高中英语阅读理解.doc

高中英语阅读理解一、 明白文章的类型、结构 在阅读文章时，要观察文章属于什么类型，什么结构。这有助于迅速找到答案。一般说来，新闻报道的开头就把发生的事一目了然地写出来，所以，新闻报道的第一段是最重要的，接下来才讲述事情的经过及细节。而议论文章也喜欢这种形式，开门见山提出观点，再进行论述。说明文章喜欢一点一点分开说明。广告词喜欢用简练、缩略的语言方式进行表达，有时比较迷惑人。例如： Share flat, Goodhope Valley nice flat. The other room ready for use immediately, quiet and convenient, fully furnished, park view, P.W. including bills of phone and power. Female non-smoker. No pet. Helen:2525744. Q: Helen wants to _. A. Find another lady to share the cost of a flat. B. Share her room in a flat with a lady who has no pet. C. Rent a flat of her own at P.W. D. Find a flat in Goodhope Valley with park view. 很多同学选B或C，但正确答案为A。 选B的同学是因为受广告词末端“No pet”的影响而忽略了“share her room in a flat”的意思：在一个套间中共用她的房间。而广告的第二句“The other room ready for use immediately, quiet and convenient, fully furnished, park view”明确表明，另一间房马上就可以用。这证明不是共用一间房，而是共用一套间，故选A，选C的同学则主要是受“P.W.”的影响，而忽略了“Rent a flat of her own”。 二、 多积累、运用综合知识 知识是相互联系的，特别是现代考试，内容广泛灵活，多种知识互相覆盖，平时多积累综合知识，有利于阅读理解的提高。例如： A newer theory is that increasing daylight stimulates(刺激) certain glands(腺) in the birds body and prepares it for migration. One scientist is able to make birds migrate in midwinter by exposing them for two months to artificial(人造的) daylight. Recoveries of marked birds indicate that they fly north as soon as they are set free. The conclusion is that the urge to migrate is determined by changes in the birds body which take place under seasonal changes in the length of daylight. Q: The birds fly north in midwinter because _. A. They are specially trained by a scientist. B. They are affected by seasonal changes. C. A change in their body temperature. D. They are exposed to extra daylight. 这是一道生物和地理知识相结合的题目。很多同学选B，但答案是D。主要是受最后一句的影响：“结论表明迁徙的欲望由鸟的身体变化决定，而这种变化是在日照长度变化的季节发生的”。这句话的意思是说鸟的迁徙由日照的长短决定。但同学不理解，认为季节变化决定日照长短的说法不够准确，只能说日照的长短与季节有关。实际上，根据地理知识，我们可以知道，在北极或南极日照时间有明显变化，但季节变化不明显。可见，知识面广有助于正确理解文章。其实本文中第二句就是答案，而最后一句只是进一步说明这一点。 三、 长句的分析与理解 阅读理解设问的依据往往就在从句上，因此如果对长句的理解不彻底或不准确，从句与从句之间的衔接脱钩，就会导致对整个段落理解的错误，自然也选不出正确答案。例如： Gas board men looking for a leak told a shop girl there was not enough gas kill a mouse. Less than five hours later the shopping area, in which 21 people died, lay in ruins from an explosion, the blast inquiry was told yesterday. Her boss, Mr. Robertson, 30, said that on the day of the explosion he rang the gas board for an inspector after he learned that the men who were digging the road outside were subcontractor (次承包人). Q: Mr. Robertson telephoned the Gas Board because_ A. He could smell gas. B. He wanted an inspector to come to his shop and look for a gas leak. C. He fell that there would be an explosion. D. The men digging the road outside were from the gas board. 很多同学选B，但正确答案为D。选错的原因是对after引导的状语从句理解不当，该状语从句里又有宾语从句和定语从句，也受第一句的影响：Gas board men looking for a leak told a shop girl正在找漏气的煤气公司的人告诉女店员没有足够的气体杀死一个老鼠。所以部分同学认为，打电话给煤气公司是找检察员来检查煤气漏气。其实不然，第二句是复合句，才是答案，理解为：Mr. Robertson得知在外面挖路的人不是煤气公司的人（而是次承包人）后，才打电话给煤气公司并要求派人来检查此事。 四、 学会猜词 在阅读时肯定会碰到未学的单词，所以必须学会猜词，以免让生词成为阅读的障碍。猜词时可把选择项的词汇逐个代入原句中，看哪一个词最为合理。例如： It is a fact that young men are more romantic than young women, young men fall in love at the drop of a hat. Q: What dose the underlined phrase most probably mean? A. very much B. very lovely C. easily D. slowly 只要把A、B、C、D分别代入“at the drop of hat”的位置便知：A非常，B非常可爱，C容易，D缓慢，只有C合理。全句意为：年轻男人比年轻女人浪漫是事实，年轻男人容易陷入情网。 提高阅读理解效果的途径还有很多，必须在平时多练多总结。五、一些解题技巧一）识别最佳选项。 1.识别包含项。某项的内容概括了其他三项。如：1). What must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dormitory?A. Your roommates telephone calls B. Habits that may differ from your ownC. Visits by your roommates friends D. Roommates who are unsanitary2). The three examples are cited to show that _. A. Quit smoking is necessary B. Healthy habits benefit our healthC. Fruits and vegetables are better than milk. D. We should drink more water every day. 2. 识别正反项。两项内容矛盾或相反，其中一个可能是选项。如：1). According to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when _. A. we are emotionally tired B. we are physically disabledC. we are so interested in the topic D. we are asked many questions2). There is unlikely any life on Venus because _. A. it has very thin atmosphere B. the surface temperature is too hotC. the weather is too cold D. it is extremely short of water3. 