铣床液压进给机构的设计【12张CAD图纸和说明书】
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铣床
液压
进给
机构
设计
12张
cad
图纸
说明书
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摘 要
随着科技步伐的加快，液压技术在各个领域中得到了广泛应用，液压系统已成为现代金属机械加工机床中最关键的部分之一。本文主要研究的是液压传动系统，液压传动系统的设计需要与主机的总体设计同时进行。设计时，必须从实际情况出发，有机地结合各种传动形式，充分发挥液压传动的优点，力求设计出结构简单、工作可靠、成本低、效率高、操作简单、维修方便的液压传动系统。
关键词：机械加工、液压传动、总体设计
Abstract
With the development of the modern technology, the hydraulic technology has been widely used in the most field of the mechanism. The hydraulic system is the main structure of the modern machining tools. This paper gives design of the system of the hydraulic drives. The design of the hydraulic drives should be processed with the general arrangement of the machine synchronously. We should combine the advantage of the various types of mechanism drives and elaborate the simplest, reliable, lower cost, efficient and more convenience structure of the hydraulic drives.
Keywords: Machining operation Hydraulic transmission General arrangement
目 录
摘 要 III
Abstract IV
1绪论 1
1.1本课题的研究内容和意义 1
1.2国内外的发展概况 1
1.3本课题应达到的要求 1
2 液压传动的基本概念和特点 2
2.1 液压传动的基本概念 2
2.2 液压传动的特点 2
2.4 液压系统的设计原则与策略 3
2.5 液压系统绿色设计原则 3
2.6 设计目的 3
2.6.1 设计内容及要求 4
2.7 设计中应注意的问题 5
3 液压系统的设计 6
3.1 液压系统的设计与计算 6
3.1.2 液压缸的负载计算[6] 9
3.1.3 确定系统的工作压力 9
3.2确定液压泵规格和电动机功率及型号 12
3.2.1 确定液压泵规格 12
3.3确定各类控制阀 14
3.4 确定油箱容积与结构 16
3.4.1油箱容积的确定 16
3.4.2油箱的结构设计 16
3.4.3油箱的防噪音问题 17
3.5 液压站结构设计 18
3.6 选择液压油 18
4 液压缸及液压装置的结构设计 19
4.1 确定液压缸的结构形式（类型、安装方法、密封形式、缓冲结构、排气等） 19
4.2 计算液压缸主要零件的强度和刚度 19
4.3 完成液压缸的结构设计和部分零件图 23
4.4 选择装配方案 25
4.5 绘制部件装配图 25
5 液压系统的验算 26
5.1 执行元件输出力或力矩及最低最高速度的校核 26
5.2 管路系统压力损失计算 26
5.3 压力阀调整压力的确定 27
5.4 系统热平衡计算与油箱容积的验算 27
6结论与展望 29
6.1结论 29
6.2不足之处与展望 29
致 谢 30
参考文献 31
1绪论
1.1本课题的研究内容和意义
液压进给结构对于普通铣床来说是很重要的，本课题主要研究普通铣床上的液压进给结构的改造。改进液压进给结构便于铣床更好的运作，能提高铣床的工作效率以及经济效益。从蓝天到水下，从军用到民用，从重工业到轻工业，到处都有液压传动及控制技术的应用。国外生产的95%的工程机械、90%的数控加工中心、95%的自动生产线都采用了液压传动与控制技术。所以很有必要改进液压进给结构。
1.2国内外的发展概况
机械工业即机器制造工业，机械工业素有“工业的心脏”之称。它是其他经济部门的生产手段，也可说是一切经济部门发展的基础。它的发展水平是衡量一个国家工业化程度的重要标志。为促进民族地区的现代化，必须加速发展机械工业。它是国民的装备部，是为国民经济提供装备和为人民生活提供耐用消费品的产业。普通铣床作为一种专用高效自动化技术设备，已成为大批量机械产品实现高效、 高质量和经济性生产的关键型装备，是集机电于一体的综合自动化程度较高的制造技术和成套工艺装备。普通铣床的技术性能和综合自动化水平，在很大程度上决定了这些工业部门产品的生产效率、产品质量和企业生产组织的结构，也在很大程度上决定了企业产品的竞争力。普通铣床在全世界有广泛的应用，液压进给结构在国内外铣床方面都得到了广泛的运用。由于液压技术的应用对机电产品的质量和生产水平的提高起到了极大的促进和保证作用，因而再用液压技术的程度已成为衡量一个国家工业水平的标志。可以预见，随着科学技术的不断发展，液压技术将会在许多工业部门中发挥越来越大的作用。
- 内容简介：
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江南大学太湖学院毕 业 设 计 （ 论 文 ）开 题 报 告题目：铣床液压进给机构的设计机 电 系 机 械 专 业学 号： 0923036 学生姓名： 黄巍 指导教师： 韩邦华 （职称：副教授 ）（职称： ）2012 年 11 月 20 号课题来源无锡某企业生产实际科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）该课题主要是为了培养学生开发和创新机械产品的能力，要求学生能够结合常规普通铣床与零件加工工艺，针对实际使用过程中存在的金属加工机床的驱动及工件夹紧问题，综合所学的机械理论设计与方法、液压与气动传动等知识，对普通铣床驱动、夹紧装置进行改进设计，从而实现金属加工机床驱动与夹紧的半自动控制。在设计液压系统装置时，在满足产品工作要求的情况下，应尽可能多的采用标准件，提高其互换性要求，以减少产品的设计生产成本。研究内容通过实际调研和采集相应的设计数据，分析金属切削加工过程中的机床工作台驱动、工件夹紧等方面的相关数据，结合液压与气动传动的相关理论知识，完成液压传动方案分析及液压原理图的拟定，并进行主要液压元件的设计与选择及传动系统的验算校核等。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析通过实践与大量搜集、阅读相关资料相结合，在对金属切削加工、金属切削机床、机械设计与理论及液压与气动传动等相关知识充分掌握后，对普通铣床的驱动、夹紧装置进行数学建模，并通过模拟实验分析建立普通铣床的驱动、夹紧装置的实体模型，设计半自动铣床的驱动、夹紧装置，进行现场实验，来达到产品的最优化设计。研究计划及预期成果现场调研、模拟、建模、实验、机器调试，达到产品的最优化设计，大大降低劳动强度和提高生产效率。特色或创新之处适用于企业半自动铣床的驱动、夹紧装置的优化设计，可降低工人的劳动强度、减少机械加工工艺时间和降低机械零件的生产成本。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题针对实际使用过程中存在的金属加工机床的驱动及工件夹紧问题，综合所学的机械理论设计与方法与液压与气动传动等方面的知识，如何实现对半自动铣床的驱动、夹紧装置的优化设计，进而提高学生开发和创新机械产品的能力。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年 月 日系意见主管领导签名：年 月 日HydraulicSystem Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader. Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu-stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flood control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military industrial control devices used in artillery, ship antirolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices. A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The concept of gear pump is very simple, that it is two of the most basic form of the same size gear in a close cooperation of mutual engagement with the rotating shell, the shells internal similar 8 shape, the two gears mounted inside , the diameter of gear and work closely with both sides and shell. From the extruder the material inhaled into the mouth of two intermediate gears, and full of the space, with the teeth along the shell of the rotary movement, the final two hours from the meshing teeth. Speaking in terms of gear, also known as positive displacement pump device, that is, inside the cylinder like a piston, when a tooth to another tooth space of the fluid, the liquid was squeezed mechanically to row out. Because the liquid is incompressible, so the liquid and the tooth at the same time will not be able to occupy the same space, so that the liquid has been ruled out. Because of the constant mesh gear, this phenomenon occurs on a row and, therefore, the pump provides a continuous export to exclude the amount of a turn each pump, the volume of discharge is the same. With the continuous rotation of the driveshaft, pump fluid is continuously discharged. Pump flow directly to the speed of the pump. In fact, there is little pump of the fluid loss, which makes the operation of pumps can not achieve 