高考冲刺猜测词义题型阅读解题技巧.doc

高考冲刺：猜测词义题型阅读解题技巧题型介绍词义猜测题是高考必考的题型，一般占阅读理解总题量的10%左右。所猜词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是人称代词的指代内容。常见提问方式The underlined word “_”in the passage means _.What does “_” in the third paragraph stand for?The word/phrase “_” most nearly means _.The word/phrase “_” could best be replaced by _.The word/phrase “_” in Line, Para refers to_.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “_”?Whats the meaning of “_” in Line , Para ?The underlined sentence in the first /second. paragraph probably means that _.正确选项的特点 1. 对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它代入回原文，则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂。2. 对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义。干扰项的特点 1.字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。2.无关意思：除了字面意思，出题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其它意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意思带入原文，不符合逻辑就能够排除。解题思路 1. 返回原文，结合上下文，理解该词的意思。2. 搜索时应注意同位语、特殊标点、定语从句、（表示上下文之间的逻辑关系）关键提示词及前后缀，特别注意找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。特别提示：1.不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思。 2.不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。解题技巧一 构词法 1派生词：通过分析派生词，猜测划线单词的意思。Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoys War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands”. Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse”. He is said to be “undersized” with “short legs” and a “round stomach”. undersized=under (低于) +size (尺寸、 大小)，通过构词法可知以-ed结尾的派生词可作形容词 (如three-legged 三只脚的)， 再结合后面的short legs (短腿)， 可猜出undersized意为 “身材矮小的”。Overwork may cause diseases. 前缀over-的意思是“过分的，过量的”，故 overwork 的意思应为“工作过度”。There was a dissatisfied look in the managers eyes.satisfied 的意思是“满意的”，前缀dis-的意思是“不”，故dissatisfied的意思应该是“不满意的”。2 合成法：指由两个或两个以上单词组合成一个新词。通常情况下，合成词的词义为组成词的词义之和。He never wore ready-made clothes.ready-made由ready和made加连字符合成一个词，该词在clothes前，可知其词性为形容词，结合各个词的本意：ready“准备就绪的”，made“做好的”，可知句中的ready-made是“现成的、做好的”的意思。 3 转化法：指单词的词形不改变，只通过词性的改变来使单词具有新的意义和作用。而这种单词叫转化词。Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say. say一般作动词，意为“说、表达”。观察句子，say前面带a，表示say在此转化为名词，意为“发言权、决定权”。二 语境法1利用释义词(句)、举例或同位语：同位语是对所修饰词语的进一步说明和解释，若对所修饰的词语不熟悉，可通过其后同位语的“说明或解释”来确定其词义。表示释义或举例词语的信息词有for example, for instance, such as, in other words, that is to say, namely, or, also known as, to put it differently, refer to等，符号则有e.g. (举例) 、i.e. (也就是) 。In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. 利用生词后面的同位语an endangered wild cat，可知ocelot是一种猫。Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. (全国卷)由后面的同位语的解释我们清楚地知道Tai Mahal就是一座著名的建筑物。A linguist is a person who studies the science of language. Linguist就是一个“研究语言科学的人”，即“语言学家”。They described him as a loon, or a mad man. 句中的or是对loon的解释，即loon与a mad man同义，即表示“疯子”。It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.句中的that is表明it will break easily是对brittle的解释，从而猜测出其意为“易碎的”。“脆的”In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls.因为mansion与“战场遗址”、“剧院”、“其它公众厅”并列，所以mansion也应该属于建筑物或场所。2利用对比、 类比或转折词表示对比、类比或转折的常见信息词有but, yet, however, while, unlike, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, despite, in spite of, instead, rather than, though等，有时也用破折号或冒号等符号。Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. 由but可知genius是与fool(蠢才)相对的，由此推测其意为“有才能的人”、“天才”。He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated.句中的but表明deteriorate应该与get better的意思相反，即“恶化”。In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth.上文说两个经济上的极端，那么下文中penury应与great wealth相对，即表示“贫困”。Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husbandis the silent type.while表对比，意为“而”，所以loquacious应是silent的反义，即“多嘴的”。If you agree, draw a circle; and a cross if you dissent.既然画圈表示同意，画叉便是“不同意”(dissent)。3利用因果关系表示因果关系的信息词有because, as, since, for, thus, so, sosuch that, hence, therefore, as a result等。That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.既然一天之内看不完所有的展品，那么 immense 的意思应该是“很大”了。Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous. It was easy to see why she had won the beauty contest.既然“她在选美比赛中获胜”，说明她“很美丽”(gorgeous)。4利用上下文(结合生活常识、背景知识）猜测词义题在考查熟词新义以及代词指代内容时往往需要综合考虑上下文，有时也需要结合常识和背景知识。Its said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world. 根据常识，Bill Gates 为世界首富，所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances.根据常识，Edison为发明大王，他应因“发明”而闻名于世。The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。 真题再现1.（课程标准第54题）What does “hands-on-science” mean in the last paragraph?A. Science games designed by kids.B. Learning science by doing things.C. A show of kids science work.D. Reading science books.Try hands-on-science. Visit one of the many hands-on-science museums around the country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike.2.（课程标准第61题）What do the words “the follower” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. A bee.B. A bird. C. A honey seeker.D. A beekeeper.Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.3.（全国II卷第46题）What does the word “It” underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to?A. The boat.B. The wind.C. The sail.D. The angle.In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat; it should be at a 45 degree angle to the boat. It needs to be out enough to catch the wind, but it shouldnt flap (摆动).4.（全国II卷第54题）What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. A painting of the skeleton (骨骼). B. A photograph of Lucy.C. A copy of the skeleton.D. A written record of Lucy.The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.5. At first Kate thought the Romanian(罗马尼亚人）girl could not speak and understand English. Nadia would not reply to anything Kate said. Kate could not figure out why the school had put Nadia in a class where she could not understand what people were saying. Nadias voice was a whisper（轻声）. “I understand English. I will learn.” Nadias English was perfect. Kate was perplexed. She couldnt understand why Nadia did not like to speak.The underlined word “perplexed” probably means _.A. puzzled B. angry C. shocked D. serious6. Throughout the history of the arts, the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists. No matter what objects they select, artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change-to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before. The underlined word “poetry most probably means _.A. an object for artistic creation B. a collection of poemsC. an unusual quality D. a natural scene7. The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.（11 湖南卷）2. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “_.”A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination8. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “_”. A. alcohol B. absorption C. blood D. process9. People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog. The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. early B. sweetly C. quickly D. smoothly10. There are three kinds of snow. One kind is a fluffy snow that is somewhat dry and feathery?11. Jean was born with spina bifida, a birth illness that damages the spine(脊骨).12. We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _.A. formed an idea for B. made an outline forC. made some space for D. chose some colors for13. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .A. avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider14. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a dog came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him. Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you aretrying to lick me to death.”Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic”? A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expensive. C. Comfortable and calming. D. Unusual and foreign15. I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because she is the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions. The underlined expression make a big “to do” over means _.A. show much concern about B. have a special effect onC. list jobs to be done for D. do good things for16. I left university with a good degree in English Literature, but no sense of what I wanted to do. Over the next six years, just trying to earn an income, I was treading water. Because I tried journalism, but I didnt think I was any good, then finance, which I hated. Finally, I got a job as a rights assistant at a famous publisher. I loved working with books, although the job that I did was dull.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 mean?A. I was waiting for good fortune. B. I was trying to find an admirable job. C. I was being aimless about a suitable job.D. I was doing several jobs for more pay at a time17. Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education. The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean _.A. attracted to teaching B. tired of teachingC. satisfied with teaching D. unhappy about teaching18. One morning, however, I found its bed empty. My doll was gone! I cried for it. Mum wept and told me that the poor little thing had been sent to a hospital. It had a fever. For several days, I heard Mum and Dad whispering such words as “hopeless”, “pitiful”, and “dying”, which sounded ominous.What does the underlined word “ominous” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？A. Impossible. B. BoringC. DifficultD. Fearful答案与解析1. B。通过关键词“museum”，“great fun”，“play-lands”判断这是孩子们在博物馆里可以玩的、开心的、跟科学有关的一个地方。2. C。根据上文陈述，it指代蜜蜂；“it .for the curious animal or person.”，那么the follower就是指honey seeker（找蜜者）3. C。要找到it指代的内容，需要往前查找，上一句依旧出现it，指代同一内容，在往上一句推，可以看到“you must keep the sail”，由此可知it指代the sail。4. C。由exhibition推断在博物馆里，由反义线索“while the real remains.”可知真品并不在博物馆了，推断a replica指复制品。5. 根据后面的“couldnt understan