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锡柴汽车厂液压综合试验台设计【10张CAD图纸和说明书】

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 摘 要

    液压实验台是进行液压元件检测的关键设备,是集机、液、电为一体的现代化高技术设备。

本文针对实验室和生产的需求,提出了设计题目。并对该机的机械系统、液压系统、控制系统进行了全面设计。

液压系统设计中,首先分析液压实验台的工作过程,并在此基础上进行了液压系统原理图的设计,确定了液压系统的执行元件。计算了整个液压系统的流量,并根据流量和压力进行了液压阀的选型、油箱的设计和各个辅助元件的选择。计算了核个系统的的功率,据此选择了电动机的型号,最后绘制了液压泵站的装配图。

由于传统液压实验台采用继电器等元件作为控制系统的控制元件,存在可靠性、灵活性差等缺点。文中通过实例说明利用PLC对其进行改造

电气控制系统采用可编程控制器PLC作为整台机器的控制器,并对PLC的工作过程进行了介绍,对PLC及相关元件进行了选型,实现了整机的自动化。本设计己经应用于实际生产,取得了良好的效果。


    关键词:液压实验台;可编程控制器;液压阀;液压系统;控制系统



                            Abstract  

    he hydraulic experimental stand is the critical equipment of testing hydraulic organ, which is a modernize technique equipment which centralizes the machinery, hydraulic and electric.

    Aiming at the requirement of laboratory and producing ,the aulhor puts forward the topic and devises the hydraulic system and controlling system thoroughly.

In the process of the device of hydraulic system, firstly,process of hydraulic experimental stand working were analyzed. Based this, the principle plot of hydraulic system was devised;furthermore, the performing elements were decided. At the same time, the author Computed the flux of the whole system, And then, based on the flux and the pressure, the author accomplished the choices of valves, the design of gasoline tank and the choices of assistant components. And then,computed the power of the whole system and chose the model of electromotor. At last,the component plot of hydraulic station drawn.

    The traditional hydraulic experimental stand using relays as control elements shows some disadvantages such as low reliability and flexibility.This paper discusses the improved design of hydraulic experimental stand based on PLC.

The controlling system adopts the PLC as the controller of the entire machine. It introduced the working process of' the PLC, chose the model of the PLC and related elements. At the same time,  This design has already been applied to practice, and has gained a very good effect.


    Key Words: hydraulic experimental stand,;PLC; hydraulic pressure valves; hydraulic system;controlling system


