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高考命题失误分类评析(二)山东省巨野县实验中学段惠彬(四)与其它情况有关的命题失误 1Miss Smith is a friend of _ (MET1983) AMarys mothers BMarys mother CMothers of Mary DMary Mothers 评析:所给标准答案是A。其实B也是地道的英语,请看佐证: I believe you are a particular of Pickwick,the defendant, are you not?(Dickens,Pickwick Papers) His first serious staff tussle was with HGWells,a friend of North cliffe in his youth,who had been given charge of the German department(John Os Londons weekly,March 7,1952, P219) a friend of 名词与a friend of 名词的所有格是英语中两个形式相似而含义不同的结构。下面是PAErdes的现代英语句法问题集中的两个例句: He is a friend of my father He is a friend of my fathersPA Erdes认为第一句是指“朋友与父亲的关系”,强调he对my father的交情,意指He is friendly to my father(他跟我父亲要好);第二句则表示“父亲与朋友的关系”,强调my father对he的交情,意指My father has a friend in him(我父亲把他当作朋友)。 下面的对话更清楚地区分了这两种结构: A:Who told you that?(这是谁告诉你的?) B:A friend of your fathers(你父亲的一个朋友。) A:If he says such things,he is not a friend of my father, whoever he may be(要是他这么说,他对我父亲就不够朋友,不管他是谁。) 本题选A意为Marys mother has a friend in Miss Smith;选B则意为Miss Smith is friendly to Marys mother可见答案A和B仅有含义之别,并无优劣之分,因此B也是正确的答案。 如果说a friend of 代词就不会产生歧义。代词只能用名词性物主代词,而不能用人称代词的宾格或形容词性物主代词。如Mary had been a good friend of mine而a friend of me you him herour yourtheir等则是错误的。 2The doctor will be free _ (NMET1992) A10minutes later Bafter 10minutes Cin ten minutes D10minutes after 评析:本题的标准答案是C。但答案A也对。佐证如下: (1)费致德先生在现代英语惯用法词典中明确指出: later用在一般的具体时间之后。例如: I shall call you three weeks later (2)Youre going to give in,keep silent,while the California Assembly passes the 35thAmendmenttomorrow and the California Senate ratifies it three days later(Irving WallaceAm 1976)(现代英语惯用法实例词典萧凤歧著) (3)现代英语惯用法词典(徐达山、王福祯主编)认为 later不可用于说明从现在时间算起的若干时间以后。但若不是从现在时间算起,则可。例如: I shall call him on 20October,and shall call again a week later我将在10月20日打电话给他,过一周后再打个电话给他。 综上所述,later与时间段名词连用时可用于一般将来时、一般过去时和一般现在时,意为“以后”。从题干上我们无法确定从何时算起。因此选项A、C都对。The doctor will be free in 10minutes表示从现在时间算起,The doctor will be free 10minutes later则从将来时间算起。 3Great men never give up _ difficulty(MET1985) Ain face of Bin face of the Cn the face of Din the face of the 评析:正确答案是C。实际上,答案A也对。即in face ofin the face of。请看下面的例证。 (1)in(the)face of面对着,在(危险困难的)情况下,在的危险面前,例如:She showed great bravery in face of danger(Eckersley)(现代英语用法词典,张道真著) (2)in(the)face of意为“面临,不管”,常指危险困难的情况。(现代英语惯用法词典,徐达山、王福祯主编) in(the)face of“面前,正对着;当着的面”综合英语成语词典(厦门大学外文系编) (3)英语常用短语词典(商务印书馆)也有“in(the) face of”短语。并有以下例句:He never showed any fear in face of danger在危险面前他从不畏惧。 In primitive times,nature appeared to be a mysterious and formidable force and men found themselves powerless in the face of it在原始时代,大自然好象是一种神秘可怕的力量,人们在它面前显得无能为力。 4Although he is considered a great writer,_ (NMET1991) Ahis works are not widely read BBut his works are not widely read CHowever his works are not widely read DStill his works are not widely read 评析:所给答案是A,但选项D也不错。即although可与 still连用。 钱歌川先生在英文疑难详解中指出:although和 though是不能和but同用的,但为emphasis起见,更多可用 yet(或still,nevertheless)的字样,当然不加用这些字是最普遍的句式。 张鑫友等在英语相似词语辨析词典中也写道,though和although绝不能与表示转折的关联词but连用。如果要强调反面,可用yet,still,nevertheless等副词。 葛传先生的英语惯用法词典(1962年版),薄冰先生的英语语法手册(1990年版)都有类似的论述。 以下是一些although或though与still连用的实例: Though he were to beg favor of them,they should still refuse即使他向他们求情,他们还是不肯答应。(胡雄定编英语一千常用单词用法详解) Though the pain was bad,still he did not complain(虽然他病得厉害,可是并不呻吟。