保留委婉项，排除绝对项。委婉项用词：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to, be liable to(可能)等。绝对项：must, always, never, the most, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等。1）(连云港四模66）From the last paragraph we can conclude that Dr. Robbie Adler-Tapia agrees that A.parents should regard making friends as something that just happens B.its wise for parents to support and encourage healthy peer relationships C.parents only need to help their children to cope with difficult social situations D.parents are supposed to encourage their children to make as many friends as they can2) (连云港四模69）Due to the digital rights management, _.A.the e-book should be tied to a specific device B.people should upgrade their devices regularly C.readers are likely to lose access to their purchase D.only purchasers can download the book without limit 4. 识别同形项。几个选项形式与结构上相似，其中可能存在正确答案。1).（南京模拟65）Visiting photographers should make sure that _. A. pictures and videos are allowed for personal use anywhere in the Gallery B. pictures and videos can be taken in some places for personal use C. picture-taking and videoing are totally forbidden in the Gallery D. tripods are allowed except in some special exhibitions2).（江苏66） Why did Jack think Mr. Belser died years ago? A. College and career prevented him from remembering Mr. Belser. B. Jack was too busy with his business and family to think about Mr. Belser. C. Jack was too busy realizing his dreams to think about Mr. Belser. D. His present busy life washed away his children memories.5. 识别常识项。符合哲理和一般规律的选项可能是正确选项。（江苏61）We learn from the passage that _. A. all living things on the Earth depend on the Sun for their food（尽管是绝对项） B. a forest looks dark in winter because it absorbs solar energy C. only 0.023% of the energy from the Sun is made use of on the EarthD. greenhouse gases allow heat energy to escape from the Earths surface二） 区分文章体裁：记叙文：重点注意人物的言行，事件的经过。描写文：人或物的特征。说明文：介绍事物性质、特点和内在联系。阅读重点为寻找和归纳主题句或结论。议论文：阐明事物性质，表明作者的观点和看法。阅读重点是捕捉作者的观点，注意首、尾段。如：The writers purpose in writing this story is_. A. to tell an interesting experience (记叙文)B. to show the easiest way out of a difficulty （说明文）C. to describe the trouble facing a newly married woman （描写文）D. to prove the difficulty of learning to cook from books (议论文）练习：说出下面四个选项分别是什么体裁的：This passage was probably written to_. A. tell about Edisons inventions B. explain electricity C. prove that people wished to honor Edison D. show what a great man Edison was三）主旨大意题，即main idea或the best title题。1. 迅速剔除选项中的涉及到原文细节、具体事实或议论文的论据，选择能概括出来全文、照顾到各方的选项；剔除离题太远、过度概括、只概括几段或几句话的选项。如：（湖北卷D）76. What is the main idea of this passage?A. We should balance work with rest. (照顾到work和rest双方)B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest. (具体事实)C. It is silly for anyone to say “I am busy.” （原文细节）D. We should be available to our family and friends.（只概括几句话）再如：（重庆卷A）59. Which of the following would be the best title? A. A quilt show B. Mothers home C. A Monday dinner D. Grandmothers quilt又如：（连云港四模59）Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. A Highly Skilled Swimmer B. The Unsinkable Diana Nyad C. A Regrettable Experience D. The Inspiring Adventure2. 注意头、尾，文中作者多次重复的观点以及带有以下文字提示的地方。如therefore, thus, but, however, in short等。（北京卷D篇）（首段）When it comes to friends, I desire those who will share my happiness, who possess wings of their own and who will fly with me. I seek friends whose qualities illuminate（照亮）me and train me up for love. It is for these people that I reserve the glowing hours, too good not to share. . （尾段）It is such comforting companions I wish to keep. One bright hour with their kind is worth more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist（心理学家），who will only fill up the healing（愈合的）silence necessary to those darkest moments in which I would rather be my own best friend.70. What is the best title for the passage?A. Unforgettable ExperiencesB. Remarkable ImaginationC. Lifelong FriendshipD. Noble Companions3. 向自己提问，排除干扰。