction gear, power 7.5kw, transmission I=11. In this patent foundation, has developed one kind of new ultra-large reduction gear, the power may reach 1000kw, at present is developing subminiature (outlook size for a millimeter level) miniature reduction gear. Graduation design task First, a design Monorail Driver Design reducer Second, the design of the original data 1 Monorail drive reducer Power Rating: 7.5 KW; 2 Monorail reducer drive the total transmission ratio: 15 around; 3 Monorail reducer drive car driven by the side of the output shaft from the race distance of not more than 200 mm; 4 Monorail reducer drive the total length of less than 420 mm, the width is not more than 450 mm and the total height of not more than 690 mm; Third, the equipment and the working environment This can be used to mine underground, open-air, dust, humidity, air quality, bad comparison bad work environment, and the operational requirements of a safe space. Fourth, the design requirements To meet the application requirements under the premise that the minimum cost of manufacturing. From the following aspects considered; (L) to streamline the shape of each parts, machinery simple structure; (2) merge the functions of spare parts, reducing the types or quantities of spare parts; (3) Application of the new structure, new technology, new materials, product reliability; (4) decomposition components, its assembly, the assembly of the most simple structure; (5) similar to parts of the division; (6) standards for similar products by product serial number sequence analysis; (7) The realization of the common parts of the product and standardization. (8) assembly equipment design a map (0), the Six Parts (3), the design specification of a (not less than 30,000 words), and the design of technical and economic analysis.GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix
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