(雷馨编英语分类句型) Although he was ill,yetstillnevertheless he managed to look cheerful(章振邦等新编英语语法 Although Though he is my brother,still I will not take his words at their face value虽然他是我的兄弟,我还是不相信他表面上的话。(现代英语惯用法词典,徐达山、王福祯主编) 此外,although though还可与yet,nevertheless连用。 Although he lives alone,yet he is happy他虽然单独生活,但很愉快。(现代英语惯用法词典,徐达山、王福祯主编) Though the workers were unhappy with some aspects of the proposed now contract,nevertheless they overwhelmingly voted in favor of it尽管工人们对所提出的新合同的某些方面并不十分满意,但是他们还是以压倒多数的优势投票支持它。(出处同上) 5_ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather(NMET1996) AIf BWhether CThat DWhere 评析:所给答案是B,whether引导主语从句:Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather明天我们是否去露营取决于天气。但选D也是可以的:Where well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather明天我们到什么地方去露营取决于天气。强调天气对露营地点的选择(诸如远近、地形等)起着决定作用:若天气好,我们就走远点或到山势陡峭的地方去;若天气不好,就到地势平坦的地方去。可见选D语义合情合理,语法正确,也是最佳的答案。 6_ girl she is!(MET1980) AWhat bright a BHow a bright CHow bright a DWhat a bright 评析:该题所供的答案是D。答案C也是正确的,只是“How bright a girl she is!”未及“What a bright girl she is!”常见罢了。请看以下例句:How accomplished a pianist he is!他的钢琴造诣是何等高超啊!(张鑫友英语语法难题新探 P483) How handsome a boy he is!多么英俊的小伙子!(出处同上) How strange a feeling it was!(章振邦主编新编英语语法) 7Ill go and see you next_ (星期六)(NMET1998) 评析:本题的命制似乎没有失误。可是想想,带电子表的考生轻轻一按电子表,答案就出来了。命题人似乎并没有考虑到这一点。 二、常用与不常用的差别 同一个意思可能有不同的表示法,在这些表示法中,有的是人们经常使用的,这些就是为公众普遍接受的用法。有些表示法的使用人数较少,或这些表示法只在某些特定的场合使用,这些就是不常用的用法。在高考试题中,试题命制者把常用法做为标准答案当然是正确的。但不常用的用法也是客观存在。用这些不常用的用法做为干扰项似乎不太妥当,尽管现在的高考试题要求选择“最佳答案”。 在下面讨论的试题中,以与that用作关系代词或关系副词的试题居多(共3题)。 (一)与that在定语从句中的用法有关的试题 1Finally,the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police(MET1987) Awhich Bwhat Cwhatever Dthat All_ is needed is a supply of oil(MET 1989) Athe thing Bthat Cwhat Dwhich 评析:所给的答案都是that。通常认为,当先行词为all, everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代词时,关系代词只能用that。实际上,这种说法太绝对。在上述情况下,关系代词也可用which。实例如下: Matter is the name given to everything which has weight and occupies space(英语高考应试要览,吴光珍著) This is all which MrBlack could offer(新编英语语法,章振邦等著) 葛传先生在英语惯用法词典(增编)中说:“All that I can say is this”中的that改作“which”也可以。 人民教育出版社的曹洁先生也通过同英语国家人士讨论肯定了这一用法(详见中小学英语1999年第7-8期)。 再如课本中的例句: Having you got everything which you need?(SEFC3A P5) Any material which gives off rays is radioactive(SEFC3A P5) Australia is the only country in the world which covers an entire continent(SEFC3A P16) 综上所述,我们可以得出这样的结论:当定语从句的先行词为something,anything,nothing,all等不定代词或先行词被only,any等修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词用that或 which都可以,前者为一般常见情况。 2She heard a terrible noise,_ brought her heart into her mouth(MET1991) Ait Bwhich Cthis Dthat 评析:所给正确答案是B。但选项D也是正确的,只是不及A常见罢了。一般认为:在非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系词that。实际上,that也可引导非限制性定语从句。 RQuirk等学者在英语语法大全中明确指出:“如果一个前置修饰语或限定词使限制性分句显得不合理,而 which又可能过分地表现了插入语性质,在这种情况下,有时用that表示非限制性。” 费致德先生在现代英语惯用法词典(商务印书馆)中写到:that有时可代替which引出非限制性从句。例如: He had emotion,fire,longings,that were concealed behind a wall of reserve(Dreiser)他有感情、有热情、有渴望,但深藏不露。 There is,of course,no universal set of yardsticks,that can be applied in advance,to determine whether the land is suitable for irrigation当然,并没有一套普遍适用的标准,可以在事先用来确定土地是否宜于灌溉。(郭坤编科技英语阅读语法) They are reports from the senses,mostly the ears and eyes, that keep the brain in touch with the world它们是来自感觉,主要是耳朵和眼睛的报告,使大脑与外部世界保持接触。(出处同上) Is it a poor man like me,that has to be going the roads and singing in fairs,to have the same on him that he took a reward?