所给四个选项，拿每一个让你写文章，你能写出什么样的文体和内容。（湖北卷C篇）72. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Allen, A Helpless Driver B. Wasps, Bloody Killers C. A Race Against Death D. War Against Wasps练习1：The best title for this passage may be _. A. Economic rules B. Laws of supply and demandC. More goods, lower prices D. Fewer goods, higher prices练习2：On the day of Edisons funeral, many people silently dimmed(使暗淡) their lights. In this way they honored the man who had done more than anyone else to put the great force of electricity at this countrymens fingertips.The best title for this passage is _. A. Edisons funeral B. Edisons inventionsC. Peoples respect for Edison D. Electricity练习3: (上海卷) We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.The passage mainly focuses on _. A. schools and certificates B. examination and equalityC. opportunity and employment D. standards and reputation四）细节理解题。大多为Wh-问句、是非判断题、计算（时间、距离、价格等）、排序、图形比较等。注意：1. 先看题，再作答。 2. 某个题目可能涉及几处原文。如(连云港三模70) Which is the correct order about the life of Victor? Victors mother passed away. Victor got help from the professor and other scientists. Victor went to university and attended the professors talk. Victor found the answer to giving life to things that were dead. Victor experienced a storm, seeing the lightning destroying the tree.A. B. C. D. 练习：（江苏高考A篇）The Marches were a happy family. Poverty, hard work and even the fact that Father March was away with the Union armies could not down the spirits of Meg, Jo, Beth, Amy, and Marmee, as the March girls called their mother. 56. The members of the March family were Father March, Mrs. March and their _. A. four daughters B. five daughters C. son and four daughters D. son and five daughters （陕西卷B）Photographs are everywhere. They decorate (装饰) the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories.Reporting the news through photos is called photojournalism. At times photojournalists tell their stories through a single picture. At other times, they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a chapter in a book, which can do more than record the facts. It can also be a strong force for social change.Jacob Riis was among the first photojournalists. He took pictures of parts of New York City where the poor lived. Riis believed that poverty(贫穷)caused crime, and he used photos to help him prove his point. A few years later, the photos of small children working in factories by Lewis Hine shocked the public. Hines pictures helped bring about laws to protect such children.Hundreds of pictures may have to be taken in order to get one or two really good photos. It takes science to have the photo come out clearly and art to make a photo that has a good design and expresses feeling. Photojournalists make an actual record of what they see. A photo, however, can be both a work of art and an actual record. It can record an important event as a beautiful or exciting picture.As historical and artistic documents(文献) ,photos can become more important over time. Today photojournalists still have their pictures appear in newspapers and magazines. They also publish(发表) them in books and on the Internet.45. The underlined word “They” in the first paragraph refers to .A. beauties B. photos C. goods D. events46. The photos of the small children by Hine show us that photos .A. are also works of art B. are popular ways of reporting newsC. often shock the public D. can serve as a force for social change47. What can we learn from the passage?A. News with pictures is encouraging. B. Photos help people improveC. News photos mean history in a sense. D. People prefer reading news with pictures.48. The text is mainly about .A. telling the story through picture B. decorating the walls of homesC. publishing historical papers D. expressing feeling through pictures五）推理判断题。有infer/suggest/imply/conclude/attitude等词。1. 原文已有的判断和推理使用的事实依据不是答案。答案往往与原文语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句子表达相同的意思。排除：是原文内容，但不是题目要求的内容；与原文内容相似，但程度上有些变动；符合常识，但不是文章内容；部分正确，部分错误。2. 要注意具有褒义或贬义的、带有感情色彩的词来确定作者的感情、态度。3. 一定要考虑作者的态度，不要犯主观武断错误，自以为是、凭空想象。