                   目  录

摘 要 III

Abstract IV

目  录 V

1 绪论 1

1.1 概况和发展趋势 1

1.1.1 锡柴汽车厂简介 1

1.1.2 国内外自卸车的概况和发展趋势 1

1.1.3 液压检测技术的概况和发展趋势 2

1.2 课题的提出与意义 3

1.3 课题的主要内容 4

2 总体方案的确定 5

2.1 设计依据 5

2.2 确定液压系统方案 6

2.3 确定控制系统方案 6

2.4 确定外观及机械附件的设计方案 6

2.5 总体配置设计 6

3 液压系统的设计及其校核 7

3.1 液压系统的组成 7

3.1.1 能源装置 7

3.1.2 执行元件 7

3.1.3 调节控制元件 7

3.1.4 辅助元件 7

3.2 液压系统的主要优缺点 7

3.2.1 液压传动的优点 7

3.2.2 液压传动的缺点 8

3.3 液压系统方案设计 8

3.3.1 液压系统原理图设计 8

3.3.2 液压系统参数设计和液压件的选择 12

3.3.3 液压辅助元件的设计与选择 25

3.3.4 液压元件的安装和键校核 29

4 机械附件设计 32

4.1 自卸钢架的设计 32

4.1.1 方案的拟定 32

4.1.2 方案的确定及部件分析 34

4.2 油箱的设计 35

4.3 实验台操作面板及控制电柜的外形设计 37

4.3.1 设计依据与问题的提出 37

4.3.2 设计方案的确定 37

5 控制系统的设计 39

5.1 PLC与继电器控制系统的比较 39

5.2 PLC与微型计算机的比较 39

5.3 PLC可靠性高的原因 40

5.4 PLC的安装与抗干扰措施 40

5.5 PLC系统的调试和运行 41

5.5.1 通电前的检查 41

5.5.2 调试运行主要过程 41

5.6 PLC系统的维护 42

5.7 PLC控制系统的设计 42

5.7.1  设计内容 42

5.7.2  控制流程的拟订 43

5.7.3  PLC控制电路元气件的选用 43

5.7.4  PLC的编制 44

6  UG有限元分析方法 46

6.1 有限元分析方法简介 46

6.2 进行有限元分析的目的和意义 46

6.3 活塞杆的受力变形情况进行分析 47

6.3.1 分析步骤 47

6.3.2 分析载荷 47

6.3.3 分析结果 47

6.4 自卸钢架端板受力变形的分析 48

6.4.1 分析步骤 48

6.4.2 分析载荷 48

6.4.3 分析结果 48

7 活塞杆的最优化设计 49

7.1 优化设计简介 49

7.2 活塞杆的可靠性优化设计方法 49

7.2.1 活塞杆的工况分析 49

7.2.2 选择设计变量、建立目标函数 49

8 液压综合实验台测试实例 51

8.1 自卸油缸试验 51

8.1.1 空载的往复运行 52

8.1.2 全行程长度 52

8.1.3 满载的往复运行(最大推力(慢速)对顶) 52

8.1.4 内泄漏及外泄漏 53

8.2 单向阀(DF-F20A1)试验 53

8.2.1 内泄漏 53

8.2.2 耐压试验 53

8.2.3 正向压力损失 54

8.2.4 开启压力 54

9 液压原理改进设计 55

9.1 液压系统现状 55

9.2 液压系统的改造 55

9.3 液压系统改造原理图的绘制 55

10 结论与展望 57

   10.1 结论 57

   10.2 展望 57

参考文献 58

致谢 59


1 绪论

1.1 概况和发展趋势

  1.1.1 锡柴汽车厂简介

一汽解放汽车有限公司无锡锡柴汽车厂是一汽解放汽车有限公司无锡柴油机 厂下设生产各类改装车的专业化分厂,是一汽集团在华东地区设立的改装汽车生产基地。工厂具有年产10000辆改装汽车和5000辆底盘的生产能力,拥有国家公安部和国家技术监督总局核准的汽车安全环保性能检测线。产品的销售、服务纳入一汽营销大网络统一运作,已经发展培育了46家锡柴改装车专营销售网点。