100% efficiency, as these fluids are used to on both sides of bearing and gear lubrication, and the pump body is also not possible with no gap, it can not be so that 100% of fluid discharged from the export, so a small amount of fluid loss is inevitable. However, a good pump can be run out of material for the majority, will still be able to achieve 93% 98% efficiency. For the viscosity or density change in the process fluid, the pump will not be affected too much. If there is a damper, for example, in the export side, one row or a limiter filter, pumps will push fluid through them. If the damper changes in their work, that is, if the filters become dirty, blocked, or limiter on the back of the hypertension, the pump will maintain a constant flow, until the device in the weakest parts of the mechanical limit (usually equipped with a torque limiter). For a pump speed, in fact, there are restrictions, which mainly depends on the process fluid, if the transmission is oil, pump can rotate at high speed, but when the fluid is a high viscosity of the polymer melt, such restrictions will be significantly reduced. Promote blood flow into the intake side of the two tooth space is very important, if not fill in this space is full, the pump will not be able to discharge the flow of accurate, so the value of PV (pressure velocity) is also a limiting factor, and is a process variable. As a result of these restrictions, gear pump manufacturers will provide a range of products, that is, different specifications and emission (perweek to the emission of volume). These pumps will fit the specific application of technology to enable the system to achieve optimal capacity and price. PEP-II pump shaft gear and a total of one species hardened using technology, will be a longer working life. D-type bearing a combination of forced lubrication mechanism, so that the polymer surface by the bearing, and return to the import side of pump to ensure effective lubrication of the rotation axis. This feature reduces the degradation of polymers and the possibility of being stranded. Precision machining of the pump body can D-type gear shaft with precision bearings to ensure noneccentric gear shaft to prevent gear wear. Structure and Parkool PTFE sealing lip sealed water cooled sealed together. This shaft seal does not actually contact the surface, it is the principle of the sealing polymer to a semimolten state cooling and the formation of self sealing. Can also be used Rheoseal sealing, seal it inside the table are reverse spiral groove processing, the polymer can be imported back to the antipressure. In order to facilitate the installation, the manufacturer has designed the installation of a ring bolt, so that the flange and install other equipment line, which makes the manufacture of tube flange easier. PEP-II with a gear pump with the pump to match the specifications of the heating elements for the user matching, which ensures rapid heating and heat control. Heating the body and pump in different ways, the damage to these components is limited to a board, the pump has nothing to do with the whole. Gear pump by an independent motor drive, to be effective in blocking the upper reaches of the pressure pulsation and flow fluctuations. Gear pump in the outlet of the pressure fluctuation can be controlled within 1%. In the extrusion production line using a gear pump, can increase the output flow rate of material in the extruder to reduce the shear and residence time to reduce the extrusion temperature and pressure fluctuation in order to enhance productivity and product quality. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic principle it consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oilfilled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice. In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equipment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed. For the Gear pump by an independent motor drive, to be effective in blocking the upper reaches of the pressure pulsation and flow fluctuations. Gear pump in the outlet of the pressure fluctuation can be controlled within 1%. In the extrusion production line using a gear pump, can increase the output flow rate of material in the extruder to reduce the shear and residence time to reduce the extrusion temperature and pressure fluctuation in order to enhance productivity and product quality. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic principle it consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oilfilled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice. In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equipment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed. For the and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology. In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Microinvasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage. Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two. The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the same time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil temperature. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased compression
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