(倜西等著英译汉理论与实例) 徐达山、王福祯等编著的英语惯用法大词典(北京科学技术出版社)对关系代词that引导非限制性定语从句的用法有详细的论述,摘录如下:“关系代词that也可以引导非限制性定语从句,既可指代主句中人的名词,也可指代主句中表示事物的姓名。 1)指代人的姓名,例如: Thatham,that the doctor thinks each a genius,does all his constering from cribs虽然医生认为泰泰姆才华横溢,但他的论述全都是剽窃来的。 Jim himself,Jim,that I hadnt seen for over a month吉姆,吉姆,我已经一个多月没见到他了。 2)指代表示事物的名称,例如: I looked at Marys sad face,that I had once so passionated and admired我望着玛丽忧郁的面孔,那张我一度为之倾倒的面孔。 He went home talking to himself and to the moon,that was high and small在回家的路上,他一面自言自语,一面对月喃喃,小小的月亮高高地挂在天上。” NMET1991的高考题若填that则是指代noise(事物的名称)。 3After living in Paris for fifty years,he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child(NMET1996) Awhich Bwhere Cthat Dwhen The gardener was called to tell the way _ the dog had died(MET1989) Athat Bin that Cwhich Din which 评析:所给答案分别是B和D,但笔者认为也可分别选C和A,即that也可用作关系副词引导定语从句。例证如下: 朗文英语语法认为:that在限定性从句中可以用来(亦可不用)代替where,例如: I dont know any place(that)you can get a better exchange rate(that可以代之以where或at which)我不知道在什么地方你能找到更合适的外汇比价。 朗文英语语法还说that在限定性从句中还可以用来(亦可不用)代替when和why,例如: Do you still remember the evening(thatwhen)we went to the palace ball?你还记得我们去参加宫廷舞会的那个晚上吗? We left the day(thatwhen)he arrived他来的那一天我们就离开了。 I still remember the year(thatwhen)my father died我仍记得我父亲去世的那一年。 I dont know the reason(thatwhy)he didnt go to see the film我不知道他没去看电影的原因。 徐达山、王福祯在英语惯用法大词典中认为that可做关系副词,并可省略。现将他们的论述择摘如下: 1)在限制性定语从句中做时间状语。 He worked the whole time(that)he lived there他住在那儿的整个时间都在工作。 I shall never forget the day(that)we first met我不会忘记我们初次相见的那一天。 He was born in the year(that)the war broke out他出生在战争爆发的那一年。 This happened on the evening(that)we went to the theater这件事发生在我们去看戏的那天晚上。 They started on the same day that we started他们和我们是在同一天出发的。 /font2)作方式状语或原因状语 I dont like the way(that)she spoke to me我不喜欢她跟我说话的那种方式。 This is the day(that)he did it这就是他用的方法。 The reason(that)he died was lack of medical care他死的原因是缺乏治疗。 Thats one of the reasons(that)I asked you to come那就是我请您来的原因之一。 “Fire!”the old man shouted with the greatest strength(that)he could“着火啦!”老人用尽力气喊着。 He drove at the speed(that)he could not stop他用了无法刹车的速度开车。 He spoke in such a way that they were offended他说话的方式使他们生气。 3)作地点状语 Thats the place(that)he stayed when he was in London那就是他在伦敦时呆过的地方。 I cant think of may places in the world(that)Id like to live我想不出时间上许多我愿意去的地方。 This is the office(that)he works这就是他工作的办公室。 (二)其它情况 1Can you tell me _ (MET1985) Awho is that gentleman Bthat gentleman who is Cwho that gentleman is Dwhom is that gentleman Do you know _ ?(MET 1986) Awhat is his name Bhow is his name Cwhat his name is Dhow his name is 评析:本题所给的正确答案是C。其实答案A也不算错,只是答案C中的主语是that gentleman,而答案A中的主语是who罢了。就中国人的习惯答案A也不算错。如果把两者放到原题中去,填选项C的句子应译为“你能告诉我那位先生是谁吗?”,填选项A的句子则应译为“你能告诉我谁是那位先生吗?”。 葛传先生认为在解答He asked her where she lived and what were her parents names中的what were her parents names与what her parents names were有什么不同这个问题时说,就语法讲,what were her parents names和what her parents names were都对。第一式中“what”是从句中的主语;第二句中her parents names是从句中的主语。但第一式不如第二式好,因为问what are your parents names?时,一般把your parents names当作主语,被问者回答时,一般不说 Henry and Mary are their names而说Their names are Henry and Mary。 2The number of people invited _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons(NMET1996) Awere;was Bwas;was Cwas;were Dwere;were 评析:所给答案是C。笔者认为选项B也是正确的,即a number of复数名词做主语时其谓语动词也可用单数形式。讨论如下: 一般而言,

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