内容简介:
编 号无锡太湖学院毕 业 设 计 ( 论 文 )相 关 资 料题目: 锡柴汽车厂液压综合试验台设计信 机 系 机 械 工 程 及 自 动 化 专 业学 号: 0923010学生姓名: 康 海 成 指导教师: 屠德刚 (职称:高级工程师 )(职称: )2012 年 5 月 25 日目 录一、毕业设计(论文)开题报告二、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文(论文)计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕 业 设 计 ( 论 文 )开 题 报 告题目: 锡柴汽车厂液压综合试验台设计信 机 系 机 械 工 程 及 自 动 化 专 业学 号: 0923010 学生姓名: 康 海 成 指导教师: 屠德刚 (职称: 高级工程师 )(职称: )2011 年 11 月 14 日 课题来源本课题是对自卸车上所有液压元件进行综合试验的装置,以满足工厂质量控制的要求。由于试验台已制造完成,并经多年使用,故在完善液压电控原理的基础上,加以改进。科学依据(包括课题的科学意义;国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势;应用前景等)液压传动相对机械传动来说是一门新技术,随着流体力学、自动控制、计算机技术的不断发展,液压传动技术也发展成为包括传动、控制、检测等技术在内的综合性的机电液一体化技术,在工业生产、设备控制等各个方面得到了广泛的应用在传统的液压系统的控制中通常由继电器等构成,但随着计算机技术、电力电子技术等的发展,计算机及电子电力控制技术在液压传动控制中也得到了广泛的应用,在西方发达国家以计算机技术为核心的PLC技术已在液压传动的控制中也得到了越来越多的应用。液压实验台在液压产品检测、液压系统研究、实验教学中有着广泛的用途,由于这些用途的需要,对液压实验台的组成、控制系统要求有较高的柔性,以适应不同的液压产品、液压系统或不同的实验教学项目要求。可编程序控制器(PLC)是以微处理机为基础,综合了计算机技术、自动控制技术和通信技术等现代科技而发展起来的一种新型工业自动控制装置,是将计算机技术应用于T业控制领域的新产品,具有多输人输出接口,并且具有较强的驱动能力。PLC 具有可靠性高、抗干扰能力强,灵活性好,编程方便等特点,从而在工业控制领域得到了广泛的应用。随着可编程控制器的技术的发展,将其代替顺序控制器作为液压实验台控制系统的核心,不但能满足日益复杂的液压实验系统的控制要求,而且作为开发新的实验系统提供较大的柔性空间。研究内容本课题是对现有设备进行测绘,并在改进的基础上制造完成,以满足实际使用的要求。在搞清实验台工作原理的基础上,改进液压系统,对于部分电控系统进行PLC 改装。在设计中对部分结构进行有限元分析,包括应用 UG 软件分析支撑钢架的应力应变,用 Lingo 软件对油缸中的活塞杆做优化设计;进行三维及二维图纸的绘制。因设备已投入使用多年,故在设计过程中,可掌握较强的实际工作经验,完成从设计到实际生产及运行调试的整个过程,这样一来就能很好的掌握机电一体化技术,提高解决实际工作问题的能力,为以后工作打下极好的基础。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析文献索引法,即通过上网和图书馆查找液压综合实验台的相关资料。行动研究法,即通过掌握液压综合实验台的工作原理,结构及其动作流程。了解现有液压部分的不足并提出解决方法进行改进,参照其它液压设备的 PLC 电控形式对实验台的的部分电控方式进行 PLC 改造。对整台设备进行改进性设计和校核,并绘制部分零件图和设备的装备图以及液压和电控的原理图,对必要部件用 UG 进行有限元分析。研究计划及预期成果研究计划:2012 年 10 月 12 日-2012 年 12 月 25 日:按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料,填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013 年 1 月 11 日-2013 年 3 月 5 日:填写毕业实习报告。2013 年 3 月 8 日-2013 年 3 月 14 日:按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013 年 3 月 15 日-2013 年 3 月 21 日:学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013 年 3 月 22 日-2013 年 4 月 11 日:液压部分设计。2013 年 4 月 12 日-2013 年 4 月 25 日:PLC 部分设计。2013 年 4 月 26 日-2013 年 5 月 21 日:毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果:达到预期的实验结论:完成了自卸钢架、液压缸、液压原理、电气原理、总装等一系列的方案图形设计,实现了液压综合实验台的半自动控制。特色或创新之处电气系统部分采用三菱 PLC 控制,控制电子元件均采用新材料或进口名牌元件,经久耐用,噪音低,系统的可靠性和可操作性都有所提高。使用 UG 对自卸油缸的支架进行有限元分析。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题本课题是在现有设备的基础上进行改进,是对现有设备进行测绘,并在改进的基础上制造完成,以满足实际检测的要求。现有设备的工作原理是知道的。但还有许多不如 人意的地方,如自动控制方面,油缸保压和防止漏油方面,设备稳定运行等方面.本课题就是在现有基础之上对现有动作进行分析,重新设计液压及电控原理图。指导教师意见指导教师签名:年 月 日 教研室(学科组、研究所)意见教研室主任签名:年 月 日系意见主管领导签名:年 月 日英文原文Hydraulic SystemHydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, espec- ially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of develo- pment.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted. Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the systemWith mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life; 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion / 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: fever, with a father拉稀 (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.- Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction. Pneumatic Industry:- Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.(1) used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa; (2) diversification of regulation and control; (3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain; (4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear; (5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function; (6) to further reduce the noise; (7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill.中文译文液压系统液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动,是根据 17 世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术,1795 年英国约瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814),在伦敦用水作为工作介质,以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上,诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905 年将工作介质水改为油,又进一步得到改善。第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用,特别是 1920 年以后,发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的 20 年间,才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F .Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910 年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献,使这两方面领域得到了发展。第二次世界大战(1941-1
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