如：1). The jackdaw(寒鸦)，knowing his own ugliness, yet wishing to rule other birds, searched through woods and fields for feathers which had fallen from the wings of his companions, and stuck them all over his body.Q: From the passage we infer that _. A. the jackdaw wanted to control his companions B. beautiful birds can rule over othersC. the jackdaw stuck the wings all over his body to become beautifulD. ugly as he was, the jackdaw wished to be king over the birds2). Divers and planes were searching for more than 400 missing passengers in an Egyptian ship which had sunk near the Safaga port. Two days later, divers discovered that most of the lifeboats never left the ship. Hundreds of bodies are still inside the ship. More than 450 passengers and sailors died under the water. Q:Hundreds of passengers died under the water and are still in the ship because _. A. most of the passengers on the ship could not swimB. the Egyptian ship sank into the sea very quicklyC. most of the lifeboats are still on the shipD. they were too frightened to escape from the sinking ship练习1：The old saying “an apple a day keeps doctors away” is not as silly as some people think. The body needs fruit and vegetables because they have vitamin C. Many people take extra vitamins in pill form, believing that these will make them healthy. But a good diet is made up of nourishing food and this gives all the vitamins you need. The body does not need extra vitamins, so why waste money on them?Q: In this paragraph, the writer tries to let us know_. A. vitamin C is of great importance to out health B. apples can take the place of doctorsC. taking extra vitamin pills is useless D. often eating fruit and vegetables is a good habit. 练习2：That cold January night, I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco. There I was, walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre. With opening night only a week to go, I was still learning my lines. I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time. As I walked, I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco. City life had become too much for me. Q: How did the writer feel when she was walking home after work?A. Cold and sick. B. Fortunate and helpfulC. Satisfied and cheerful D. Disappointed and helpless六. 猜测词义。不要脱离原文语境，利用构词法、同义或反义关系、定义、例证和上下文语境等理解生词。如：Since I could not afford to buy the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. 练习1：猜出unforeseeable的汉语意思练习2：Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.四个步骤（1）速读短文，了解短文的主旨大意，辨别文体，掌握结构。（2）看题。了解考查内容，带着问题读材料，寻找答案。（3）复读。对所选答案有针对性地寻找支撑论点的关键信息。（4）核查。注意各题的答案应逻辑一致，不能自相矛盾。尽可能找到（从文中）根据，确保正确无误。阅读理解练习A Ask Jinny Thiel what the secret to her long life is and shell tell you its not only one thing, but a combination of things. Thiel will be 95 on Nov. 24. She moved to New Jersey in 1937. Thiel, who now lives with her daughter Bogsch, has spent most of her life being active. This is one of her secrets, but now it wont be so well-kept. “She danced and swam and dove,” said Bogsch. “She did rap and jazz and was in a group called The Jazz Dancers.” Thiel remembers doing shows on the streets in her town. When she was 65, Thiel retired and joined a senior dance troupe（剧团）.“I was older than most of the members,” she said. Thiel is not as active as she used to be after having a mini stroke（中风）, but that doesnt stop her. “Shell be sitting down but her feet will be going a mile a minute to the music,” said Bogsch. Thiel stays active in other ways. “She goes to lunch every day with the senior center in Merchantville,” Bogsch said. “They pick her up and she is out of the house for about four hours.”Thiel says another secret is taking care of her image. She wears jewelry every day, has her nails painted and never owned a pair of sneakers （运动鞋） until she was 85. She would wear heels（高跟鞋）to work at Sears,” Bogsch said. Thiel has built a family in New Jersey. She had four children, 9 grandchildren and 16 great-grandchildren. “Everybody gets a card for his or her birthday or anniversary,” Bogsch said. The family is planning a dinner celebration at Charlie Browns